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Vera P, Canellas E, Nerín C. Designing safe recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) for child toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135482. [PMID: 39137551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
New high-density polyethylene (HDPE) manufactured from different percentage of post-consumer recycled HDPE milk bottles was studied through two static and dynamic migration tests using saliva simulant to assess the potential hazard to children. Sixty-nine compounds were identified, including several additives used in PE synthesis such as alkanes, alkenes, antioxidants and plasticizers as well as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) like degradation products such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone, or various residues from flavoring agents, cleaning products and essential oils. Some of these compounds as the isomers p and o t-butylcyclohexyl acetate, 3-Octanol, 3,7-dimethyl- and thujanol acetate (3-) pose a potential risk to children, as their concentrations exceed the recommended Cramer values for high percentages of recycling. This suggests improving recycling processes by incorporating advanced cleaning to remove residual products and contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain.
| | - Elena Canellas
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Mª de Luna 3, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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2
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Martínez JL, Rodríguez Rego JM, Cerezo LM, Madrigal MDS, Macías-García A. Odour characterisation of recycled HDPE in different washing and processing processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34976-2. [PMID: 39313606 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The waste of polymeric materials in our society is increasing year after year, generating a serious pollution problem. One way to deal with this waste problem is to recycle and reuse these materials. This process of recovery of used plastic materials aims to minimise their impact on the environment and reduce the energy consumption required for the generation of new consumer products. Recycling companies that recover these plastic materials must take into account some aspects such as transparency and colour, cleanliness, size, odour and sorting. One of the major disadvantages in accepting these recycled materials in the production processes is their odour, which in some cases causes the rejection of materials with comparable mechanical characteristics. High-density polyethylene, HDPE, is one of the polymeric wastes generated in the packaging industry. The aim of this work is to eliminate the bad odour of HDPE from waste collection plants for application in the recovery and reuse industry. HDPE supplied by a recycling company was washed, characterised and processed, and the odour was analysed by gas chromatography at each stage and by olfactory panel. In view of the results, it was observed that the washing processes managed to reduce the odour. Likewise, the processing of this waste by extrusion and injection managed to further reduce this effect, even eliminating some of the components responsible for odour by treating the samples with acetone and then extruding and injecting these samples. These results have a direct application in the packaging industry with significant shares of recycled material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan López Martínez
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Paseo Viaducto 1, 03801, Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jesús Manuel Rodríguez Rego
- Department of Graphic Expression, School of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas S/N, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Laura Mendoza Cerezo
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. S/N, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Dolores Samper Madrigal
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Paseo Viaducto 1, 03801, Alcoy, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio Macías-García
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. S/N, 06006, Badajoz, Spain
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3
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Cai K, Liu Q, Lin Y, Yang X, Liu Q, Pan W, Gao W. Amine Switchable Hydrophilic Solvent Vortex-Assisted Homogeneous Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and GC-MS for the Enrichment and Determination of 2, 6-DIPA Additive in Biodegradable Film. Molecules 2024; 29:2068. [PMID: 38731560 PMCID: PMC11085926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
2, 6-diisopropylaniline (2, 6-DIPA) is a crucial non-intentionally organic additive that allows the assessment of the production processes, formulation qualities, and performance variations in biodegradable mulching film. Moreover, its release into the environment may have certain effects on human health. Hence, this study developed simultaneous heating hydrolysis-extraction and amine switchable hydrophilic solvent vortex-assisted homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction for the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the 2, 6-DIPA additive and its corresponding isocyanates in poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) biodegradable agricultural mulching films. The heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions and factors influencing the efficiency of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction, such as the type and volume of amine, homogeneous-phase and phase separation transition pH, and extraction time were investigated and optimized. The optimum heating hydrolysis-extraction conditions were found to be a H2SO4 concentration of 2.5 M, heating temperature of 87.8 °C, and hydrolysis-extraction time of 3.0 h. As a switchable hydrophilic solvent, dipropylamine does not require a dispersant. Vortex assistance is helpful to speed up the extraction. Under the optimum experimental conditions, this method exhibits a better linearity (0.0144~7.200 μg mL-1 with R = 0.9986), low limit of detection and quantification (0.0033 μg g-1 and 0.0103 μg g-1), high extraction recovery (92.5~105.4%), desirable intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation less than 4.1% and 4.7%), and high enrichment factor (90.9). Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect the content of the additive 2, 6-DIPA in PBAT biodegradable agricultural mulching films, thus facilitating production process monitoring or safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Qiandongnan Company of Guizhou Province of CNTC, Kaili 556000, China;
| | - Yechun Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xingyou Yang
- Sichuan Province Company of CNTC, Chengdu 610096, China;
| | - Qi Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Efficient Water Use and Disaster Mitigation, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Residual Pollution in Agricultural Film, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weichang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (K.C.); (Y.L.)
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4
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Li M, Li H, Zhang Q, Lv Q. Differential analysis of volatiles in five types of mosquito-repellent products by chemometrics combined with headspace GC-Orbitrap HRMS nontargeted detection. Talanta 2024; 269:125443. [PMID: 38048684 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a method for the differential analysis of volatile chemical components in five novel types of mosquito-repellent products based on chemometrics combined with headspace gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HS-GC-Orbitrap HRMS) nontargeted screening. A total of 358 unknown substances were detected in 30 samples under specific headspace conditions. Through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis, 36 significantly different substances with variable importance in the projection values greater than 1 were further screened, and these substances were accurately identified by GC-Orbitrap HRMS. Most substances were found for the first time in mosquito-repellent products. The clustered heat map, Venn diagram and peak area histogram showed that the mosquito-repellent products had similar volatile composition, and the volatile species and content of different types of mosquito-repellent products significantly varied. Substances, such as eucalyptol, d-limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, dl-menthol and methyl salicylate, may be the main sources of odour in mosquito-repellent products. This work explored the characteristic volatile components in mosquito-repellent products and comparatively analysed the chemical composition of different types of products. It can be generalised to consumer products as a case study and has positive implications for promoting product quality and safety and improving production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Meiping Li
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Product Quality and Safety Science, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, 100176, China.
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Wu S, Zheng J, Chen Y, Yi L, Liu C, Li G. Chemometrics-based Discrimination of Virgin and Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Plastics Toys via Non-targeted Screening of Volatile Substances. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464442. [PMID: 37844445 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the growing emphasis on child safety, it is greatly urgent to identify and assess the unknown compounds and discriminate the recycled materials for plastic toys. In this study, gas chromatography mass spectrometry coupled with static headspace has been optimized by response surface methodology for non-targeted screening of unknown volatiles in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastic toys. Optimum conditions for static headspace were 120 °C for extraction temperature and 48 min for extraction time. A total of 83 volatiles in 11 categories were qualitatively identified by matching the NIST database library, retention index and standard materials. Considering high positive rate and potential toxicity, high-risk volatiles in ABS plastic toys were listed and traced for safety pre-warning. Moreover, the differential volatiles between virgin and recycled ABS plastics were screened out by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis. Principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and linear discrimination analysis were employed to successfully discriminate recycled ABS plastic toys based on the differential volatiles. The proposed strategy represents an effective and promising analytical method for non-targeted screening and risk assessment of unknown volatiles and discrimination of recycled materials combining with various chemometric techniques for children's plastic products to safeguard children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China; School of chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lezhou Yi
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Chonghua Liu
- Toys & Juvenile Products Testing Institute, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Gongke Li
- School of chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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6
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Chen Y, Li H, Huang H, Zhang B, Ye Z, Yu X, Shentu X. Recent Advances in Non-Targeted Screening of Compounds in Plastic-Based/Paper-Based Food Contact Materials. Foods 2023; 12:4135. [PMID: 38002192 PMCID: PMC10670899 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety of food contact materials has become a pressing concern in recent times. However, detecting hazardous compounds in such materials can be a complex task, and traditional screening methods may not be sufficient. Non-targeted screening technologies can provide comprehensive information on all detectable compounds, thereby supporting the identification, detection, and risk assessment of food contact materials. Nonetheless, the non-targeted screening of food contact materials remains a challenging issue. This paper presents a detailed review of non-targeted screening technologies relying on high-resolution mass spectrometry for plastic-based and paper-based food contact materials over the past five years. Methods of extracting, separating, concentrating, and enriching compounds, as well as migration experiments related to non-targeted screening, are examined in detail. Furthermore, instruments and devices of high-resolution mass spectrometry used in non-targeted screening technologies for food contact materials are discussed and summarized. The research findings aim to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the risk management of food contact materials and the development of relevant regulations and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chen
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Hongyan Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Product Quality and Safety Science, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Haizhi Huang
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Biao Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuping Shentu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (B.Z.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.)
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7
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Roosen M, Van Laere T, Decottignies V, Morel L, Schnitzler JL, Schneider J, Schlummer M, Lase IS, Dumoulin A, De Meester S. Tracing the origin of VOCs in post-consumer plastic film bales. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138281. [PMID: 36868415 PMCID: PMC10041343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including odors, are still a key issue in plastic recycling, especially in case of flexible packaging. Therefore, this study presents a detailed qualitative and quantitative VOC analysis by applying gas chromatography on 17 categories of flexible plastic packaging that are manually sorted from bales of post-consumer flexible packaging (e.g., beverage shrink wrap, packaging for frozen food, packaging for dairy products, etc.). A total of 203 VOCs are identified on packaging used for food products, while only 142 VOCs are identified on packaging used for non-food products. Especially, more oxygenated compounds (e.g., fatty acids, esters, aldehydes) are identified on food packaging. With more than 65 VOCs, the highest number of VOCs is identified on packaging used for chilled convenience food and ready meals. The total concentration of 21 selected VOCs was also higher on packaging used for food products (totally 9187 μg/kg plastic) compared to packaging used for non-food packaging (totally 3741 μg/kg plastic). Hence, advanced sorting of household plastic packaging waste, e.g., via tracer-based sorting or watermarking, could open the door towards sorting on other properties than polymer type, such as mono- versus multi-material packaging, food versus non-food packaging or even their VOC profile, which might allow for tailoring washing procedures. Potential scenarios showed that sorting the categories with the lowest VOC load, which corresponds to half of the total mass of flexible packaging, could result in a VOC reduction of 56%. By producing less contaminated plastic film fractions and by tailoring washing processes recycled plastics can ultimately be used in a broader market segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Tine Van Laere
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Ludivine Morel
- SUEZ, CIRSEE, Rue du Président Wilson 38, 78230, Le Pecq, France
| | | | - Johannes Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Process Development for Polymer Recycling, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Schlummer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Process Development for Polymer Recycling, Giggenhauser Straße 35, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Irdanto Saputra Lase
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann Dumoulin
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering (LCPE), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium.
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8
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Dong B, Wu X, Wu S, Li H, Su QZ, Li D, Lin Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhu L, Zhong HN. Occurrence of volatile contaminants in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) by HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS combined with chemometrics for authenticity assessment of geographical recycling regions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130407. [PMID: 36444813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was performed on various methods detecting the volatile contaminants (VCs) in recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) flakes, the results demonstrated that head-space solid phase micro-extraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph-tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-QTOF-MS) was a sensitive, effective, accurate method, and successfully applied to analyze 57 rPET flakes collected from different recycling plants in China. A total of 212 VCs were tentatively identified, and the possible source were associated with plastic, food, and cosmetics. 45 VCs are classified as high-priority compounds with toxicity level IV or V and may pose a risk to human health. Combined chemometrics for further analysis revealed that significant differences among these three geographical recycling regions. 6, 7, and 6 volatile markers were chosen based on VIP values and S-plot among plant1 plant 2 and plant 3, respectively. The markers differed significantly between recycled rPET samples in three geographical recycling regions based on chemometrics analysis. The initial classification rate and cross-validation accuracy were 100% on the identified VCs. These significant differences demonstrate that a systematic study is needed to obtain a comprehensive data on the contamination of rPET for food contact applications in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Siliang Wu
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Hanke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Qinbao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510075, China; Working Group on Sustainable Food Contact Materials, Guangzhou 510070, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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9
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Undas AK, Groenen M, Peters RJB, van Leeuwen SPJ. Safety of recycled plastics and textiles: Review on the detection, identification and safety assessment of contaminants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137175. [PMID: 36370761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, 368 mln tonnes of plastics were produced worldwide. Likewise, the textiles and apparel industry, with an annual revenue of 1.3 trillion USD in 2016, is one of the largest fast-growing industries. Sustainable use of resources forces the development of new plastic and textile recycling methods and implementation of the circular economy (reduce, reuse and recycle) concept. However, circular use of plastics and textiles could lead to the accumulation of a variety of contaminants in the recycled product. This paper first reviewed the origin and nature of potential hazards that arise from recycling processes of plastics and textiles. Next, we reviewed current analytical methods and safety assessment frameworks that could be adapted to detect and identify these contaminants. Various contaminants can end up in recycled plastic. Phthalates are formed during waste collection while flame retardants and heavy metals are introduced during the recycling process. Contaminants linked to textile recycling include; detergents, resistant coatings, flame retardants, plastics coatings, antibacterial and anti-mould agents, pesticides, dyes, volatile organic compounds and nanomaterials. However, information is limited and further research is required. Various techniques are available that have detected various compounds, However, standards have to be developed in order to identify these compounds. Furthermore, the techniques mentioned in this review cover a wide range of organic chemicals, but studies covering potential inorganic contamination in recycled materials are still missing. Finally, approaches like TTC and CoMSAS for risk assessment should be used for recycled plastic and textile materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marc Groenen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, Netherlands
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10
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Shi X, Zhu X, Jiang Q, Ma T, Du Y, Wu T. Determination of Contaminants in Polyolefin Recyclates by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Technical Center for Industrial Products and Raw Materials Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengzhou Ma
- Technical Center for Industrial Products and Raw Materials Inspection and Testing, Shanghai Customs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Du
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, and Research Center of Analysis and Test, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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11
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Peñalver R, Marín C, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Campillo N, Viñas P. Authentication of recycled plastic content in water bottles using volatile fingerprint and chemometrics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134156. [PMID: 35240154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment is threatened by the continuously increasing volume of plastic residue. Plastic recycling is an interesting alternative to mitigate this problem. However, recycled plastic products may have pollutants from their recycling process, collecting system and/or previous life which may hurt consumers health, thus making it key to authenticate and characterize recycled materials. An innovative non-targeted methodology by means of static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SHS-GC-MS) has been developed to measure the volatile organic profile of virgin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and with diverse content of recycled PET samples. A home-made MS database, with 161 organic compounds characteristics from plastic materials based on the literature, was made. Seventeen of those compounds were found in the studied samples and identified by matching their MS spectra with MS database libraries. These compounds are mainly aldehydes (pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal), and benzene derivatives (styrene, p-xylene, benzaldehyde, methylbenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene) which we found to be the common in the samples of recycled PET. The combination of the dataset consisting in the peak area of the detected species by SHS-GC-MS and the use of chemometrics shown to be a valuable methodology for the discrimination between virgin PET samples and those with different recycled PET content based on their volatile profile. In addition, a novel strategy applying a statistical model based on partial least squares (PLS) regression was proposed, for the first time, to quantify the recycled plastic content in the PET samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Marín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Natalia Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Chen ZF, Lin QB, Dong B, Zhong HN, Wang ZW. Comparison of the ability of UV-Vis and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with chemometrics to discriminate recycled and virgin polyethylene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127165. [PMID: 34844336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A growing attention is attracted to the use of recycled plastics as food contact materials, and its chemical safety research and discrimination approach are indispensable. In current study, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-Vis) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to provide spectral and mass fingerprinting for polyethylene (PE). Coupling with chemometrics, two methods were developed to discriminate recycled and virgin PE. UV-Vis combined with chemometrics could be a more accessible, simpler and faster approach. 237-331 nm in UV spectrum was regarded as marker region selected by orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and the accuracy of both calibration and validation set could reach 100% in linear discrimination analysis (LDA) based on this region. Besides, 2314 ions were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and processed by MS-DIAL. 48 candidate chemicals were identified, including ketone, esters, carboxylic acid, alcohols and phenols, amine, nitriles, aldehydes and others. Possible origins of these compounds could be classified as plastic, food, drug, cosmetics and pesticide related. Many of these compounds are highly toxic, especially pesticide related, indicating that recycling in closed loop or sorting by the recycled plastic articles is very necessary if the recycled PE is going to be used as food contact material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China.
| | - Ben Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Import and Export Technical Measures of Animal, Plant and Food, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Import and Export Technical Measures of Animal, Plant and Food, Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; China Certification and Inspection Group Guangdong Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China
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13
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Identification of recycled polyethylene and virgin polyethylene based on untargeted migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Abstract
The recycling of plastic waste is undergoing fast growth due to environmental, health and economic issues, and several blends of post-consumer and post-industrial polymeric materials have been characterized in recent years. However, most of these researches have focused on plastic containers and packaging, neglecting hard plastic waste. This study provides the first experimental characterization of different blends of hard plastic waste and virgin polypropylene in terms of melt index, differential scan calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties (tensile, impact and Shore hardness) and Vicat softening test. Compared to blends based on packaging plastic waste, significant differences were observed in terms of melt flow index (about 10 points higher for hard plastic waste). Mechanical properties, in particular yield strain, were instead quite similar (between 5 and 9%), despite a higher standard deviation being observed, up to 10%, probably due to incomplete homogenization. Results demonstrate that these worse performances could be mainly attributed to the presence of different additives, as well as to the presence of impurities or traces of other polymers, other than incomplete homogenization. On the other hand, acceptable results were obtained for selected blends; the optimal blending ratio was identified as 78% post-consumer waste and 22% post-industrial waste, meeting the requirement for injection molding and thermoforming.
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