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Álvarez-Freire I, Cabarcos-Fernández P, Rubio NC, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Tabernero-Duque MJ, Sánchez-Sellero I, Bermejo-Barrera P, Bermejo-Barrera AM. Detection of coca alkaloids in oral fluid from coca leaf (tea) consumers: using solid phase extraction to improve validation parameters and widen the detection window. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6177-6183. [PMID: 37937436 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Hygrine and cuscohygrine, two coca leaf alkaloids, have been previously proposed as markers to differentiate legal and illegal cocaine consumption. This is a very common problem in some countries of South America, where the consumption of coca leaves has a long tradition. Analytical methods focusing on the assessment of coca leaf alkaloids, such as cuscohygrine, hygrine, tropacocaine and t-cinnamoylcocaine, in oral fluid are virtually non-existent in forensic toxicology laboratories worldwide due to their lack of application. However, the problem of differentiating legal and illegal cocaine use in criminal justice, DUID (drug-impaired driving) and WDT (workplace drug testing) programs is growing. Therefore, researchers are obliged to develop methods to measure coca leaf alkaloids (cuscohygrine, hygrine and t-cinnamoylcocaine) in biological matrices for further validation for routine analyses in forensic toxicology laboratories. This work aims to optimize a previously published separation method by protein precipitation in oral fluid by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The use of SPE allowed the matrix effect and the background to be reduced in the chromatograms due to the obtained cleaner extracts. Consequently, improved detection and quantification limits were reached. Findings showed that the detection windows for coca leaf alkaloids were longer than three hours in real oral fluid samples from volunteers who drank a cup of coca tea. These detection windows are quite higher than those previously obtained when using the method based on separation by protein precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Álvarez-Freire
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - P Cabarcos-Fernández
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - N C Rubio
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Moreda-Piñeiro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología-Fac. de Química, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS)-Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M J Tabernero-Duque
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - I Sánchez-Sellero
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - P Bermejo-Barrera
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología-Fac. de Química, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS)-Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A M Bermejo-Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luís Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Fac. de Med., Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Thakur D, Dubey NP, Singh R. A Review on Spike and Recovery Method in Analytical Method Development and Validation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36463526 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In multidisciplinary science, Analytical approaches based on spike and recovery (SAR) play a substantial role in analytical testing. The spike and recovery method is an important technique for analyzing and accessing the accuracy of analytical methods. The goal of this review seeks to provide clarity on the role of SAR methods in the forensic science discipline. Recent literature has been searched from numerous databases like Google, Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Websites like Science Direct are critically explored to gather scientific reports related to SAR utility. This review discusses the applications and current role of the SAR methods in Forensic Toxicology. It is suggested as one of the major parameters in the validation of the analytical method. SAR methodology is extremely important for the identification and quantitation of analytes in the sample matrix. Moreover, the extension of SAR methods to any scientific discipline is equally important for quality assurance. All relevant processes like method development and its optimization, quality control, and assurance rely on SAR-based studies. However, the method requires better apprehension and needs to be utilized using standard guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Thakur
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neeti Prakash Dubey
- Chemistry and Toxicology, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Hu C, Liu ZF, Feng XS, He ZW. Cocaine in Different Matrices: Recent Updates on Pretreatment and Detection Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:529-548. [PMID: 35708993 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2087467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse has attracted increased attention in the recent past since it can cause addiction and great harm to the normal human body. Due to cocaine exists in various complex matrices, the detection of it in different matrices is helpful to prevent abuse. It is thus imperative to establish efficient and accurate methods for pretreatment and detection of cocaine in different samples. The present study provides a summary of the research progress of cocaine pretreatment methods (such as different microextraction methods, QuEChERS, and solid phase extraction based on novel extraction materials) and detection approaches (such as liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, gas chromatography and related techniques, capillary electrophoresis and sensors). A comparison of the pros and cons of different pretreatment and detection methods is presented. The findings of this study will provide a reference for selection of the most suitable cocaine pretreatment and detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Wei He
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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A comparative review on detection of Cocaine using hyphenated techniques. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jørgenrud B, Skadberg E, de Carvalho Ponce J, Furuhaugen H, Berg T. Determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 33 compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 107:106939. [PMID: 33257303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods are developed for determination of single drugs or classes of drugs, but a multi-compound LC-MS/MS method that can replace several methods could reduce both analysis time and costs. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 (PEth 16:0/18:1) and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood. METHODS Whole-blood samples were prepared by 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE). Chromatographic separations were performed on a biphenyl core shell column with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.1 and methanol. Each extract was analyzed twice by LC-MS/MS, injecting 0.4 μL and 2 μL, in order to obtain narrow and symmetrical peaks and good sensitivity for all compounds. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used for 31 of the 34 compounds. RESULTS A 96-well SLE reversed phase LC-MS/MS method for determination of PEth 16:0/18:1 and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes was developed and validated. By using an organic solvent mixture of isopropanol/ methyl tert-butyl ether (1:5, v:v), all compounds, including the polar and ampholytic compounds pregabalin, gabapentin and benzoylecgonine, was extracted by 96-well SLE. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION For the first time an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of alcohol biomarker PEth 16:0/18:1 and drugs and metabolites from several different drug classes was developed and validated. The developed LC-MS/MS method can be used for high-throughput analyses and sensitive determinations of the 34 compounds in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Jørgenrud
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Skadberg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julio de Carvalho Ponce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Brazil
| | - Håvard Furuhaugen
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
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da Cunha KF, Oliveira KD, Huestis MA, Costa JL. Screening of 104 New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) and Other Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:697-707. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS) are a major public health problem, primarily due to the increased number of acute poisoning cases. Detection of these substances is a challenge. The aim of this research was to develop and validate a sensitive screening method for 104 drugs of abuse, including synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, fentanyl analogues, phenethylamines and other abused psychoactive compounds (i.e., THC, MDMA, LSD and their metabolites) in oral fluid by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). The Quantisal™ oral fluid device was used to collect oral fluid samples. The oral fluid–elution buffer mixture (500-μL sample) was extracted with t-butyl methyl ether, and chromatographic separation was performed on a Raptor™ biphenyl column (100 × 2.1 mm ID, 2.7 μm), with a total run time of 13.5 min. Limits of detection were established at three concentrations (0.05, 0.1 or 1 ng/mL) for most analytes, except for acetyl norfentanyl and mescaline (5 ng/mL). Matrix effects were generally <20% and overall extraction recoveries >60%. The highest matrix effect was observed within the synthetic cannabinoid group (PB22, −55.5%). Lower recoveries were observed for 2C-T (47.2%) and JWH-175 (58.7%). Recoveries from the Quantisal™ device were also evaluated for all analytes (56.7–127%), with lower recoveries noted for 25I-NBOMe, valerylfentanyl and mCPP (56.7, 63.0 and 69.9%, respectively). Drug stability in oral fluid was evaluated at 15, 60 and 90 days and at 25, 4 and −20°C. As expected, greater stability was observed when samples were stored at −20°C, but even when frozen, some NPS (e.g., synthetic cannabinoids) showed more than 20% degradation. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of seven authentic oral fluid samples positive for 17 different analytes. The method achieved good sensitivity and simultaneous detection of a wide range of NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Francisco da Cunha
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Karina Diniz Oliveira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jose Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-859, Brazil
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Bongetti E, Kavanagh D, Martin K, Bendall A, Hill P, Steinberg A, Rajaram Y, Ierino F. Cocaine-associated atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a genetically susceptible individual. Nephrology (Carlton) 2020; 25:518-521. [PMID: 31900968 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a severe, life-threatening condition that requires early recognition and urgent treatment. In aHUS rare genetic variants in CFH, CFI, CD46, C3 and CFB predispose to complement over activation. This case describes a case of aHUS in which there was a strong temporal association between disease onset and the use of smoked cocaine. The patient was found to have a rare genetic variant in the CFI gene which may have been unmasked by first-time exposure to cocaine. The patient stabilized and improved with early administration of eculizumab, supporting the notion of an underlying immunological pathogenesis and the importance of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bongetti
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kavanagh
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,The National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre (NRCTC), Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kylie Martin
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Bendall
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam Steinberg
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yogeshwar Rajaram
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesco Ierino
- Department of Nephrology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Sharma MK, Dhakne P, Nn S, Reddy PA, Sengupta P. Paradigm Shift in the Arena of Sample Preparation and Bioanalytical Approaches Involving Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopic Technique. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1069-1082. [PMID: 31105088 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19r003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a highly important and integral part of bioanalysis for cleaning up the complex biological matrices and thereby minimizing matrix effect. Matrix effect can jeopardize the precise quantification and adversely affect the reliability of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analytical results by alteration of analyte ionization. Matrix components result in suppression or enhancement of the intensity of analyte response. In spite of the high specificity and selectivity of tandem mass spectrometry, a relatively higher concentration of coeluted matrix elements present in biofluids may alter the efficiency of quantification of a bioanalytical method. Numerous literature reports different types of sample preparation techniques employed in bioanalysis. In this review, the strategies for selection of the appropriate sample clean-up technique in bioanalysis are discussed extensively. A paradigm shift in the arena of sample preparation and bioanalytical approaches involving the liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopic technique has been scrutinized. Current trends and possible future advancements in the field of biological sample extraction methods, including instrumental techniques are analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Pooja Dhakne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Sidhartha Nn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - P Ajitha Reddy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad
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Risoluti R, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Materazzi S. Miniaturized analytical platform for cocaine detection in oral fluids by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. Talanta 2019; 202:546-553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Florea A, Cowen T, Piletsky S, De Wael K. Electrochemical sensing of cocaine in real samples based on electrodeposited biomimetic affinity ligands. Analyst 2019; 144:4639-4646. [PMID: 31250860 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00618d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A selective electrochemical sensor for direct detection of cocaine was developed based on molecularly imprinted polymers electropolymerized onto graphene-modified electrodes. Palladium nanoparticles were integrated in the sensing layer for the benefit of enhancing the communication between the imprinted sites and the electrode and improving their homogeneous distribution. The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by cyclic voltammetry using p-aminobenzoic acid as a high affinity monomer selected by computational modeling, and cocaine as a template molecule. Experimental parameters related to the electrochemical deposition of palladium nanoparticles, pH, composition of the electropolymerization mixture, extraction and rebinding conditions were studied and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current varied linearly with cocaine concentration in the range of 100-500 μM, with a detection limit of 50 μM (RSD 0.71%, n = 3). The molecularly imprinted sensor was able to detect cocaine in saliva and river water with good recoveries after sample pretreatment and was successfully applied for screening real street samples for cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Florea
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Belgium.
| | - Todd Cowen
- University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sergey Piletsky
- University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Karolien De Wael
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Belgium.
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Qiu Y, Tang Y, Li B, He M. Rapid detection of cocaine using aptamer-based biosensor on an evanescent wave fibre platform. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180821. [PMID: 30473831 PMCID: PMC6227954 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid detection of cocaine has received considerable attention because of the instantaneous and adverse effects of cocaine overdose on human health. Aptamer-based biosensors for cocaine detection have been well established for research and application. However, reducing the analytic duration without deteriorating the sensitivity still remains as a challenge. Here, we proposed an aptamer-based evanescent wave fibre (EWF) biosensor to rapidly detect cocaine in a wide working range. At first, the aptamers were conjugated to complementary DNA with fluorescence tag and such conjugants were then immobilized on magnetic beads. After cocaine was introduced to compete against the aptamer-DNA conjugants, the released DNA in supernatant was detected on the EWF platform. The dynamic curves of EWF signals could be interpreted by the first-order kinetics and saturation model. The semi-log calibration curve covered a working range of 10-5000 µM of cocaine, and the limit of detection was approximately 10.5 µM. The duration of the full procedure was 990 s (16.5 min), and the detection interval was 390 s (6.5 min). The specified detection of cocaine was confirmed from four typical pharmaceutic agents. The analysis was repeated for 50 cycles without significant loss of sensitivity. Therefore, the aptamer-based EWF biosensor is a feasible solution to rapidly detect cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Ecological Environmental Protection Investments Company, China Communications Construction Corporation, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Beijing Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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