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Song H, Wan R, Tian Q, Liu Y, Ruan H, Liu P, Wang Y, Liu L. A serial analysis of hydrogen sulfide poisoning: three group accidents. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023:10.1007/s12024-023-00743-x. [PMID: 38108999 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a powerful toxic gas in workplace incidents, and it poses a threat to colleagues or family members involved in rescues, leading to a "domino effect" of multiple deaths. In this report, we describe three incidents in which 10 people died, and we present the results of the analyses performed in different incidents, including paper pulp pit, sewer, and sewage well. We provide the macroscopic and morphological findings of ten victims, which include conjunctival hemorrhage, corneal erosion, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Additionally, we observed large amounts of waste paper pulp or black sludge in the upper and lower respiratory tracts or upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts of six victims. Furthermore, we conducted a toxicological examination of the victims' blood sulfide using an alkylation extraction approach combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The sulfide concentrations in the 10 victims ranged from 0.06 to 6.72 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiong Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghui Wan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qishuo Tian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Ruan
- Hubei Chongxin Judicial Expertise Center, F1-2, Zone B, Huazhong International Industrial Park, Yangluo Development Zone, Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430415, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Hubei Chongxin Judicial Expertise Center, F1-2, Zone B, Huazhong International Industrial Park, Yangluo Development Zone, Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430415, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Wang X, Xiang P, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhang J, Wu H, Wang X. Retrospective analysis of forensic toxicology data from 2021 to identify patterns of various forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111683. [PMID: 37068373 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Knowing and analyzing the characteristics and trends of forensic toxicology cases in a certain area is particularly important for a local government to establish an effective prevention and control system. The purpose of this work was to summarize data from forensic toxicology cases received by the Academy of Forensic Sciences (AFS) in 2021. METHODS As requested by the police or according to the details of cases, samples were systematically screened or analyzed by various methods. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify medicinal drugs, drugs of abuse, pesticides, poison gases, etc. RESULTS: AFS received a total of 17,758 cases in 2021, of which 314 cases underwent autopsy. The main cause of death was sudden death, and the manner of death was mainly accident. Among 13,744 drug abuse cases, the number of positive cases was 1721, with a positive rate of 12.5%, and synthetic cannabinoids were the most frequently detected substances. In 3640 traffic cases, 85.3% of drivers were suspected of drunk driving. In 103 poisoning cases, hydrogen sulfide poisoning and pesticide suicide account for a large proportion. In drug-facilitated crimes, zolpidem was the most frequently tested component. In 55 case of dog poisonings, the main poisons were cyanides and succinylcholine, and the main poisoning tools were poisonous baits and poisonous syringe darts. CONCLUSIONS This study profiles the toxicological characteristics of forensic toxicological cases conducted at the AFS in 2021 and provides a scientific basis for poisoning cases and drug abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang J, Ma L, Liu Y, Tong X, Zhou Y. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in forensic pathology and toxicology: mechanism and metabolites quantification analysis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:742-756. [PMID: 36803204 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2168177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Historically, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning has extremely high and irreparable mortality. Currently, the identification of H2S poisoning needs to combine with the case scene analysis in forensic medicine. The anatomy of the deceased seldom had obvious features. There are also a few reports about H2S poisoning in detail. As a result, we give a comprehensive analysis of the related knowledge on the forensic aspect of H2S poisoning. Furthermore, we provide the analytical methods of H2S and its metabolite-which may assist in H2S poisoning identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Longda Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Liposomal methemoglobin as a potent antidote for hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116159. [PMID: 35803436 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) induces acute and lethal toxicity at high concentrations. However, no specific antidotes for H2S poisoning have been approved. Liposomal methemoglobin (metHb@Lipo) was developed as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. As the toxic mechanism of H2S poisoning is the same as that of cyanide poisoning, metHb@Lipo could potentially be used as an antidote for H2S poisoning. In this study, we evaluated the antidotal efficacy of metHb@Lipo against H2S poisoning. Stopped-flow rapid-scan spectrophotometry clearly showed that metHb@Lipo scavenged H2S rapidly. Additionally, metHb@Lipo showed cytoprotective effects against H2S exposure in H9c2 cells by maintaining mitochondrial function. MetHb@Lipo treatment also improved the survival rate after H2S exposure in vivo, with the maintenance of cytochrome c oxidase activity and suppression of metabolic acidosis. Moreover, metHb@Lipo therapy maintained significant antidotal efficacy even after 1-year-storage at 4-37 °C. In conclusion, metHb@Lipo is a candidate antidote for H2S poisoning.
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Decomposition kinetics and postmortem production of hydrogen sulfide and its metabolites. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 340:111426. [PMID: 36007360 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gas, can also be generated from organics putrefaction. It is difficult for suspected cases of H2S poisoning to determine whether H2S in specimens is ingested by antemortem poisoning or generated from organics putrefaction. The aim of this study was to find the biomarkers of acute H2S poisoning via comparing the concentrations of H2S and its metabolites over time in specimens. METHODS The H2S-spiked blood and blank blood group were established. The decomposition kinetics and the postmortem production of H2S were studied due to organics putrefaction. The specimens were placed under 4 conditions of 37, 20, 4 and - 20 ℃. The content of H2S in specimens was quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the contents of its metabolites (thiosulfate and trimethylsulfonium) were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the variation of its concentration was evaluated. RESULTS In H2S-spiked blood, H2S decreased sharply in the initial stage at 37, 20 and 4 °C, and increased first and then decreased later; but it was relatively stable at - 20 °C. In spiked blood, thiosulfate was 9-fold higher than endogenous concentrations, which increased at first and then decreased during storage. Except for thiosulfate at 37 °C, H2S and thiosulfate in blank blood both increased at first and then decreased in storage; but trimethylsulfonium (TMS) gradually decreased over time in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Thiosulfate is a reliable biomarker of acute H2S poisoning at - 20℃ within 7 days. But H2S, because of instability and volatility, is not an ideal poisoning marker. TMS is not an appropriate biomarker due to extremely low concentration in blood.
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Pefferkorn E, Lossois M, Le Gallo A, Loire C, Bascou A, Berthezène JM. Forensic diagnostic approach of peri-volcanic area fatalities: About two cases at piton de la Fournaise. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2497-2503. [PMID: 35900076 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Piton de la Fournaise, located on the island of Reunion, is a particularly active volcano that gathers many observers during its eruptions. However, this activity, if not supervised, can involve many risks. During the eruption of Piton de la Fournaise in April 2021, two geology students camped in the peri-eruptive zone. They were found dead 48 h later on the surface and were not in the immediate vicinity of a fumarole. The autopsy revealed superficial traumatic injuries, which did not explain the death. Internal examination of both victims showed a nonspecific asphyxia syndrome and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, with no cause of death identified. Microscopic analysis confirmed the autopsy findings without providing new diagnostic elements. Toxicological analysis revealed abnormally high levels of sulfurous gases (H2 S and SO2 ) in the blood and lungs of both victims. The interpretation of all the forensic data allows us to conclude that the death was secondary to volcanic sulfur gas poisoning, despite the atypical context of this event. However, the meteorological conditions of the night of the event may have caused a stagnation of toxic volcanic gases on the ground, with concentrations high enough to cause fatal intoxication in these two persons, although they were not in a confined environment as is usually the case in cases of sulfur poisoning. The dramatic outcome of this event required a rigorous forensic diagnostic approach and reminds us of the need to respect safety conditions in peri-volcanic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maisy Lossois
- Département de Médecine Légale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Le Gallo
- Institut de Médecine Légale, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Christophe Loire
- Institut de Médecine Légale, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Agathe Bascou
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rangueil-Larrey Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Fatal poisoning of four workers in a farm: Distribution of hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate in 10 different biological matrices. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 316:110525. [PMID: 33039903 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate the distribution of sulfide and thiosulfate (TS) in biological samples of four dairy farmers died inside a pit connected to a manure lagoon. Autopsies were performed 4 days later. Toxicological analyses of sulfide and TS were made using an extractive alkylation technique combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Autopsies revealed: multiorgan congestion; pulmonary edema; manure inside distal airways of three of the four victims. Sulfide concentrations were cardiac blood: 0.5-3.0 μg/mL, femoral blood: 0.5-1.2 μg/mL, bile: <0.1-2.2 μg/mL; liver 2.8-8.3 μg/g, lung: 5.0-9.4 μg/g, brain: 2.7-13.9 μg/g, spleen: 3.3-6.3 μg/g, fat: <0.1-1.5 μg/g, muscle: 2.6-3.5 μg/g. TS concentrations were cardiac blood: 2.1-4.9 μg/mL, femoral blood: 2.1-2.3 μg/mL, bile: 2.5-4.4 μg/mL, urine: <0.5-1.8 μg/mL; liver <0.5-2.6, lung: 2.8-5.4 μg/g, brain: <0.5-1.9 μg/g, spleen: 1.2-2.9 μg/g, muscle: <0.5-5.6 μg/g. The cause of death was assessed to be acute poisoning by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for all the victims. Manure inhalation contributed to the death of three subjects. The measurement of sulfide and TS concentrations in biological samples contributed to better understand the sequence of the events. Subjects 3 provided the highest concentration of sulfide in brain, thus, supporting the hypothesis of a rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory depression. One by one, the other farmers entered the pit in attempts to rescue the coworkers but collapsed. Despite the rapid death, subject 3 was the only one with TS detectable in urine. This could be due to differences in metabolism of H2S.
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8
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Triana Y, Tomisaki M, Einaga Y. Oxidation reaction of dissolved hydrogen sulfide using boron doped diamond. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jin S, Murakami M, Matoba K, Matoba T, Haga S, Ozaki M, Takeuchi A, Hyodoh H. Sample preparation method with ultrafiltration for whole blood thiosulfate measurement. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 47:101765. [PMID: 32769017 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of thiosulfate is useful for diagnosing hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enables more rapid and sensitive measurements than previous methodologies. As simple measurements of blood thiosulfate concentration are affected by the blood matrix, blood is used as the solvent to prepare the standard solution for calibration curve generation. Thus, a large amount of blood devoid of thiosulfate is required. We developed a preparation method by incorporating an ultrafiltration step to overcome this limitation and generate a calibration curve using a standard solution prepared with pure water. We used this improved method to investigate the stability of thiosulfate in refrigerated samples. To compare the effects of refrigeration, blood samples were prepared using the following two methods: one sample was treated with a 50-kDa exclusion ultrafiltration membrane and the other was not treated. The samples were stored at 4 °C, and then measured at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, and 96 h. The incorporation of the ultrafiltration step in the measurement procedure enabled the quantification of thiosulfate, by plotting a calibration curve using a standard of pure water; it did not require a blood standard. Additionally, the reduction in whole blood thiosulfate concentration was within 10% during 2 days of refrigeration. Thus, the need for a large amount of blood to prepare the standard solution was resolved by the ultrafiltration step in test sample preparation. This method is useful to measure thiosulfate concentration and is not hindered by sample refrigeration for a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Jin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Manabu Murakami
- International Relations Office, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matoba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Matoba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Sanae Haga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takeuchi
- Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hideki Hyodoh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Mo W, Shen J, Huang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Acute myocardial injury following hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:750-758. [PMID: 32757890 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720945184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide poisoning can cause severe myocardial injury, but the damage is subtle and can be easily misdiagnosed. This report presents the dynamic observation of myocardial injury associated with hydrogen sulfide poisoning. CASE REPORT Two young men presented with symptoms of "lightning-like" death immediately after entering a tank. They were found and rescued in 20 min at a time when they were already in a coma. Case 1 had no spontaneous breathing and pulse, while case 2 had spontaneous breathing and a pulse. Upon transfer to a local hospital, case 1 received continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation which led to the recovery of his heart rate 3 min after arriving at the hospital. However, the patient remained in a Glasgow coma scale of 3. He was transferred to our hospital where he, unfortunately, died on the seventh day due to multiple organ failure. Case 2 was also transferred to the intensive care unit in our hospital and on the fourth day of hospitalization, the patient presented ST-segment elevation and dynamic changes in markers of myocardial injury. Changes in electrocardiogram and markers of myocardial injury were monitored and examination improved through conventional echocardiography, coronary artery CT, radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging, and two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging strain. The treatment gradually improved the patient's myocardial injury and was discharged from the hospital. CONCLUSION Hydrogen sulfide poisoning can cause damage to myocardial function and the damage can be more insidious in nature and with a delayed onset. Recovery from myocardial damage can be very slow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Mo
- Department of Emergency (Chemical Injure Treatment Center), Jinshan Hospital, 12478Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Emergency (Chemical Injure Treatment Center), Jinshan Hospital, 12478Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Huang
- Department of Emergency, Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Echocardiography, Jinshan Hospital, 12478Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Marutani E, Ichinose F. Emerging pharmacological tools to control hydrogen sulfide signaling in critical illness. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:5. [PMID: 32006269 PMCID: PMC6994583 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-0296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been known as a toxic environmental hazard. Discovery of physiological roles of H2S as a neurotransmitter by Kimura and colleagues triggered an intensive research in the biological roles of H2S in the past decades. Manipulation of H2S levels by inhibiting H2S synthesis or administration of H2S-releasing molecules revealed beneficial as well as harmful effects of H2S. As a result, it is now established that H2S levels are tightly controlled and too much or too little H2S levels cause harm. Nonetheless, translation of sulfide-based therapy to clinical practice has been stymied due to the very low therapeutic index of sulfide and the incomplete understanding of endogenous sulfide metabolism. One potential strategy to circumvent this problem is to use a safe and stable sulfide metabolite that may mediate effects of H2S. Alternatively, endogenous sulfide levels may be controlled using specific sulfide scavengers. In this review article, the role of endogenous H2S production and catabolism will be briefly reviewed followed by an introduction of thiosulfate and H2S scavengers as novel pharmacological tools to control H2S-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Marutani
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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12
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Lethal Hydrogen Sulfide poisoning in open space: An atypical case of asphyxiation of two workers. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110122. [PMID: 31978694 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is one of the most dangerous toxic gases that has led to the deaths in confined spaces of many workers. We report an atypical case of a fatal accident of H2S poisoning in an open space when two workers died during the opening of a hatch on a tanker truck filled with leachate water. Despite being outdoors, the two workers, were suddenly and quickly overwhelmed by a lethal cloud of H2S, which escaped like a geyser from the hatch and hovered over the top of the tanker making it impossible for them to survive. The first operator was engulfed by the sudden flow of lethal gas near the hatch while the second worker, who came to his aid, immediately lost consciousness and fell off the tanker onto the ground. Environmental toxicological analyses were carried out on the air near the hatch and inside the tanker 2h, 20 days and 70 days after the accident. Toxicological analyses on the blood were also carried out but unfortunately, no urine sample was available. The thiosulfate, detected by GC/MS analysis after derivatization of PFBBr, was found to be 0.01 and 0.04mM/L. These values are included in the medium-low lethal values of occupational fatalities involving H2S reported in the literature.
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13
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Ojeda J, Baeza P, Goddard M, Fernanda Cavieres M. Sulfur or Pollen? Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological Basis for the Correct Risk Communication of Urban Yellow Dust Deposition. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 250:69-84. [PMID: 32940760 DOI: 10.1007/398_2020_50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban yellow dust deposition is a common phenomenon in many parts of the world, which is sometimes called "sulfur shower," "sulfur rain," or "pollen storm." Most people, especially those living in the vicinity of industrial facilities, wrongly perceive the yellow dust as sulfur when in fact it is pollen. The misunderstanding increases risk perception as people believe the "yellow powder" is a serious threat to their health. Based on simple observations, it is virtually impossible to differentiate sulfur from pollen, so risk communication should consider the chemical, biological, and toxicological aspects of these agents. In this review, we clarify that industrial emissions of sulfur are under the form of sulfides, oxides, and other volatile compounds which are gaseous and noncolored, and we explain that it is chemically impossible for gaseous sulfur to become solid yellow sulfur under normal environmental conditions. We also describe pollen and its release from trees, shrubs, and herbs a process influenced by atmospheric conditions. We suggest take-home messages that risk communicators may use when explaining the phenomenon to their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ojeda
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio Baeza
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Goddard
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Fernanda Cavieres
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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14
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Shi Z, Sun X, Lu Y, Xi L, Zhao X. Emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from typical dairy barns in central China and major factors influencing the emissions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13821. [PMID: 31554873 PMCID: PMC6761193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few studies on the concentrations and emission characteristics of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from Chinese dairy farms. The purpose of this study was to calculate the emission rates of NH3 and H2S during summer and to investigate influencing factors for NH3 and H2S emissions from typical dairy barns in central China. Eleven dairy barns with open walls and double-slope bell tower roofs from three dairy farms were studied. Five different locations in each barn were sampled both near the floor and at 1.5 m above the floor. Concentrations of NH3 and H2S were measured using the Nessler’s reagent spectrophotometry method and the methylene blue spectrophotometric method, respectively. NH3 concentrations varied between 0.58 and 4.76 mg/m3 with the average of 1.54 mg/m3, while H2S concentrations ranged from 0.024 to 0.151 mg/m3 with the average of 0.092 mg/m3. The concentrations of NH3 and H2S were higher during the day than at night, and were higher near the ground than at the height of 1.5 m, and were higher in the manure area than in other areas. NH3 and H2S concentrations in the barns were significantly correlated with nitrogen and sulfur contents in feed and manure (P < 0.05), and with temperature inside the barns (P < 0.05). Calculated emission rates of NH3 ranged from 13.8 to 41.3 g NH3/(AU·d), while calculated emission rates of H2S ranged from 0.15 to 0.46 g H2S/(AU·d). These results will serve as a starting point for a national inventory of NH3 and H2S for the Chinese dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xiaoqin Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yao Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lei Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. .,Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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15
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Ventura Spagnolo E, Romano G, Zuccarello P, Laudani A, Mondello C, Argo A, Zerbo S, Barbera N. Toxicological investigations in a fatal and non-fatal accident due to hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:e4-e8. [PMID: 31079988 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is one of the most toxic natural gas and represents a not rare cause of fatal events in workplaces. We report here a serious accidental poisoning by hydrogen sulphide inhalation involving six sailors. Three of them died while the other three survived and were transported to the emergency room. No greenish discolouration of the body, that could be a feature of these type of deaths, was observed at autopsy. Given that blood and/or urine H2S detection does not allow to discriminate if it is related to inhalation or to putrefactive processes, the determination of thiosulphate, H2S main metabolite, is decisive. The succession of fatal events reported here can be rebuilt by toxicological data interpretation: the subject 1 died after a longer interval of time as demonstrated by the highest blood and urine thiosulfate concentrations; the subject 2 died after a short interval of time as showed by a lower blood and urine thiosulfate concentrations than subject 1; the subject 3 died almost immediately after H2S inhalation since he showed the lowest blood thiosulfate concentration, and no trace of sulphide and thiosulfate was found in the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Romano
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Laudani
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Antonina Argo
- University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro, 129, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Stefania Zerbo
- University of Palermo, Via Del Vespro, 129, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Nunziata Barbera
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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16
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Carfora A, Campobasso CP, Cassandro P, La Sala F, Maiellaro A, Perna A, Petrella R, Borriello R. Fatal inhalation of volcanic gases in three tourists of a geothermal area. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:e1-e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Greco V, Spalloni A, Corasolla Carregari V, Pieroni L, Persichilli S, Mercuri NB, Urbani A, Longone P. Proteomics and Toxicity Analysis of Spinal-Cord Primary Cultures upon Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7070087. [PMID: 29996549 PMCID: PMC6070951 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter recognized as an essential body product with a dual, biphasic action. It can function as an antioxidant and a cytoprotective, but also as a poison with a high probability of causing brain damage when present at noxious levels. In a previous study, we measured toxic liquoral levels of H2S in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and in the familial ALS (fALS) mouse model, SOD1G93A. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that H2S is extremely and selectively toxic to motor neurons, and that it is released by glial cells and increases Ca2+ concentration in motor neurons due to a lack of ATP. The presented study further examines the effect of toxic concentrations of H2S on embryonic mouse spinal-cord cultures. We performed a proteomic analysis that revealed a significant H2S-mediated activation of pathways related to oxidative stress and cell death, particularly the Nrf-2-mediated oxidative stress response and peroxiredoxins. Furthermore, we report that Na2S (a stable precursor of H2S) toxicity is, at least in part, reverted by the Bax inhibitor V5 and by necrostatin, a potent necroptosis inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Greco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alida Spalloni
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Victor Corasolla Carregari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia-IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Persichilli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, Policlinico Universitario "Tor Vergata", University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Unit, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic and Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Longone
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
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18
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Zha L, Duan W, Wen D, Guo Y, Yan J, Chang Y, Cai J, Ding Y. Rapid Determination of H2S Poisoning in a Forensic Study Using a Novel Fluorescence Assay Based on Zn/Cu@BSA Nanoclusters. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of H2S in the blood can provide valid evidence for H2S poisoning through occupational exposure. However, known traditional methods for the detection of H2S in blood are time consuming, require complicated pretreatments, and have low sensitivity. In this paper, a new fluorescence sensing assay is proposed for the rapid detection of H2S poisoning in forensic cases based on bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilised zinc/copper (Zn/Cu) bi-metal nanoclusters (Zn/Cu@BSA NCs). The as-prepared Zn/Cu@BSA NCs probes have been characterised by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence of Zn/Cu@BSA NCs can be quenched through specific interactions between HS−/S2− and the Zn2+/Cu2+ bi-metal ions. Under optimised conditions, the fluorescence sensing method was linear in the concentration range of 2.5 nM to 30 mM with 0.69 nM as the limit of detection. Moreover, the practical feasibility of this fluorescence sensing method has also been demonstrated by the analysis of mice blood samples containing different levels of sulfide and human blood samples from forensic cases of H2S poisoning. Compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), this fluorescence sensing method is quite simple, straightforward, and can be accurate for the quantitative determination of H2S poisoning in a few minutes for forensic analysis. Overall, this is the first report of a bi-metal fluorescence sensing assay for detecting H2S poisoning directly in blood. This research may provide a new approach for forensic toxicologists to monitor poisoning by H2S using a fluorescence-sensing method.
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19
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Malone Rubright SL, Pearce LL, Peterson J. Environmental toxicology of hydrogen sulfide. Nitric Oxide 2017; 71:1-13. [PMID: 29017846 PMCID: PMC5777517 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Malone Rubright
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh PA 15219, United States
| | - Linda L Pearce
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh PA 15219, United States.
| | - Jim Peterson
- University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh PA 15219, United States.
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20
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Anantharam P, Whitley EM, Mahama B, Kim DS, Imerman PM, Shao D, Langley MR, Kanthasamy A, Rumbeiha WK. Characterizing a mouse model for evaluation of countermeasures against hydrogen sulfide-induced neurotoxicity and neurological sequelae. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1400:46-64. [PMID: 28719733 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) is a highly neurotoxic gas. It is the second most common cause of gas-induced deaths. Beyond mortality, surviving victims of acute exposure may suffer long-term neurological sequelae. There is a need to develop countermeasures against H2 S poisoning. However, no translational animal model of H2 S-induced neurological sequelae exists. Here, we describe a novel mouse model of H2 S-induced neurotoxicity for translational research. In paradigm I, C57/BL6 mice were exposed to 765 ppm H2 S for 40 min on day 1, followed by 15-min daily exposures for periods ranging from 1 to 6 days. In paradigm II, mice were exposed once to 1000 ppm H2 S for 60 minutes. Mice were assessed for behavioral, neurochemical, biochemical, and histopathological changes. H2 S intoxication caused seizures, dyspnea, respiratory depression, knockdowns, and death. H2 S-exposed mice showed significant impairment in locomotor and coordinated motor movement activity compared with controls. Histopathology revealed neurodegenerative lesions in the collicular, thalamic, and cortical brain regions. H2 S significantly increased dopamine and serotonin concentration in several brain regions and caused time-dependent decreases in GABA and glutamate concentrations. Furthermore, H2 S significantly suppressed cytochrome c oxidase activity and caused significant loss in body weight. Overall, male mice were more sensitive than females. This novel translational mouse model of H2 S-induced neurotoxicity is reliable, reproducible, and recapitulates acute H2 S poisoning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | - Belinda Mahama
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Paula M Imerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dahai Shao
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Animal Production Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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21
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Xiang P, Qiang H, Shen B, Shen M. Screening for volatile sulphur compounds in a fatal accident case. Forensic Sci Res 2017; 2:192-197. [PMID: 30483641 PMCID: PMC6197095 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2017.1323570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute fatal poisoning due to the inhalation of toxic gas frequently occurs in China. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) are toxic to humans. In fatal poisoning investigations, such as those in industrial settings, a number of VSCs, including methanethiol (MT), dimethyl sulphide (DMS), dimethyl disulphide (DMDS) and dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS), can coexist. To date, there is limited data regarding these compounds in post-mortem cases. In the present study, we report toxicological findings in a fatal accident case with two victims. Headspace gas chromatography/flame ionization detector with two columns of different polarities was utilized to screen MT, DMS, DMDS and DMTS in blood. The limits of detection in both methods were 0.05 mg/mL. No sulphur compounds were detected in the blood samples of the two victims. DMS and DMDS were detected in the lungs at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.3 mg/g and 2.2 and 4.1 mg/g, respectively. DMDS liver concentrations were 2.5 and 6.5 mg/g. In addition to hydrogen sulphide, screening for additional VSCs could help establish the cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Huosheng Qiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
- Pharmacy School of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, PRC, Shanghai, China
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22
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Smith SS, Cannon DL, Fagan K, Weis CP. Occupational Hydrogen Sulfide Fatalities and Thiosulfate Levels. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2016; 38:47-48. [PMID: 28002071 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sayre Smith
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, Occupational Safety and Health, Administration, Washington, DC National Institute of Environmental, Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD
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23
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Maseda C, Hayakawa A, Okuda K, Asari M, Tanaka H, Yamada H, Jin S, Horioka K, Matoba K, Shiono H, Matsubara K, Shimizu K. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of thiosulfate in human blood and urine as an indicator of hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 24:67-74. [PMID: 28081792 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Being a stable metabolite of hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate has been utilized as an index for hydrogen sulfide poisoning (HSP). Thiosulfate analysis is mainly performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) due to its high sensitivity and specificity. The GC-MS analysis requires two-step derivatizations of thiosulfate, and the derivative is not stable in solution as it has a disulfide moiety. To resolve this stability issue, we developed a novel analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for monitoring the pentafluorobenzyl derivative of thiosulfate (the first reaction product of the GC-MS method) in this study. The established method exhibited high reproducibility despite being a more simplified and rapid procedure compare to the GC-MS method. Phenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate was used as an internal standard because 1,3,5-tribromobenzene which had been used in the GC-MS method was not suitable compound for LC-MS/MS with Electrospray ionization (ESI) negative detection. The linear regression of the peak area ratios versus concentrations was fitted over the concentration ranges of 0.5-250μM and 0.25-250μM in blood and urine, respectively. The validation results satisfied the acceptance criteria for intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision. Blood and urine samples from 12 suspected HSP cases were tested using this method. The thiosulfate concentration detected in the sample coincided well with that determined at the scene of each HSP accident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikatoshi Maseda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 4-21-18 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Okuda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan.
| | - Masaru Asari
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamada
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeki Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N 12, W 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kie Horioka
- Technical Support Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N 15, W 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matoba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N 15, W 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiono
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimizu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa 078-8510, Japan
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24
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Barbera N, Montana A, Indorato F, Arbouche N, Romano G. Evaluation of the Role of Toxicological Data in Discriminating Between H2S Femoral Blood Concentration Secondary to Lethal poisoning and Endogenous H2S Putrefactive Production. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:392-394. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Barbera
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology; Department “G.F. Ingrassia”; University of Catania; Via S. Sofia, 87, Edif. C Catania 95123 Italy
| | - Angelo Montana
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology; Department “G.F. Ingrassia”; University of Catania; Via S. Sofia, 87, Edif. C Catania 95123 Italy
| | - Francesca Indorato
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology; Department “G.F. Ingrassia”; University of Catania; Via S. Sofia, 87, Edif. C Catania 95123 Italy
| | - Nadia Arbouche
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology; Department “G.F. Ingrassia”; University of Catania; Via S. Sofia, 87, Edif. C Catania 95123 Italy
| | - Guido Romano
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology; Department “G.F. Ingrassia”; University of Catania; Via S. Sofia, 87, Edif. C Catania 95123 Italy
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25
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Rumbeiha W, Whitley E, Anantharam P, Kim DS, Kanthasamy A. Acute hydrogen sulfide-induced neuropathology and neurological sequelae: challenges for translational neuroprotective research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:5-16. [PMID: 27442775 PMCID: PMC5063677 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), the gas with the odor of rotten eggs, was formally discovered in 1777, over 239 years ago. For many years, it was considered an environmental pollutant and a health concern only in occupational settings. Recently, however, it was discovered that H2 S is produced endogenously and plays critical physiological roles as a gasotransmitter. Although at low physiological concentrations it is physiologically beneficial, exposure to high concentrations of H2 S is known to cause brain damage, leading to neurodegeneration and long-term neurological sequelae or death. Neurological sequelae include motor, behavioral, and cognitive deficits, which are incapacitating. Currently, there are concerns about accidental or malicious acute mass civilian exposure to H2 S. There is a major unmet need for an ideal neuroprotective treatment, for use in the field, in the event of mass civilian exposure to high H2 S concentrations. This review focuses on the neuropathology of high acute H2 S exposure, knowledge gaps, and the challenges associated with development of effective neuroprotective therapy to counteract H2 S-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Rumbeiha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
| | | | - Poojya Anantharam
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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26
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Jin S, Hyodoh H, Matoba K, Feng F, Hayakawa A, Okuda K, Shimizu K, Haga S, Ozaki M, Terazawa K. Development for the measurement of serum thiosulfate using LC-MS/MS in forensic diagnosis of H2S poisoning. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 22:18-22. [PMID: 27591534 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thiosulfate measurement is crucial to diagnosis of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning in forensic toxicology. Although GC-MS method is currently regarded as a standard thiosulfate measurement, it requires complicated sample preparation prior to analysis. This study presents a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of serum thiosulfate by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This method is based on selected reaction monitoring and has high sensitivity with a lower quantification limit of 0.5μM. Precision and accuracy of this method meet the basic requirements for quantitative analysis (intra- and inter-day tests have a relative standard deviation of ⩽10.4%; range of analytical recovery is 94.3-102.6%). On the measurements of serum thiosulfate by our developed method, a thiosulfate concentration as 57.5μM was detected clearly in the H2S poisoning case comparing to the non poisoning case in which only a trace amount of thiosulfate was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Jin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hyodoh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matoba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Center for Cause of Death Investigation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Fei Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Okuda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimizu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Haga
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michitaka Ozaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Terazawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Barbera N, Montana A, Indorato F, Arbouche N, Romano G. Domino effect: An unusual case of six fatal hydrogen sulfide poisonings in quick succession. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 260:e7-e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jiang J, Chan A, Ali S, Saha A, Haushalter KJ, Lam WLM, Glasheen M, Parker J, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Patel HH, Ambasudhan R, Lipton SA, Pilz RB, Boss GR. Hydrogen Sulfide--Mechanisms of Toxicity and Development of an Antidote. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20831. [PMID: 26877209 PMCID: PMC4753484 DOI: 10.1038/srep20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas—second only to carbon monoxide as a cause of inhalational deaths. Its mechanism of toxicity is only partially known, and no specific therapy exists for sulfide poisoning. We show in several cell types, including human inducible pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons, that sulfide inhibited complex IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and induced apoptosis. Sulfide increased hydroxyl radical production in isolated mouse heart mitochondria and F2-isoprostanes in brains and hearts of mice. The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide reversed the cellular toxicity of sulfide, and rescued Drosophila melanogaster and mice from lethal exposures of hydrogen sulfide gas. Cobinamide worked through two distinct mechanisms: direct reversal of complex IV inhibition and neutralization of sulfide-generated reactive oxygen species. We conclude that sulfide produces a high degree of oxidative stress in cells and tissues, and that cobinamide has promise as a first specific treatment for sulfide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Adriano Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sameh Ali
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Helmy Institute of Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Arindam Saha
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristofer J Haushalter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wai-Ling Macrina Lam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Megan Glasheen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Parker
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hemal H Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rajesh Ambasudhan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, The Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Renate B Pilz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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WITHDRAWN: Evaluation of the role of toxicological data in discriminating between H2S femoral blood concentration secondary to lethal poisoning and endogenous H2S putrefactive production. Forensic Sci Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ryu SJ, Arifin E, Ha SW, Lee JK. On-siteColorimetric Forensic Sensor (II): Quantitative Detection of Toxic S 2-Ion in Blood Plasma Using Metal-Ion-modified Silica Powders. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory; National Forensic Service; Seoul 158-707 Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Arifin
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nanoscience and Technology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Ha
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
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31
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Ryu SJ, Arifin E, Ha SW, Lee JK. On-siteColorimetric Forensic Sensor (I): Quantitative Detection of Toxic H2S and NH3Gases Using Metal-Ion-modified Silica Powders. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
- Forensic chemistry laboratory; National Forensic Service; Seoul 158-707 Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Arifin
- Interdisciplinary Program of Nanoscience and Technology; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Ha
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-742 Republic of Korea
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Andriamanohiarisoamanana FJ, Sakamoto Y, Yamashiro T, Yasui S, Iwasaki M, Ihara I, Tsuji O, Umetsu K. Effects of handling parameters on hydrogen sulfide emission from stored dairy manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 154:110-116. [PMID: 25721978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emission from liquid manure in the process preceding field application is an important issue in fertigation systems. Given that H2S poses a significant health risk, it is important to determine the effects of different handling parameters on H2S emissions to prevent health risks to farmers. In this study, the effects of total solids (TS; 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11%) and mixing speed (100, 200, 300, and 400 rpm), duration (5, 15, 30, and 60 min), and frequency (one, two, three, and four times a day) on H2S emissions from two different dairy manures were investigated. The results indicate that the quantity of sulfur-containing substrate intake determines the potential of dairy manure to emit H2S because manure from cows fed with concentrate-based feed generates higher amounts of H2S than manure from cows fed with forage-based feed. The H2S concentration increased with TS concentration and reached a maximum of 1133 ppm at a TS of 9%; thereafter, it decreased with further increases in TS concentration. H2S emission increased with mixing speed with a peak concentration of 3996 ppm at 400 rpm. A similar trend was observed for mixing duration. However, there were no significant differences between the amounts H2S emitted at different frequencies of mixing (P > 0.05). The results indicate that mixing speed, duration, and TS are the major determinants of the quantity of H2S emitted from dairy manure. Therefore, to prevent health risks associated with H2S emission from dairy manure, it is recommended that the mixing speed and duration should be kept as low as possible, while a TS concentration of above 9% should be applied during the fertigation of dairy manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fetra J Andriamanohiarisoamanana
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yushi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Seiichi Yasui
- Airwater Co. Ltd., Sapporo, Hokkaido 003-0027, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikko Ihara
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Tsuji
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Umetsu
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based study on urine metabolomics in rats chronically poisoned with hydrogen sulfide. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:295241. [PMID: 25954748 PMCID: PMC4411453 DOI: 10.1155/2015/295241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GS-MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis was applied to explore the metabolic variability in urine of chronically hydrogen sulfide- (H2S-) poisoned rats relative to control ones. The changes in endogenous metabolites were studied by partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and independent-samples t-test. The metabolic patterns of H2S-poisoned group are separated from the control, suggesting that the metabolic profiles of H2S-poisoned rats were markedly different from the controls. Moreover, compared to the control group, the level of alanine, d-ribose, tetradecanoic acid, L-aspartic acid, pentanedioic acid, cholesterol, acetate, and oleic acid in rat urine of the poisoning group decreased, while the level of glycine, d-mannose, arabinofuranose, and propanoic acid increased. These metabolites are related to amino acid metabolism as well as energy and lipid metabolism in vivo. Studying metabolomics using GC-MS allows for a comprehensive overview of the metabolism of the living body. This technique can be employed to decipher the mechanism of chronic H2S poisoning, thus promoting the use of metabolomics in clinical toxicology.
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Deng M, Zhang M, Huang X, Ma J, Hu L, Lin G, Wang X. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based study on serum metabolomics in rats chronically poisoned with hydrogen sulfide. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 32:59-63. [PMID: 25882152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide poisoning is a common occupational hazard, whose mortality and incidence rates are first and second, respectively, among occupational poisoning incidents in China. The main target organs of its toxicity are in the central nervous system and respiratory system. However, there are currently no specific direct tests that can be used to diagnose poisoned patients. In this study, we developed a serum metabonomic method using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA), based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to evaluate the effect of chronic poisoning by hydrogen sulfide in rats. The OPLS-DA data demonstrated that the model group (n = 60) differed significantly from the control group (n = 30), suggesting that the metabolic profiles of the two groups are markedly different. Alterations in the levels of some metabolites such as citrate, galactose, lactate, mannose, inositol, urea, phosphate, alanine and valine were detected by OPLS-DA analysis. We observed changes in metabolic pathways including lipid metabolism, energy metabolism and amino metabolism in the model group. Our results indicate that GC/MS-based metabonomic methods may provide novel detection means for chronic hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Deng
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of Wenzhou Medical University Forensi Center, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xueli Huang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of Wenzhou Medical University Forensi Center, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Lufeng Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of Wenzhou Medical University Forensi Center, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a hazard primarily in the oil and gas industry, agriculture, sewage and animal waste handling, construction (asphalt operations and disturbing marshy terrain), and other settings where organic material decomposes under reducing conditions, and in geothermal operations. It is an insoluble gas, heavier than air, with a very low odor threshold and high toxicity, driven by concentration more than duration of exposure. Toxicity presents in a unique, reliable, and characteristic toxidrome consisting, in ascending order of exposure, of mucosal irritation, especially of the eye ("gas eye"), olfactory paralysis (not to be confused with olfactory fatigue), sudden but reversible loss of consciousness ("knockdown"), pulmonary edema (with an unusually favorable prognosis), and death (probably with apnea contributing). The risk of chronic neurcognitive changes is controversial, with the best evidence at high exposure levels and after knockdowns, which are frequently accompanied by head injury or oxygen deprivation. Treatment cannot be initiated promptly in the prehospital phase, and currently rests primarily on supportive care, hyperbaric oxygen, and nitrite administration. The mechanism of action for sublethal neurotoxicity and knockdown is clearly not inhibition of cytochrome oxidase c, as generally assumed, although this may play a role in overwhelming exposures. High levels of endogenous sulfide are found in the brain, presumably relating to the function of hydrogen sulfide as a gaseous neurotransmitter and immunomodulator. Prevention requires control of exposure and rigorous training to stop doomed rescue attempts attempted without self-contained breathing apparatus, especially in confined spaces, and in sudden release in the oil and gas sector, which result in multiple avoidable deaths.
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Varlet V, Giuliani N, Palmiere C, Maujean G, Augsburger M. Hydrogen sulfide measurement by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS): application to gaseous samples and gas dissolved in muscle. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:52-7. [PMID: 25336379 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to present a new headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method applicable to the routine determination of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) concentrations in biological and gaseous samples. The primary analytical drawback of the GC/MS methods for H(2)S measurement discussed in the literature was the absence of a specific H(2)S internal standard required to perform quantification. Although a deuterated hydrogen sulfide (D(2)S) standard is currently available, this standard is not often used because this standard is expensive and is only available in the gas phase. As an alternative approach, D(2)S can be generated in situ by reacting deuterated chloride with sodium sulfide; however, this technique can lead to low recovery yield and potential isotopic fractionation. Therefore, N(2)O was chosen for use as an internal standard. This method allows precise measurements of H(2)S concentrations in biological and gaseous samples. Therefore, a full validation using accuracy profile based on the β-expectation tolerance interval is presented. Finally, this method was applied to quantify H(2)S in an actual case of H(2)S fatal intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Varlet
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne- Geneva CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Giuliani
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne- Geneva CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Palmiere
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne- Geneva CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Maujean
- Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale, 12 Avenue Rockefeller, 69005 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Augsburger
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit, University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne- Geneva CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless and potentially deadly gas that may cause rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory depression without warning. Although occupational exposure to H2S and the medical management of H2S-associated toxicity are widely established, it remains a problem in the sour gas industry and in other industrial settings, predominantly in new workers. In this article, the authors report a fatal case of a factory worker who died after breathing in H2S while undertaking a task that he was not trained to perform. Toxicological assessment supported by autopsy findings and circumstantial data was essential to clarify the cause of death, determined as H2S poisoning. This case emphasizes the need to develop work safety initiatives, improve on-the-job training, and introduce more consciousness to put on protective equipment for workers; indeed, correct training and education for workers regarding safety in the workplace may help to reduce worker fatalities.
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Wang X, Chen M, Chen X, Ma J, Wen C, Pan J, Hu L, Lin G. The effects of acute hydrogen sulfide poisoning on cytochrome P450 isoforms activity in rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:209393. [PMID: 24790991 PMCID: PMC3984826 DOI: 10.1155/2014/209393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the second leading cause of toxin related death (after carbon monoxide) in the workplace. H2S is absorbed by the upper respiratory tract mucosa, and it causes histotoxic hypoxemia and respiratory depression. Cocktail method was used to evaluate the influences of acute H2S poisoning on the activities of cytochrome P450 isoforms CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9, which were reflected by the changes of pharmacokinetic parameters of six specific probe drugs, bupropion, metoprolol, midazolam, phenacetin, omeprazole, and tolbutamide, respectively. The experimental rats were randomly divided into two groups, control group and acute H2S poisoning group (inhaling 300 ppm for 2 h). The mixture of six probes was given to rats by oral administration and the blood samples were obtained at a series of time points through the caudal vein. The concentrations of probe drugs in rat plasma were measured by LC-MS. The results for acute H2S poisoning and control groups were as follows: there was a statistically significant difference in the AUC and C max for bupropion, metoprolol, phenacetin, and tolbutamide, while there was no statistical pharmacokinetic difference for midazolam and omeprazole. Acute H2S poisoning could inhibit the activity of CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengchun Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Congcong Wen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianchun Pan
- Analytical and Testing Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lufeng Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guanyang Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Lin PT, Dunn WA. Suicidal carbon monoxide poisoning by combining formic acid and sulfuric acid within a confined space. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:271-3. [PMID: 24328850 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide produced by mixing formic acid and sulfuric acid within a confined space is a rare method of suicide. This method is similar to the so-called "detergent suicide" method where an acid-based detergent is mixed with a sulfur source to produce hydrogen sulfide. Both methods produce a toxic gas that poses significant hazards for death investigators, first responders and bystanders. Carbon monoxide is an odorless gas, while hydrogen sulfide has a characteristic rotten eggs odor, so the risks associated with carbon monoxide are potentially greater due to lack of an important warning signal. While detergent suicides have become increasingly common in the USA, suicide with formic acid and sulfuric acid is rare with only three prior cases being reported. Greater awareness of this method among death investigators is warranted because of the special risks of accidental intoxication by toxic gas and the possibility that this method of suicide will become more common in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Lin
- Mayo Clinic, Hilton 11, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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41
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Kamijo Y, Takai M, Fujita Y, Hirose Y, Iwasaki Y, Ishihara S. A multicenter retrospective survey on a suicide trend using hydrogen sulfide in Japan. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2013; 51:425-8. [PMID: 23700987 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2013.799676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In Japan, suicide by inhaling hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by mixing commercial products escalated into a nationwide trend in April 2008. OBJECTIVE We conducted a multicenter retrospective survey on the demographics, clinical features, treatments, and outcomes of patients exposed to H2S suicide attempts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects included patients transported to emergency facilities in Japan from January 2005 to December 2011 following H2S suicide attempts. Among 277 facilities to which a letter requesting data collection was sent, questionnaires were sent to and filled out by the 47 (18%) facilities that agreed to provide data. Questionnaires were collected and data were extracted at Kitasato University. RESULTS A total of 156 patients were included in this survey. Patients involved in an H2S suicide attempt increased from 1 in 2007 to 51 in 2008, and gradually decreased from 44 in 2009 to 37 in 2010 and 23 in 2011. Ninety-two patients attempted H2S suicide (primary exposure group), and 64 were secondarily affected by the suicide attempt (secondary exposure group). Patients in the primary exposure group were young (mean, 30.3 years (10.9)), and male patients (n = 62) were approximately two times more likely to attempt H2S suicide than females (n = 30). Forty-eight patients in cardiopulmonary arrest at the scene did not survive. Five non-cardiopulmonary arrest patients died, and five patients who presented with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) < 8 and lactic acidosis had neurological or cardiac signs or symptoms at discharge. Antidote therapy was performed on 26 of the primary group patients, but with poor outcomes. None of the secondary group patients were in cardiopulmonary arrest at the scene, five received antidotal therapy after arriving at the hospital, and all completely recovered from H2S exposure. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Mortality (58%) among patients who attempted H2S suicide was very high, likely resulting from inhaling high concentrations of H2S after mixing commercial products in a sealed and confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kamijo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Kitasato University , 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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Rupp WR, Thierauf A, Nadjem H, Vogt S. Suicide by carbon dioxide. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:e30-2. [PMID: 23791381 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicides by self-poisoning are common in all parts of the world. Among these intoxications, gases are rarely used, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Very few cases of self-inflicted and deliberate carbon dioxide poisonings have been reported. This paper presents two uncommon suicides by carbon dioxide intoxication. In one case, a 53-year-old man tightly sealed a small bathroom and locked himself in it likely with dry ice. Warning notices were tagged to the door. In another case, a 48-year-old man working in a restaurant committed suicide by closing himself in a walk-in refrigerator and opening the stored carbon dioxide containers intended for the beverage dispensing equipment. The limited possibilities of proving lethal CO2 intoxications post-mortem necessitate a close cooperation of the involved parties during investigation. Only the synopsis of all findings permits a sound assessment regarding the manner and cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Rüdiger Rupp
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Kanno S, Hirano S, Sagi M, Chiba S, Takeshita H, Ikawa T, Ichiba K, Nagai T, Takada M, Sakamoto K, Mukai T. Sulfide induces apoptosis and Rho kinase-dependent cell blebbing in Jurkat cells. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1245-56. [PMID: 23479079 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a toxic gaseous substance, and accidental exposure to high concentrations of H₂S has been reported to be lethal to humans. Inhaled and absorbed H₂S is partially dissolved within the circulation and causes toxic effects on lymphocytes. However, the mechanisms involved in H₂S toxicity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the cellular uptake and injury of sulfide-exposed human T lymphocytes (Jurkat). Cells were exposed to a H₂S donor, sodium hydroxysulfide (NaHS), at pH 6.0, 7.0, or 8.0 for 1 h at 37 °C in a sealed conical tube to avoid the loss of dissolved H₂S gas. Cytotoxicity and cellular sulfide concentrations increased dramatically as the pH of the NaHS solution decreased. Sulfide enhanced the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and induced early cellular apoptosis. A pan-caspase inhibitor reduced sulfide-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that sulfide induces pH-dependent and caspase-dependent apoptosis. We also found that blebbing of the plasma membrane occurred in sulfide-exposed cells. Both ROCK-1 and ROCK-2 (Rho kinases) were activated by sulfide, and sulfide-induced cell blebbing was suppressed by a ROCK inhibitor, suggesting that a Rho pathway is involved in sulfide-induced blebbing in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kanno
- Department of Legal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan.
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44
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Intoxication aiguë à l’hydrogène sulfuré. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-012-0503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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