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Li N, Yang X, Li X, Peng Z, Yin Z, Jiang C, Huang Z, Li Y. Enhancing the detonation performance of azobistriazole energetic derivatives via inducing N-oxide groups. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19863-19875. [PMID: 38989787 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The N-oxide strategy plays a crucial role in regulating the performance and safety of energetic materials. This study mainly addresses the question of how the N-oxide group affects the properties of azobistriazole and its derivatives. Our findings indicate that the N-oxide group can increase the density of the system, and its effect on the enthalpy of formation depends on the specific situation. The N-oxide groups can effectively improve the density and energetic properties. Some of the energetic derivatives containing N-oxide groups have a density as high as 2.097 g cm-3 (D3-NO(2)) and a detonation velocity as high as 10 275 m s-1 (C6-NO(2)). The effect of N-oxide groups on the enthalpy of formation depends on the specific circumstances. The effect of N-oxide groups on the stability of azobistriazole energetic derivatives is relatively complex. Among them, the N-oxide group on the triazole ring has an opposite effect on the bond dissociation enthalpy of functional groups. When the N-oxide group is on the 1,2,3-triazole ring, it can improve C-R (R is equal to C(NO2)3, NF2, NHNO2, NO2, and ONO2 respectively) bond dissociation enthalpy, and when it is on the 1,2,4-triazole ring, it will reduce the C-R bond dissociation enthalpy. When the N-oxide group is located on the azo bond, the bond dissociation enthalpy of the azo bond will be significantly reduced. This article systematically explores the effect of N-oxide groups on the properties of azobistriazole energetic derivatives, which will help people better utilize N-oxide groups to design and synthesize new energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xinbo Yang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuyuan Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zihuan Peng
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zehong Yin
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Chongwen Jiang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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2
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Chen F, Li T, Zhao L, Guo G, Dong L, Mi F, Jia X, Ning R, Wang J, Cao D. Thermal decomposition mechanism of HMX/HTPB hybrid explosives studied by reactive molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2024; 30:224. [PMID: 38907749 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The thermal decomposition process of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HMX/HTPB) hybrid explosives and pure HMX explosives at different temperatures (2000 ~ 3500 K) was investigated using the reactive molecular dynamics method. This study aimed to analyze the effect of binders on the thermal decomposition of HMX at the atomic scale and reveal the thermal decomposition mechanism of HMX/HTPB. The results showed that the thermal decomposition process of the HMX molecule in the HMX/HTPB hybrid system involves a continuous denitration followed by the disintegration of the main ring. The HTPB chain will experience dehydrogenation, dehydroxylation, and chain fragmentation. Including HTPB in the hybrid system significantly increased the presence of H and OH radicals. These radicals then interacted with HMX and its decomposition products and produced more of the final products H2O and H2 in the HMX/HTPB hybrid system compared to pure HMX. Additionally, it was observed that the HTPB chain fragments attached to the HMX decomposition products prevented the formation of N2 and CO2. Furthermore, the activation energies (Ea) of the initial and intermediate decomposition stages of the HMX/HTPB hybrid system were 98.45 kJ mol-1 and 90.69 kJ mol-1, respectively. The results showed that the activation energies of the HMX/HTPB hybrid system are lower than the pure HMX system in these two stages. Consequently, HTPB will enhance HMX's thermal decomposition and decreased the system's insensitivity to heat stimuli. METHODS The molecular dynamics simulation of the HMX/HTPB hybrid system was performed using the ReaxFF module in the LAMMPS software, and the ReaxFF/lg force field was used to describe the interatomic interactions as well as the chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Tianhao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Linxiu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Guoqi Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangqi Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangyu Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruixing Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Duanlin Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
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3
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Lal S, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Azidomethyl-bisoxadiazol-linked-1,2,3-triazole-(ABT)-based potential liquid propellant and energetic plasticizer. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7100-7104. [PMID: 38567572 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00638k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A scalable synthesis of azidomethyl bisoxadiazol linked-1,2,3-triazole-(ABT) based potential liquid propellant and energetic plasticizer is obtained from commercially available diaminomaleonitrile in excellent yield. Newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. These materials exhibit good densities (1.77 g cm-3) and high thermal stabilities (Td = 181 °C). Compound 5 has good detonation properties (5, P = 20.81 GPa, D = 7516 ms-1) and propulsive properties (Isp (neat) = 210 s). These are superior to TNT and GAP and comparable to BAMOD, making them potential green liquid rocket propellants and energetic plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-2343, USA.
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Wen M, Chang X, Xu Y, Chen D, Chu Q. Determining the mechanical and decomposition properties of high energetic materials (α-RDX, β-HMX, and ε-CL-20) using a neural network potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9984-9997. [PMID: 38477375 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00017j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Molecular simulations of high energetic materials (HEMs) are limited by efficiency and accuracy. Recently, neural network potential (NNP) models have achieved molecular simulations of millions of atoms while maintaining the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) levels. Herein, an NNP model covering typical HEMs containing C, H, N, and O elements is developed. The mechanical and decomposition properties of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) are determined by employing the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the NNP model. The calculated results show that the mechanical properties of α-RDX, β-HMX, and ε-CL-20 agree with previous experiments and theoretical results, including cell parameters, equations of state, and elastic constants. In the thermal decomposition simulations, it is also found that the initial decomposition reactions of the three crystals are N-NO2 homolysis, corresponding radical intermediates formation, and NO2-induced reactions. This decomposition trajectory is mainly divided into two stages separating from the peak of NO2: pyrolysis and oxidation. Overall, the NNP model for C/H/N/O elements in this work is an alternative reactive force field for RDX, HMX, and CL-20 HEMs, and it opens up new potential for future kinetic study of nitramine explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoya Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yabei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qingzhao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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Parakhin VV, Pokhvisneva GV, Shlykova NI, Samigullina AI, Nikitin SV, Smirnov GA, Gordeev PB, Kon'kova TS, Lempert DB, Pivkina AN. Highly energetic N-cyano-substituted CL-20 analogues: challenging the stability limits of polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitanes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6100-6111. [PMID: 38482568 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
To design high-energy-density materials of a new level, it is necessary to develop methods for the functionalization of energetic scaffolds, which will make it possible to tune their physicochemical and energetic properties. For this reason, we have elaborated an approach for synthesizing a new series of energetic cage compounds with advanced properties by introducing the N-cyano group into the polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitane framework. The structures of the obtained substances were fully characterized with a combination of methods, including multinuclear (1H, 13C{1H}, 14N, and 15N{1H}) NMR and IR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy and quantum chemical calculations. For the resulting compounds, thermal stability and safety tests were carried out, calorimetric and pycnometric measurements were performed, and the energetic potential was determined by high-temperature chemical equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. The new cyano derivatives have an acceptable density (up to 1.92 g cm-3) and a high enthalpy of formation (up to 2 MJ kg-1), which is 2 times that of the benchmark CL-20. The resistance of the target compounds to friction (up to 220 N) is the highest compared to CL-20 and its known analogues. 4,10-Dicyano-2,6,8,12-tetranitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane of the new series is the most thermally stable (a Tdec of 238 °C) among the known energetic polynitro hexaazaisowurtzitanes and is the first derivative of this family to surpass CL-20 in heat resistance. Moreover, the specific impulse for the novel materials showed an improvement of 6.5-13 s over CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Parakhin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Galina V Pokhvisneva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Nina I Shlykova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Aida I Samigullina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergei V Nikitin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Gennady A Smirnov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel B Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatyana S Kon'kova
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - David B Lempert
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Semenov Avenue 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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Deltsov ID, Ananyev IV, Meerov DB, Fershtat LL. Expanding the Limits of Organic Energetic Materials: High-Performance Alliance of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole and Furazan Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2024; 89:174-182. [PMID: 38079563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A majority of known and newly synthesized energetic materials comprise polynitrogen or nitrogen-oxygen heterocycles with various explosophores. However, available structural combinations of these organic scaffolds are finite and are about to reach their limits. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of sulfur-containing polyazole structures comprising 1,3,4-thiadiazole and furazan rings linked by C-C bonds and enriched with energetic nitro and azo functionalities. In terms of detonation performance, all synthesized 1,3,4-thiadiazole-furazan assemblies (D = 7.7-7.9 km s-1; P = 26-28 GPa) lie between the powerful explosive TATB (D = 8.0 km s-1; P = 31 GPa) and melt-cast material TNT (D = 6.9 km s-1; P = 23 GPa). In the synthesized series, azo-bridged derivative 5 seems to be most practically interesting, as it combines a relatively high energetic performance (D = 7.9 km s-1; P = 28 GPa), a very high thermal stability (271 °C), and insensitivity to friction. By these functional properties, 5 outperforms the benchmark heat-resistant explosive hexanitrostilbene (HNS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an energetic alliance of furazan and 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffolds and a rare case of sulfur-containing high-energy materials, which can certainly be considered as an evolutionary step in energetic materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Deltsov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan V Ananyev
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, GSP-1, Leninsky Prospect, 31, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Strasse, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya strasse, 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
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7
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Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Pivina TS. Substituted tetrazoles with N-oxide moiety: critical assessment of thermochemical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32071-32077. [PMID: 37982240 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Modeling of the structure of molecules and simulation of crystal structure followed by the calculation of the enthalpies of formation for 21 salts of three high-energy tetrazole 1N-oxides: 5-nitro-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 1a-1g, 5-trinitromethyl-1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazole 2a-2g and 6-amino-3-(1-hydroxy-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine 1,5-dioxide 3a-3g was performed. The methods of quantum chemistry and the method of atom-atom potentials were used. Structural search for optimal crystal packings was carried out in 11 most common space symmetry groups. The enthalpies of formation were obtained and analyzed using two different approaches: VBT and MICCM methods, which allowed to evaluate the quality of these calculation methods. In addition, the results obtained indicate high values of thermochemical characteristics for some of the considered compounds, which have a positive effect on their explosive properties and unveil their future application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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8
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Bhatia P, Pandey K, Das P, Kumar D. Bis(dinitropyrazolyl)methanes spruced up with hydroxyl groups: high performance energetic salts with reduced sensitivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14110-14113. [PMID: 37916387 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
With an aim to improve the overall physical stability of high-performing 3,5-dinitro-functionalised bispyrazolymethanes, a hydroxyl functionality was introduced at the fourth position to obtain 1,1'-methylenebis(3,5-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-4-ol) and its energetic salts. Superior oxygen balance and energy in comparison to the amino substituent at the 4th position and enhanced sensitivity with respect to the nitro and azido substituents helped in unlocking the potential of less explored N-alkylated-4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyrazoles. Fine-tuning of properties via dicationic salt formation, which is not feasible in any other reported symmetrically connected pyrazole-based energetic materials, resulted in improved physical and thermal stabilities, as well as energetic performance. Hirshfeld surface analysis, electrostatic potential analysis, the study of aromaticity and weakest Mayer-bond order analysis helped further in studying the structure-property relationship of the synthesized compounds with respect to different reported methylene-bridged symmetrical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bhatia
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Priyanka Das
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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9
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Cleveland AH, Davis JV, Imler GH, Byrd EFC, Snyder CJ, Chavez DE, Parrish DA. Investigation into a Conformationally Locked (Z)-Azidoxime. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14404-14412. [PMID: 37820360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
High nitrogen compounds find wide use in the development of new propellants and explosives as well as pharmaceutical chemistry as bioisosteres, bacterial stains, and antifungal agents. A class of underexplored high-nitrogen materials includes azidoximes and their 1-hydroxytetrazole isomers. Azidoximes possess an energetic azide group and are quite sensitive to impact, spark, and friction. Therefore, these materials are generated in situ and cyclized under mild acidic conditions to their 1-hydroxytetrazole isomers. Recently, we synthesized a novel 1,2,4-triazine-derived azidoxime; however, upon subjecting this material to established cyclization conditions, no reaction was observed, even after prolonged reaction times with heating. Additional 1,2,4-triazine-derived azidoximes also displayed a similar lack of reactivities. This observation led us to probe the reactivity of these materials with both a DFT investigation and crystallographically based electrostatic potential mapping. In all, the lack of reactivity toward cyclization was found to be due to an inability of 1,2,4-triazine-based azidoximes to isomerize into the reactive (E)-conformation, requiring an activation energy of 26.4 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Cleveland
- High Explosive Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jack V Davis
- High Explosive Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Gregory H Imler
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Christopher J Snyder
- High Explosive Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David E Chavez
- High Explosive Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.20375, United States
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10
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Chen F, Wang Y, Song S, Wang K, Zhang Q. Design and Synthesis of Energetic Melt-Castable Materials by Substituent-Specific Modification. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300397. [PMID: 37661192 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the demand for high-performance composite explosives, the search for advanced energetic melt-castable compounds has attracted increasing attention in the field of energetic materials. Herein, two new energetic materials with nitromethyl and azidomethyl substituents (1-(nitromethyl)-3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (NMDNP) and 1-(azidomethyl)-3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole (AMDNP) were prepared by the substituent modification of a potential melt-castable molecule ((3,4-dinitro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl) methyl nitrate, MC-4), respectively. NMDNP exhibited a suitable melting point (90 °C), good thermal stability (Td : 185 °C) and excellent detonation performance (8484 m s-1 ) and impact sensitivity (25 J), thereby demonstrating promise as an energetic melt-castable material. Simultaneously, compared with the nitrato-methyl and azidomethyl substituents, the nitromethyl substituent exhibited greater advantages in regulating performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Siwei Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
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11
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Maan A, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Computational Manifestation of Nitro-Substituted Tris(triazole): Understanding the Impact of Isomerism on Performance-Stability Parameters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6467-6475. [PMID: 37500610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) methods were used to design a series of energetic dinitro-tris(triazole) isomers by altering the triazole rings and -NO2 groups. The impact of three nitrogen atoms' position in the tris(triazole) scaffold on energy content, performance, and stability was discussed. Based on computed heats of formation and densities, the detonation properties were predicted using the thermochemical EXPLO5 (v6.06) code. Using the bond dissociation energy of the longest C-NO2 bond, the thermal stability was investigated. The mechanical sensitivities were estimated and correlated with RDX and HMX using maximum heats of detonation (Q), free void (ΔV) in the lattice of the crystalline compound, and total -NO2 group charge. Among the designed series, compounds O4, R1, R3, and R4 display high heats of formation (>450 kJ/mol), high densities (>1.92 g/cm3), good detonation performances (D > 8.76 km/s and P > 32.0 GPa), and low sensitivities. Our findings suggest that the isomeric tricyclic triazole backbone could be a promising platform for developing new high-performing and thermostable energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Maan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Gribov PS, Kondakova NN, Il'icheva NN, Stepanova ER, Denisyuk AP, Sizov VA, Dotsenko VD, Vinogradov DB, Bulatov PV, Sinditskii VP, Suponitsky KY, Il'in MM, Keshtov ML, Sheremetev AB. Energetic Polymer Possessing Furazan, 1,2,3-Triazole, and Nitramine Subunits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119645. [PMID: 37298596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction using dialkyne and diazide comonomers, both bearing explosophoric groups, to synthesize energetic polymers containing furazan and 1,2,3-triazole ring as well as nitramine group in the polymer chain have been described. The developed solvent- and catalyst-free approach is methodologically simple and effective, the comonomers used are easily available, and the resulting polymer does not need any purification. All this makes it a promising tool for the synthesis of energetic polymers. The protocol was utilized to generate multigram quantities of the target polymer, which has been comprehensively investigated. The resulting polymer was fully characterized by spectral and physico-chemical methods. Compatibility with energetic plasticizers, thermochemical characteristics, and combustion features indicate the prospects of this polymer as a binder base for energetic materials. The polymer of this study surpasses the benchmark energetic polymer, nitrocellulose (NC), in a number of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S Gribov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia N Kondakova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Natalia N Il'icheva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Evgenia R Stepanova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Anatoly P Denisyuk
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Sizov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Varvara D Dotsenko
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Vinogradov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel V Bulatov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valery P Sinditskii
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Kyrill Yu Suponitsky
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Basic Department of Chemistry of Innovative Materials and Technologies, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyannyi Line, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Il'in
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mukhamed L Keshtov
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksei B Sheremetev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia
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13
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Rzhevskiy SA, Minaeva LI, Topchiy MA, Melnikov IN, Kiselev VG, Pivkina AN, Fomenkov IV, Asachenko AF. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of High-Energy Fillers Derived from Nitroisobutylglycerol. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8541. [PMID: 37239887 PMCID: PMC10218491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a comprehensive laboratory synthesis of a series of energetic azidonitrate derivatives (ANDP, SMX, AMDNNM, NIBTN, NPN, 2-nitro-1,3-dinitro-oxypropane) starting from the readily available nitroisobutylglycerol. This simple protocol allows obtaining the high-energy additives from the available precursor in yields higher than those reported using safe and simple operations not presented in previous works. A detailed characterization of the physical, chemical, and energetic properties including impact sensitivity and thermal behavior of these species was performed for the systematic evaluation and comparison of the corresponding class of energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Rzhevskiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Lidiya I. Minaeva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Maxim A. Topchiy
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
| | - Igor N. Melnikov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.N.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Igor V. Fomenkov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.A.R.); (L.I.M.); (M.A.T.)
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14
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Duan B, Mo H, Tan B, Xu M, Lu X, Liu N, Wang B. In situ coating of energetic crystals: A compact core-shell structure with highly reduced sensitivity. FIREPHYSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
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15
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Tan B, Zhang J, Xiao C, Liu Y, Yang X, Wang W, Li Y, Liu N. Progress of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Synthesis and Prospect of Its Application in Nitrification of Energetic Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:1900. [PMID: 36838887 PMCID: PMC9963094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence technology shows the advantages of improving efficiency, reducing costs, shortening time, reducing the number of staff on site and achieving precise operations, making impressive research progress in the fields of drug discovery and development, but there are few reports on application in energetic materials. This paper addresses the high safety risks in the current nitrification process of energetic materials, comprehensively analyses and summarizes the main safety risks and their control elements in the nitrification process, proposes possibilities and suggestions for using artificial intelligence technology to enhance the "essential safety" of the nitrification process in energetic materials, reviews the research progress of artificial intelligence in the field of drug synthesis, looks forward to the application prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the nitrification of energetic materials and provides support and guidance for the safe processing of nitrification in the propellants and explosives industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojun Tan
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Academy of Ordnance Science, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Xiong Yang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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16
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Jiang L, Lv R, Wang J, Song S, Chen Y, Ge X, Wang K, Zhang Q. Novel energetic salts based on nitrogen-rich fused ring cations: Synthesis, characterization and infrared laser ignition property. FIREPHYSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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17
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Muravyev NV, Pronkin DK, Klenov MS, Voronin AA, Dalinger IL, Monogarov KA. Thermal stability of emerging N6-type energetic materials: kinetic modeling of simultaneous thermal analysis data to explain sensitivity trends. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3666-3680. [PMID: 36648387 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05759j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A number of new high-performing energetic materials possess explosophoric functionalities, high nitrogen content, and fused heterocyclic blocks. Two representatives of these materials have been synthesized recently, namely, 1,2,9,10-tetranitrodipyrazolo[1,5-d:5',1'-f][1,2,3,4]-tetrazine (1) and 2,9-dinitrobis([1,2,4]triazolo)[1,5-d:5',1'-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine (2). The thermal stability of these energetic materials bearing the N-N-N = N-N-N fragment and three closely related compounds has been investigated for the first time. The thermal decomposition process of analyzed compounds was complicated by the appearance of the liquid phase, sublimation of the material, and autocatalysis by reaction products. In contrast to the traditional approach to the kinetic modeling based on data from either TGA or DSC, we use both signals' data measured at the same time and perform the joint kinetic analysis using the model-fitting technique to obtain the pertinent kinetic description of the process. Of the analyzed materials, 1 and 2 show the lowest thermal stability in melt with a characteristic rate constant of 2.6 × 10-3 s-1 at 250 °C. The kinetic parameters and calculated detonation performance data were used in the model to describe the mechanical sensitivity. The model output and the experimental friction sensitivity data show a respectable agreement, but more data are required to draw firm conclusions. In general, the provided thermal stability and kinetic data can be used for thermal response and storage modeling of these new N6-type energetic materials. The developed thermokinetic approach, joint model-fitting of several thermal analysis signals, can be applied to other complex thermally induced processes to increase the value and credibility of the kinetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Muravyev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry K Pronkin
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Michael S Klenov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Voronin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor L Dalinger
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Monogarov
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Str., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Jia MX, Wang QD, Ren XF, Kang GJ. Benchmarking Composite Methods for Thermodynamic Properties of Nitro, Nitrite, and Nitrate Species Relevant to Energetic Materials. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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19
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Teslenko FE, Fershtat LL. Unlocking Kuhn Verdazyls: New Synthetic Approach and Useful Mechanistic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032693. [PMID: 36769015 PMCID: PMC9916651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized synthetic protocol toward the assembly of Kuhn verdazyls based on an azo coupling of arenediazonium salts with readily available hydrazones followed by the base-mediated cyclization of in situ formed formazans with formalin was developed. The scope and limitations of the presented method were revealed. Some new mechanistic insights on the formation of Kuhn verdazyls were also conducted. It was found that in contradiction with previously assumed hypotheses, the synthesis of verdazyls was accomplished via an intermediate formation of verdazylium cations which were in situ reduced to leucoverdazyls. The latter underwent deprotonation under basic conditions to generate corresponding anions which coproportionate with verdazylium cations to furnish the formation of Kuhn verdazyls. The spectroscopic and electrochemical behavior of the synthesized verdazyls was also studied. Overall, our results may serve as a reliable basis for further investigation in the chemistry and applications of verdazyls.
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20
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Lu Z, Qin J, Wu J, Cao W, Kuang B, Zhang J. Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds Based on 1,2,3-Triazoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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21
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Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 3-(4-Cyano-3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-nitrofurazan: Comparison of the Influence of the NO2 and CN Groups on Crystal Packing and Density. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound was synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The analysis of the crystal packing of the title compound and its analog, bearing a nitro group instead of a nitrile one, allowed a direct comparison of two common explosophoric groups: CN and NO2. By using ΔOED-based densification approach, it is shown that the CN group is lighter in mass, less dense, and participates in intermolecular bonding to a lesser extent in comparison to the NO2 group. As a result, the cyano compound has a lower density and a looser crystal packing than the nitro analog.
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22
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Energetic [1,2,5]oxadiazolo [2,3- a]pyrimidin-8-ium Perchlorates: Synthesis and Characterization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238443. [PMID: 36500539 PMCID: PMC9740163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method to access the above perchlorates has been developed, based on the cyclocondensation of 3-aminofurazans with 1,3-diketones in the presence of HClO4. All compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structure determinations. Initial safety testing (impact and friction sensitivity) and thermal stability measurements (DSC/DTA) were also carried out. Energetic performance was calculated by using the PILEM code based on calculated enthalpies of formation and experimental densities at r.t. These salts exhibit excellent burn rates and combustion behavior and are promising ingredients for energetic materials.
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23
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Chaplygin DA, Larin AA, Meerov DB, Monogarov KA, Pronkin DK, Pivkina AN, Fershtat LL. (2-Vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans as New Potential Energetic Monomers. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200365. [PMID: 36513393 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective approach toward the synthesis of a set of new (2-vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans as potential energetic monomers has been realized. All target energetic materials were thoroughly characterized by spectral and analytical methods. Moreover, crystal structures of two representative heterocyclic systems were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Prepared high-energy substances have high combined nitrogen-oxygen content (63-71 %), high enthalpies of formation and good detonation parameters (D: 6.7-7.8 km s-1; P: 18-28 GPa). Mechanical sensitivities of the synthesized vinyltetrazoles range these explosives from highly sensitive to completely insensitive. Using calculations of molecular electrostatic potentials (ESP), structural factors influencing the impact sensitivity were revealed. Overall, newly synthesized (2-vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans are of interest as promising energetic monomers due to the presence of the vinyl moiety and explosophoric heterocyclic combination, while their performance exceeds that of benchmark explosive TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Chaplygin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Larin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Monogarov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry K Pronkin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow, Russian Federation
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24
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Vinogradov DB, Bulatov PV, Petrov EY, Gribov PS, Kondakova NN, Il’icheva NN, Stepanova ER, Denisyuk AP, Sizov VA, Sinditskii VP, Sheremetev AB. Promising Oxygen- and Nitrogen-Rich Azidonitramino Ether Plasticizers for Energetic Materials. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227749. [PMID: 36431845 PMCID: PMC9695530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, mild and general method has been developed for the preparation of alkyl nitramines bearing a halogenoalkoxylic moiety. From these reactive halogen intermediates, a few azidoalkoxyl alkyl nitramines have been produced as energetic plasticizers. This simple protocol allows azidonitramino ether plasticizers to be obtained from available precursors in high yields, as it is safe and viable for large-scale operations. The resulting products have been fully characterized by spectral methods, and their impact sensitivity, thermal transformations and burning properties were determined, thus allowing complete comparison to the analogues including other combinations of structural units. Such characterization of these new plasticizers illustrates the extent to which the nature and position of the functional units can be used to tune the above properties of these nitramines. All azidonitramino ethers are liquid with excellent energetic performance and are promising candidates for new environmentally friendly energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B. Vinogradov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Bulatov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Yu. Petrov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Gribov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Kondakova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia N. Il’icheva
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia R. Stepanova
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly P. Denisyuk
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Sizov
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery P. Sinditskii
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya pl., 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei B. Sheremetev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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25
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Krisyuk BE, Sypko TM, Zyuzin IN. Mechanism of thermal decomposition of 1-tert-butyl- and 1-ethyl-2-methoxydiazene-1-oxides. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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26
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Zelenov VP, Dalinger IL, Anisimov AA, Yu. Suponitsky K, Pivkina AN, Sheremetev AB. New heterocyclic furazano[3,4-d ][1,2,3]triazine system as a platform for energetic compound engineering. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Larin AA, Fershtat LL. Energetic heterocyclic N-oxides: synthesis and performance. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Larin AA, Pivkina AN, Ananyev IV, Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL. Novel family of nitrogen-rich energetic (1,2,4-triazolyl) furoxan salts with balanced performance. Front Chem 2022; 10:1012605. [PMID: 36172000 PMCID: PMC9510683 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1012605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-rich energetic materials comprised of a combination of several heterocyclic subunits retain their leading position in the field of materials science. In this regard, a preparation of novel high-energy materials with balanced set of physicochemical properties is highly desired. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new series of energetic salts incorporating a (1,2,4-triazolyl) furoxan core and complete evaluation of their energetic properties. All target energetic materials were well characterized with IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, while compound 6 was further characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. Prepared nitrogen-rich salts have high thermal stability (up to 232°C), good experimental densities (up to 1.80 g cm−3) and high positive enthalpies of formation (344–1,095 kJ mol−1). As a result, synthesized energetic salts have good detonation performance (D = 7.0–8.4 km s−1; p = 22–32 GPa), while their sensitivities to impact and friction are quite low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Larin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Ananyev
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Leonid L. Fershtat,
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29
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Fershtat LL. Recent advances in the synthesis and performance of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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30
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Thaltiri V, V S, Thigulla Y, Panda PK. Rediscovering N‐Methyltetranitropyrrole – A Versatile High Energy Material via Facile Two‐step Eco‐friendly Synthetic Approach. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikranth Thaltiri
- University of Hyderabad Advance Centre of Research in High Energy Materials INDIA
| | - Shanmugapriya V
- University of Hyderabad School of Chemistry Advance Centre of Research in High Energy Materials INDIA
| | - Yadagiri Thigulla
- University of Hyderabad Advance Centre of Research in High Energy Materials INDIA
| | - Pradeepta K. Panda
- UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABAD SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY GACHIBOWLI 500 046 HYDERABAD INDIA
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32
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Lempert DB, Kazakov AI, Sheremetev AB. Comparative ballistic efficiency of solid composite propellants: which plasticizer/polymer combination is the energetically preferred binder? MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Synthesis of 3-dinitromethyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles from dinitroacetamidoximes. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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The role of anion in supramolecular aggregation and energetic properties in a series of Cd picolinamide complexes. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Sheremetev AB. Efficient synthesis of nitrofurazans using HOF • MeCN. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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36
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Nitration of N-(fluorodinitroethyl)pyrazoles. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Lal S, Bhattacharjee A, Chowdhury A, Kumbhakarna N, Namboothiri INN. Approaches to 1,4-Disubstituted Cubane Derivatives as Energetic Materials: Design, Theoretical Studies and Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200489. [PMID: 35767352 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,4-disubstituted cubane derivatives have been designed and selected ones have been successfully synthesized and characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, including single-crystal X-ray analysis. A detailed computational study at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory revealed that all newly designed 1,4-disubstituted cubane derivatives possess higher densities, higher density-specific impulse and superior ballistic properties when compared to conventional fuels, for example, RP-1. These compounds also exhibit acceptable kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities which were evaluated in terms of their HOMO-LUMO energy gap and bond dissociation energies, respectively, and are superior to TEX and many other compounds containing explosophoric groups. These results provide novel insights into the possible application of cubane-based energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Argha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Arindrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Neeraj Kumbhakarna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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38
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Yang K, Bi F, Zhang J, Xue Q, Zhang J, Wang K, Wang B. Comparative Research on Promising Energetic 1,3-Diazinane and 1,3-Oxazinane Structures. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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39
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Wang L, Zhai L, She W, Wang M, Zhang J, Wang B. Synthetic Strategies Toward Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Compounds Via the Reaction Characteristics of Cyanofurazan/Furoxan. Front Chem 2022; 10:871684. [PMID: 35372281 PMCID: PMC8968789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.871684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural units of amino-/cyano-substituted furazans and furoxans played significant roles in the synthesis of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. This account focused on the synthetic strategies toward nitrogen-rich energetic compounds through the transformations based on cyanofurazan/furoxan structures, including 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan, 4-amino-3-cyano furoxan, 3,4-dicyanofurazan, and 3,4-dicyanofuroxan. The synthetic strategies toward seven kinds of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds, such as azo (azoxy)-bridged, ether-bridged, methylene-bridged, hybrid furazan/furoxan-tetrazole–based, tandem furoxan–based, hybrid furazan-isofurazan–based, hybrid furoxan-isoxazole–based and fused framework–based energetic compounds were fully reviewed, with the corresponding reaction mechanisms toward the nitrogen-rich aromatic frameworks and examples of using the frameworks to create high energetic substances highlighted and discussed. The energetic properties of typical nitrogen-rich energetic compounds had also been compared and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bozhou Wang
- *Correspondence: Junlin Zhang, ; Bozhou Wang,
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40
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Regioisomeric 3,5-di(nitropyrazolyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles and their energetic properties. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhao F, Qiu L, Meng Z, Ding L, Wang B, Pan Q. Comparative Thermal Research on Energetic Molecular Perovskite Structures. Molecules 2022; 27:805. [PMID: 35164070 PMCID: PMC8840576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular perovskites are promising practicable energetic materials with easy access and outstanding performances. Herein, we reported the first comparative thermal research on energetic molecular perovskite structures of (C6H14N2)[NH4(ClO4)3], (C6H14N2)[Na(ClO4)3], and (C6H14ON2)[NH4(ClO4)3] through both calculation and experimental methods with different heating rates such as 2, 5, 10, and 20 °C/min. The peak temperature of thermal decompositions of (C6H14ON2)[NH4(ClO4)3] and (C6H14N2) [Na(ClO4)3] were 384 and 354 °C at the heating rate of 10 °C/min, which are lower than that of (C6H14N2)[NH4(ClO4)3] (401 °C). The choice of organic component with larger molecular volume, as well as the replacement of ammonium cation by alkali cation weakened the cubic cage skeletons; meanwhile, corresponding kinetic parameters were calculated with thermokinetics software. The synergistic catalysis thermal decomposition mechanisms of the molecular perovskites were also investigated based on condensed-phase thermolysis/Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy method and DSC-TG-FTIR-MS quadruple technology at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China;
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
| | - Shaoli Chen
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China;
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China;
| | - Li Ding
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
| | - Qing Pan
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (J.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Z.); (L.D.); (Q.P.)
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42
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Gilmanov RZ, Nikitin VG, Khayrutdinov FG, Strizhenko KV, Suponitsky KY, Sheremetev AB. Bis(furazano)pyridinone N,N'-dioxide: a new high-density insensitive explosive. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Gribov PS, Suponitsky KY, Sheremetev AB. Efficient synthesis of N-(chloromethyl)nitramines via TiCl 4-catalyzed chlorodeacetoxylation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is found that TiCl4 is a highly effective catalyst for the synthesis of chloromethyl nitramines under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel S. Gribov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei B. Sheremetev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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44
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Suponitsky KY, Fedyanin IV, Karnoukhova VA, Zalomlenkov VA, Gidaspov AA, Bakharev VV, Sheremetev AB. Energetic Co-Crystal of a Primary Metal-Free Explosive with BTF. Ideal Pair for Co-Crystallization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247452. [PMID: 34946534 PMCID: PMC8709047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystallization is an elegant technique to tune the physical properties of crystalline solids. In the field of energetic materials, co-crystallization is currently playing an important role in the engineering of crystals with improved performance. Here, based on an analysis of the structural features of the green primary explosive, tetramethylammonium salt of 7-oxo-5-(trinitromethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrotetrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ide (1), a co-former such as the powerful secondary explosive, benzotrifuroxan (BTF, 2), has been proposed to improve it. Compared to the original 1, its co-crystal with BTF has a higher detonation pressure and velocity, as well as an initiating ability, while the impact sensitivity and thermal stability remained at about the same level. Both co-formers, 1 and 2, and co-crystal 3 were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their crystal packing was analyzed in detail by the set of approaches, including periodic calculations. In the co-crystal 3, all intermolecular interactions were significantly redistributed. However, no new types of intermolecular interactions were formed during co-crystallization. Moreover, the interaction energies of structural units in crystals before and after co-crystallization were approximately the same. A similar trend was observed for the volumes occupied by structural units and their densifications. The similar nature of the organization of the crystals of the co-formers and the co-crystal gives grounds to assert that the selected co-formers are an ideal pair for co-crystallization, and the invariability of the organization of the crystals was probably responsible for the preservation of some of their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.F.); (V.A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan V. Fedyanin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.F.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Valentina A. Karnoukhova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.F.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Vladimir A. Zalomlenkov
- Chemistry Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia; (V.A.Z.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Alexander A. Gidaspov
- Chemistry Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia; (V.A.Z.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Vladimir V. Bakharev
- Chemistry Department, Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia; (V.A.Z.); (A.A.G.); (V.V.B.)
| | - Aleksei B. Sheremetev
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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45
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Synthesis of Energetic 7-Nitro-3,5-dihydro-4 H-pyrazolo[4,3- d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one Based on a Novel Hofmann-Type Rearrangement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237319. [PMID: 34885900 PMCID: PMC8659268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions are efficient strategies in organic synthesis and contribute enormously to the development of energetic materials. Here, we report on the preparation of a fused energetic structure of 7-nitro-3,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one (NPTO) based on a novel Hofmann-type rearrangement. The 1,2,3-triazine unit was introduced into the fused bicyclic skeleton from a pyrazole unit for the first time. The new compound of NPTO was fully characterized using multinuclear NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis as well as X-ray diffraction studies. The thermal behaviors and detonation properties of NPTO were investigated through a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC-TG) approach and EXPLO5 program-based calculations, respectively. The calculation results showed similar detonation performances between NPTO and the energetic materials of DNPP and ANPP, indicating that NPTO has a good application perspective in insensitive explosives and propellants.
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46
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. 1,2-Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene: a water stable, high-performing green oxidizer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16929-16932. [PMID: 34766612 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinitromethane moieties are very important for the design and development of high performing dense green oxidizers. The novel oxidizer 1,2-bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene, 14 is stable in water in contrast to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with other electron withdrawing substituents at the C5-position. Compound 14 is a CNO-based oxidizer with positive oxygen balance (+6.9%), moderate thermostability, and mechanical insensitivity that may find useful applications in the field of green rocket propallant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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47
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Potassium (3-Methyl-2-oxido-1,2,5-oxadiazol-4-yl)dinitromethanide. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furoxan derivatives enriched with explosophoric functionalities are promising compounds in the preparation of novel energetic materials. Herein, a previously unknown potassium (3-methyl-2-oxido-1,2,5-oxadiazol-4-yl)dinitromethanide (also referred to as potassium 4-dinitromethyl-3-methylfuroxanate) was synthesized via tandem nitration-reduction reactions of an available (furoxanyl)chloroxime. The structure of the synthesized compound was established by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C and 14N NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability and mechanical sensitivity of the prepared compound toward impact and friction were experimentally determined.
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48
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Zhou J, Zhang C, Huo H, Zhang J, Meng Z, Yu T, Liu Y, Fu X, Qiu L, Wang B. Comparative Studies on Thermal Decompositions of Dinitropyrazole-Based Energetic Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:7004. [PMID: 34834092 PMCID: PMC8625743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinitropyrazole is an important structure for the design and synthesis of energetic materials. In this work, we reported the first comparative thermal studies of two representative dinitropyrazole-based energetic materials, 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole (LLM-116) and its novel trimer derivative (LLM-226). Both the experimental and theoretical results proved the active aromatic N-H moiety would cause incredible variations in the physicochemical characteristics of the obtained energetic materials. Thermal behaviors and kinetic studies of the two related dinitropyrazole-based energetic structures showed that impressive thermal stabilization could be achieved after the trimerization, but also would result in a less concentrated heat-release process. Detailed analysis of condensed-phase systems and the gaseous products during the thermal decomposition processes, and simulation studies based on ReaxFF force field, indicated that the ring opening of LLM-116 was triggered by hydrogen transfer of the active aromatic N-H moiety. In contrast, the initial decomposition of LLM-226 was caused by the rupture of carbon-nitrogen bonds at the diazo moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chongmin Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Huan Huo
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Tao Yu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yingzhe Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China; (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Z.); (H.H.); (J.Z.); (T.Y.); (Y.L.)
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