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Pego AMF, Knaven EJ, van de Plas APC, Brouwers JF, Cuypers E, Flinders B, Heeren RMA, van Asten AC, de Rooij BM. Untargeted metabolomics for lifestyle biomarker discovery in human hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111938. [PMID: 38301432 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
There is a risk of crimes remaining unsolved when no matching DNA profiles or fingermarks are found. If this is the case, forensic investigations are faced with a significant shortage of evidence and information regarding the unknown perpetrator and/or victim as well as any missing persons. However, a rather commonly found biological trace encountered at crime scenes is human hair. As hair acts as a biochemical reservoir, it may contain valuable information regarding one's characteristics and habits. This study aimed to build an analytical method capable of determining a marker set of relevant metabolites in hair, eventually building up a profile of its donor. To find potential markers, an untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to select and identify statistically significant features. For that purpose, a total of 68 hair samples were collected at several hairdresser shops in varying neighbourhoods. Compound extraction was achieved via methanolic incubation overnight and analysis performed using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap Q Exactive Focus. The acquired data was uploaded and statistically evaluated using two free online software/libraries, where a total of eight compounds have given a match on both tools. Their presumptive identity was confirmed using reference standards and consequently added to a dynamic target donor profiling list. These results show the potential of using untargeted metabolomics for the search for lifestyle biomarkers capable of differentiating individuals. Such tools are of paramount importance in a forensic setting with little or no evidence available and no clear tactical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Pego
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands; Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, NY, USA.
| | - Edward J Knaven
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Anke P C van de Plas
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Belgium; M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben M de Rooij
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
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2
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THC and THC-COOH hair concentrations: Influence of age, gender, consumption habits, cosmetics treatment, and hair features. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115237. [PMID: 36638568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of Cannabis consumption is required for many purposes (i.e., workplace drug testing and driving license renewal). Hair analysis represents the most adopted and reliable approach for the investigation of repeated or chronic exposure to Cannabis. The main markers are the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its main metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), as stated by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) and the European Workplace Drug Testing Society (EWDTS). In this paper we presented an observational study on the hair concentrations of THC and THC-COOH and influences due to age, gender, consumption habits, and hair features. Data were collected from analysis of scalp hair samples (3-cm proximal segment) provided by subjects tested for THC consumption for personal purposes (i.e., workplace drug testing, personal use proving). The subjects provided an informed consent and a short questionnaire. A new analytical method was previously developed and then adopted. It consisted in a hydrolysis (1 mL of 1 M NaOH at 65 °C, 20 min) and a liquid-liquid extraction (with hexane/ethyl acetate,90/10, v/v in presence of 1.5 mL of H2SO4 1 M) of 25 mg of hair. A liquid chromatograph - tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) equipped with a C18 column was used. The acquisition was in multiple reaction monitoring for the following transitions: 315→259, 193 m/z, for THC; 318→196, 123 m/z, for THC-d3; 345→299, 193 m/z for THC-COOH; 348→196, 302 m/z for THC-COOH-d3. Correlation between THC and THC-COOH hair concentrations was analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. In order to study the influences of several variables, a new value, Sqrt(THC*THCCOOH), was adopted. Its effectiveness and reliability were proved by the Principal Component Analysis. Relationships between the Sqrt(THC*THCCOOH) and the variables were studied through the Stepwise regression (p = 0.05). The normality of data distribution was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Lower limits of quantification were 10.0 (THC) and 0.2 (THC-COOH) pg/mg. Accuracy and precision always met the acceptable criteria. Recoveries were > 78% and ion suppression was observed for both the compounds. Data from 126 hair samples were included in this study: 54 subjects(42.9%) were positive both for THC and THC-COOH; none of the samples was positive for a single substance. Concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 1.75 ng/mg (median: 0.78 ng/mg) for THC and from 0.04 to 0.85 ng/mg (median: 0.31 ng/mg) for THC-COOH. Cannabinoids levels seemed to decrease with the age, with lower amounts in the subjects aged > 40 years (p < 0.05). Also years of consumption seemed to have a significant impact on hair concentrations, as higher levels were observed in consumers from > 10 years (p = 0.013). Moreover, this study further provided evidences of a significant reduction of THC and THC-COOH in bleached hair (p = 0.042).
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Antunes M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Analysis of Cannabinoids in Biological Specimens: An Update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2312. [PMID: 36767678 PMCID: PMC9915035 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are still the most consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Despite being considered less harmful to human health, particularly if compared with opiates or cocaine, cannabis consumption has important medico-legal and public health consequences. For this reason, the development and optimization of sensitive analytical methods that allow the determination of these compounds in different biological specimens is important, involving relevant efforts from laboratories. This paper will discuss cannabis consumption; toxicokinetics, the most detected compounds in biological samples; and characteristics of the latter. In addition, a comprehensive review of extraction methods and analytical tools available for cannabinoid detection in selected biological specimens will be reviewed. Important issues such as pitfalls and cut-off values will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Antunes
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilha, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
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Cheng JYK, Hui JWS, Chan WS, So MH, Hong YH, Leung WT, Ku KW, Yeung HS, Lo KM, Fung KM, Ip CY, Dao KL, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2019-2022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 6:100303. [PMID: 36597440 PMCID: PMC9799715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bobbie Kwok-keung Cheung
- Corresponding author. Government Laboratory, 7/F, Homantin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China. http://www.govtlab.gov.hk/
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Scanferla DTP, Sano Lini R, Marchioni C, Mossini SAG. Drugs of abuse: A narrative review of recent trends in biological sample preparation and chromatographic techniques. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Marasco Júnior CA, Edwards ME, Lamarca RS, Sobreira TJP, Caterino JM, Hains DS, Schwaderer AL, Lima Gomes PCFD, Ferreira CR. Suspect screening of exogenous compounds using multiple reaction screening (MRM) profiling in human urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1201-1202:123290. [PMID: 35588643 PMCID: PMC10566365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of chemical compounds produced by industry are dispersed in the human environment widely enough to reach the world population, and the introduction of new chemicals constantly occurs. As new synthetic molecules emerge, rapid analytical workflows for screening possible presence of exogenous compounds in biofluids can be useful as a first pass analysis to detect chemical exposure and guide the development and application of more elaborate LC-MS/MS methods for quantification. In this study, a suspect screening workflow using the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) profiling method is proposed as a first pass exploratory technique to survey selected exogenous molecules in human urine samples. The workflow was applied to investigate 12 human urine samples using 310 MRMs related to the chemical functionalities of 87 exogenous compounds present in the METLIN database and reported in the literature. A total of 11 MRMs associated with five different compounds were detected in the samples. Product ion scans for the precursor ions of the selected MRMs were acquired as a further identification step for these chemicals. The suspect screening results suggested the presence of five exogenous compounds in the human urine samples analyzed, namely metformin, metoprolol, acetaminophen, paraxanthine and acrylamide. LC-MS/MS was applied as a last step to confirm these results, and the presence of four out of the five targets selected by MRM profiling were corroborated, indicating that this workflow can support the selection of suspect compounds to screen complex samples and guide more time-consuming and specific quantification analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Marasco Júnior
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Madison E Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rafaela S Lamarca
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Caterino
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David S Hains
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 43202, USA
| | | | - Paulo Clairmont F de Lima Gomes
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), P.O. Box 355, 14800-060 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Christina R Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Hehet P, Franz T, Kunert N, Musshoff F. Fast and highly sensitive determination of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) metabolites in hair using liquid chromatography-multistage mass spectrometry (LC-MS 3 ). Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1614-1622. [PMID: 35648798 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In hair analysis, identification of 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), one of the major endogenously formed metabolites of the psychoactive cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is considered unambiguous proof of cannabis consumption. Due to the complex hair matrix and low target concentrations of THC-COOH in hair, this kind of investigation represents a great analytical challenge. The aim of this work was to establish a fast, simple, and reliable LC-MS3 routine method for sensitive detection of THC-COOH in hair samples. Furthermore, the LC-MS3 method developed also included the detection of derivatized 11-hydroxy-∆9 -THC (11-OH-THC) as an additional marker of cannabis use. Hair sample preparation prior to detection of the two THC metabolites was based on digestion of the hair matrix under alkaline conditions followed by an optimized liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedure. Sample preparation by LLE proved to be more suitable than solid-phase extraction (SPE) due to less laborious and time-consuming steps while still yielding satisfactory results. A significant improvement in analytical detection was introduced by multistage fragmentation (MS3 ), which led to enhanced sensitivity and selectivity and thus low limits of quantification (0.1 pg/mg hair). The MS3 method included two transitions for THC-COOH (m/z 343 → 299 → 245 and m/z 343 → 299 → 191) encompassing the quantifier (m/z 245) and the qualifier ion (m/z 191). The method was fully validated, and successful application to authentic toxicology case samples was demonstrated by the analysis of more than 2000 hair samples from cannabis users with THC-COOH concentrations determined ranging from 0.1 to >15 pg/mg hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hehet
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Franz
- Forensic Toxicological Centre Munich (FTC), Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Kunert
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, Forensic Science Institute, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Musshoff
- Forensic Toxicological Centre Munich (FTC), Munich, Germany
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8
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Schaefer VD, Müller VV, Feltraco Lizot LDL, Hahn RZ, Schneider A, Antunes MV, Linden R. Sensitive determination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and complementary cannabinoids in hair using alkaline digestion and mixed-mode solid phase extraction followed by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111047. [PMID: 34649099 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hair drug testing can be used for the evaluation of cannabis use with a large detection window, and is required for professional driving license granting in Brazil. A positive hair result for cannabis use requires quantification of the metabolite THC-COOH above the cutoff value of 0.2 ng/g. The achievement of such lower limit of quantification is challenging, particularly with the use of liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (LC-MS/MS). In this study, a very sensitive LCMS/ MS assay for the simultaneous quantification of THC-COOH along with THC, CBD, and CBN was developed and validated. Sample preparation was based on hair hydrolysis, followed by selective ion-exchange solid-phase extraction. The extraction yield was 101.5-101.6% for THC-COOH, 92.3-97.4% for THC, 89.7-95.2% for CBN, and 104.9-121.1% for CBD. Internal standard corrected matrix effects were - 2.7 to - 1,1 for THCCOOH and - 11.5 to - 0.1% for the other analytes. The lower limit of quantification was 01 ng/g for THC-COOH and 25 ng/g for THC, CBD, and CBN. The assay fulfilled validation guidelines acceptance criteria. The measurement uncertainties were determined and the assay was ISO17025 accredited, being currently used in routine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoria Daniela Schaefer
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Victória Vendramini Müller
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Anelise Schneider
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Venzon Antunes
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Linden
- Analytical Toxicology Laboratory, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
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A Novel Molecule: 1‐(2,6 Dichlorobenzyl)‐4‐(2‐(2‐4‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)pyridinium Chloride and its Interaction with DNA. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Analysis of cannabinoids in conventional and alternative biological matrices by liquid chromatography: Applications and challenges. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462277. [PMID: 34091369 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is by far the most widely abused illicit drug globe wide. The analysis of its main psychoactive components in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices has recently gained a great attention in forensic toxicology. Literature states that its abuse causes neurocognitive impairment in the domains of attention and memory, possible macrostructural brain alterations and abnormalities of neural functioning. This suggests the necessity for the development of a sensitive and a reliable analytical method for the detection and quantification of cannabinoids in human biological specimens. In this review, we focus on a number of analytical methods that have, so far, been developed and validated, with particular attention to the new "golden standard" method of forensic analysis, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, this review provides an overview of the effective and selective methods used for the extraction and isolation of cannabinoids from (i) conventional matrices, such as blood, urine and oral fluid and (ii) alternative biological matrices, such as hair, cerumen and meconium.
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Nicolaou AG, Stavrou IJ, Louppis AP, Constantinou MS, Kapnissi-Christodoulou C. Application of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the detection and quantification of cannabis in cerumen samples. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462035. [PMID: 33725496 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cerumen, a non-conventional biological secretion, was examined as an alternative matrix for forensic analyzis. A fully validated analytical UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the detection and quantification of the most prevalent psychoactive illicit drug globe wide, Δ9-tethrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC, and four major cannabinoids found in cannabis Sativa. The method was validated, and standard external calibration curves were established with correlation coefficients > 0.99. A validated experimental procedure, along with a direct extraction of cannabinoids with acidified acetonitrile resulted in a short total analyzis time and a good extraction efficiency for all the analytes under study. LOD and LOQ values were determined to be 0.01-0.08 pg/mg and 0.04-0.23 pg/mg, respectively. To prove applicability of the proposed assay, volunteers were selected, and cerumen samples were examined for cannabis. The analyzis by use of UPLC-MS/MS indicated that all samples were positive, reporting recent cannabis abuse. Surprisingly, both THC and Cannabinol (CBN) were detected, and quantification was possible in 75% of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis J Stavrou
- Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Seo MJ, Song SH, Kim S, Jang WJ, Jeong CH, Lee S. Characteristics of Korean patients with methamphetamine use disorder based on the quantitative analysis of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:798-807. [PMID: 32737848 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive central nervous system stimulant. MA use disorder is characterized by a chronic, relapsing brain disease that is enhanced by a dynamic process of repeated use and withdrawal. The analysis of MA and its metabolite, amphetamine (AM), in hair is routinely performed in forensic laboratories for illegal MA use determination. However, few studies regarding the clinical application of hair analysis have been conducted to monitor the treatment of MA use disorder. Herein, the characteristics of Korean patients with MA use disorder were investigated based on drug abuse screening instruments and quantitative analysis of MA and AM in hair. A HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of MA and AM in hair was validated and clinically applied to healthy subjects (HS, n = 30, male) as well as current (CP, n = 33, male) and former (FP, n = 22, male) MA use disorder patients. The validation results of the hair analysis method showed high selectivity, accuracy, and precision with acceptable linearity within the calibration range (0.05-5.0 ng/mg). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification for both MA and AM were 0.05 ng/mg. The concentrations of MA and AM ranged from ≤ LOD to 166 ng/mg and from not detected (ND) to 9.15 ng/mg in the CP group and from ND to 6.14 ng/mg and from ND to 0.32 ng/mg in the FP group, respectively. No correlation was observed between the hair MA concentrations and the NIDA-modified ASSIST, DUDID extended, or DAST scores in both groups. The hair MA concentrations showed advantages for differentiating the CP and FP groups compared with the scores provided by the above-mentioned drug abuse screening instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jae Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of three cannabinoids, two (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites, and six amphetamine-type stimulants in human hair. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1149:122157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bindesri SD, Jebailey R, Albarghouthi N, Pye CC, Brosseau CL. Spectroelectrochemical and computational studies of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Analyst 2020; 145:1849-1857. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical SERS allows for the rapid detection of both THC and THC-COOH in bodily fluid matrices without interferences from matrix species, paving the way to a point-of-need tool for cannabinoid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cory C. Pye
- Department of Chemistry
- Saint Mary's University
- Halifax
- Canada
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Baeck S, Kim B, Cho B, Kim E. Analysis of cannabinoids in urine samples of short-term and long-term consumers of hemp seed products. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 305:109997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Zhang Q, Berg D, Mugo SM. Molecularly imprinted carbon based electrodes for tetrahydrocannabinol sensing. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shah I, Al-Dabbagh B, Salem AE, Hamid SAA, Muhammad N, Naughton DP. A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair. BMC Chem 2019; 13:106. [PMID: 31428743 PMCID: PMC6694587 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bayan Al-Dabbagh
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alaa Eldin Salem
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Saber A A Hamid
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Neak Muhammad
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Declan P Naughton
- 2School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Surrey, UK
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