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Mladenov M, Bogdanov J, Bogdanov B, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Kamkin A, Stojchevski R, Avtanski D. Efficacy of the monocarbonyl curcumin analog C66 in the reduction of diabetes-associated cardiovascular and kidney complications. Mol Med 2022; 28:129. [PMID: 36316651 PMCID: PMC9620630 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric that has potential beneficial properties for cardiovascular and renal diseases and is relatively safe and inexpensive. However, the application of curcumin is rather problematic due to its chemical instability and low bioavailability. The experimental results showed improved chemical stability and potent pharmacokinetics of one of its analogs – (2E,6E)-2,6-bis[(2-trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]cyclohexanone (C66). There are several advantages of C66, like its synthetic accessibility, structural simplicity, improved chemical stability (in vitro and in vivo), presence of two reactive electrophilic centers, and good electron-accepting capacity. Considering these characteristics, we reviewed the literature on the application of C66 in resolving diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models. We also summarized the mechanisms by which C66 is preventing the release of pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory molecules in the priming and in activation stage of cardiomyopathy, renal fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. The cardiovascular protective effect of C66 against diabetes-induced oxidative damage is Nrf2 mediated but mainly dependent on JNK2. In general, C66 causes inhibition of JNK2, which reduces cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the settings of diabetic cardiomyopathy. C66 exerts a powerful antifibrotic effect by reducing inflammation-related factors (MCP-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and CAV-1) and inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (HO-1 and NEDD4), as well as targeting TGF-β/SMADs, MAPK/ERK, and PPAR-γ pathways in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Based on the available evidence, C66 is becoming a promising drug candidate for improving cardiovascular and renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitko Mladenov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Bogdan Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA ,grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY USA
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Speisky H, Shahidi F, Costa de Camargo A, Fuentes J. Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010133. [PMID: 35052636 PMCID: PMC8772813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids display a broad range of health-promoting bioactivities. Among these, their capacity to act as antioxidants has remained most prominent. The canonical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mode of the antioxidant action of flavonoids relies on the high susceptibility of their phenolic moieties to undergo oxidation. As a consequence, upon reaction with ROS, the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids is severely compromised. Other phenol-compromising reactions, such as those involved in the biotransformation of flavonoids, can also markedly affect their antioxidant properties. In recent years, however, increasing evidence has indicated that, at least for some flavonoids, the oxidation of such residues can in fact markedly enhance their original antioxidant properties. In such apparent paradoxical cases, the antioxidant activity arises from the pro-oxidant and/or electrophilic character of some of their oxidation-derived metabolites and is exerted by activating the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway, which upregulates the cell’s endogenous antioxidant capacity, and/or, by preventing the activation of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. This review focuses on the effects that the oxidative and/or non-oxidative modification of the phenolic groups of flavonoids may have on the ability of the resulting metabolites to promote direct and/or indirect antioxidant actions. Considering the case of a metabolite resulting from the oxidation of quercetin, we offer a comprehensive description of the evidence that increasingly supports the concept that, in the case of certain flavonoids, the oxidation of phenolics emerges as a mechanism that markedly amplifies their original antioxidant properties. An overlooked topic of great phytomedicine potential is thus unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
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Wang X, Huan Y, Li C, Cao H, Sun S, Lei L, Liu Q, Liu S, Ji W, Liu H, Huang K, Zhou J, Shen Z. Diphenyl diselenide alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes by modulating oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Casares L, Unciti-Broceta JD, Prados ME, Caprioglio D, Mattoteia D, Higgins M, Apendino G, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Muñoz E, de la Vega L. Isomeric O-methyl cannabidiolquinones with dual BACH1/NRF2 activity. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101689. [PMID: 32863231 PMCID: PMC7476313 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain are two key hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's and multiple sclerosis. The axis NRF2-BACH1 has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties that could be exploited pharmacologically to obtain neuroprotective effects. Activation of NRF2 or inhibition of BACH1 are, individually, promising therapeutic approaches for NDs. Compounds with dual activity as NRF2 activators and BACH1 inhibitors, could therefore potentially provide a more robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, with an overall better neuroprotective outcome. The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) inhibits BACH1 but lacks significant NRF2 activating properties. Based on this scaffold, we have developed a novel CBD derivative that is highly effective at both inhibiting BACH1 and activating NRF2. This new CBD derivative provides neuroprotection in cell models of relevance to Huntington's disease, setting the basis for further developments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casares
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | | | | | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Giovanni Apendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università Del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Spain; Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK.
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Lu MC, Zhao J, Liu YT, Liu T, Tao MM, You QD, Jiang ZY. CPUY192018, a potent inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction, alleviates renal inflammation in mice by restricting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101266. [PMID: 31279986 PMCID: PMC6614503 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway regulates the constitutive and inducible transcription of various genes that encode detoxification enzymes, antioxidant proteins and anti-inflammatory proteins and has pivotal roles in the defence against cellular oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of CPUY192018, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction (PPI), in renal inflammation. In human proximal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells, CPUY192018 treatment significantly increased Nrf2 protein level and Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which enhanced Nrf2-ARE transcription capacity and the downstream protein content in a Nrf2 dependent manner. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged human HK-2 cells, CPUY192018 exhibited cytoprotective effects by enhancing the Nrf2-ARE regulated antioxidant system and diminished the LPS-induced inflammatory response by hindering the ROS-mediated activation of the NF-κB pathway. In the LPS-induced mouse model of chronic renal inflammation, by activating Nrf2, CPUY192018 treatment balanced renal oxidative stress and suppressed inflammatory responses. Hence, administration of CPUY192018 reduced kidney damage and ameliorated pathological alterations of the glomerulus. Taken together, our study suggested that small-molecule Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors can activate the Nrf2-based cytoprotective system and protect the kidney from inflammatory injury, raising a potential application of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory kidney disorders. CPUY192018 activated Nrf2-ARE pathway to protect against LPS-induced renal inflammation both in cells and in vivo. CPUY192018 also inhibited NF-κB involved inflammatory response both in cells and kidney. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 PPI inhibitors may create treatment options for kidney diseases with reduced off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yu-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng-Min Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Comparative study of the antioxidant properties of monocarbonyl curcumin analogues C66 and B2BrBC in isoproteranol induced cardiac damage. Life Sci 2018; 197:10-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bensasson RV, Sowlati-Hashjin S, Zoete V, Dauzonne D, Matta CF. Physicochemical properties of exogenous molecules correlated with their biological efficacy as protectors against carcinogenesis and inflammation. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2013.767669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Mitigating Toxicity Risks with Affinity Labeling Drug Candidates. REACTIVE DRUG METABOLITES 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527655748.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The design of target-specific covalent inhibitors is conceptually attractive because of increased biochemical efficiency through covalency and increased duration of action that outlasts the pharmacokinetics of the agent. Although many covalent inhibitors have been approved or are in advanced clinical trials to treat indications such as cancer and hepatitis C, there is a general tendency to avoid them as drug candidates because of concerns regarding immune-mediated toxicity that can arise from indiscriminate reactivity with off-target proteins. AREAS COVERED The review examines potential reason(s) for the excellent safety record of marketed covalent agents and advanced clinical candidates for emerging therapeutic targets. A significant emphasis is placed on proteomic techniques and chemical/biochemical reactivity assays that aim to provide a systematic rank ordering of pharmacologic selectivity relative to off-target protein reactivity of covalent inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION While tactics to examine selective covalent modification of the pharmacologic target are broadly applicable in drug discovery, it is unclear whether the output from such studies can prospectively predict idiosyncratic immune-mediated drug toxicity. Opinions regarding an acceptable threshold of protein reactivity/body burden for a toxic electrophile and a non-toxic electrophilic covalent drug have not been defined. Increasing confidence in proteomic and chemical/biochemical reactivity screens will require a retrospective side-by-side profiling of marketed covalent drugs and electrophiles known to cause deleterious toxic effects via non-selective covalent binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:736837. [PMID: 22500213 PMCID: PMC3303626 DOI: 10.1155/2012/736837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 688] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, which has many biological roles including protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The primary goal of this paper is to characterize the principal mechanisms of the protective role of GSH against reactive species and electrophiles. The ancillary goals are to provide up-to-date knowledge of GSH biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and utilization; intracellular compartmentalization and interorgan transfer; elimination of endogenously produced toxicants; involvement in metal homeostasis; glutathione-related enzymes and their regulation; glutathionylation of sulfhydryls. Individual sections are devoted to the relationships between GSH homeostasis and pathologies as well as to developed research tools and pharmacological approaches to manipulating GSH levels. Special attention is paid to compounds mainly of a natural origin (phytochemicals) which affect GSH-related processes. The paper provides starting points for development of novel tools and provides a hypothesis for investigation of the physiology and biochemistry of glutathione with a focus on human and animal health.
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Erlank H, Elmann A, Kohen R, Kanner J. Polyphenols activate Nrf2 in astrocytes via H2O2, semiquinones, and quinones. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2319-27. [PMID: 22037513 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols, which occur both in edible plants and in foodstuff, have been reported to exert a wide range of health effects; however, the mechanism of action of these molecules is not fully understood. One important cellular pathway affected by polyphenols is the activation of the transcription factor Nrf2 via the electrophile response element, which mediates generation of phase 2 detoxifying enzymes. Our study found that Nrf2 nuclear translocation and the activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) were increased significantly after treatment of astrocytes with tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), resveratrol, or curcumin, at 20-50μM. Incubation of tBHQ, resveratrol, and curcumin in the growth medium in the absence of astrocytes caused the accumulation of H(2)O(2). Treatment of cells with either glutathione or metmyoglobin was found to decrease Nrf2 translocation and NQO1 activity induced by polyphenols by up to 40 and 60%, respectively. Addition of both glutathione and metmyoglobin to growth medium decreased Nrf2 translocation and NQO1 activity by up to 100 and 80%, respectively. In conclusion, because metmyoglobin, in the presence of polyphenols and glutathione, is known to interact with H(2)O(2), semiquinones, and quinones, the up-regulation of the antioxidant defense of the cells through activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor, paradoxically, occurs via the generation of H(2)O(2) and polyphenol-oxidized species generated from the exogenous microenvironment of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Erlank
- Department of Food Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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12
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Martinovich GG, Martinovich IV, Cherenkevich SN. Redox regulation of cellular processes: A biophysical model and experiment. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Abderrahim F, Estrella S, Susín C, Arribas SM, González MC, Condezo-Hoyos L. The Antioxidant Activity and Thermal Stability of Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla) Infusion. J Med Food 2011; 14:517-27. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Abderrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Susín
- “Albert Sols” Institute of Biomedical Investigations, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia M. Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Carmen González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Condezo-Hoyos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Dinkova-Kostova AT, Wang XJ. Induction of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway by oxidizable diphenols. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:101-6. [PMID: 20846517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inducible Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway determines the ability of multicellular organisms to adapt to conditions of stress caused by oxidants and electrophiles through upregulating proteins with versatile cytoprotective functions. Para- and ortho-hydroquinones were among the first identified small-molecule inducers of this pathway. Their oxidative lability strongly suggested that the electrophilic quinone metabolites, and not the hydroquinones themselves, were the ultimate inducers. Molecular orbital calculations re-enforced this notion by showing linear correlations between inducer potency and: (i) the ability of diphenols to release electrons, and (ii) the electron affinity of their corresponding quinones. Consequently, a two-step mechanism was proposed which involves oxidation of the diphenols to their corresponding quinone derivatives, followed by modification of specific cysteine residues of the sensor protein Keap1. Our finding that Cu(2+), as well as other transition metals, enhanced induction by oxidizable diphenols provided a rationale to test this hypothesis. We found that hypoxia inhibits the potentiation of diphenolic inducer activity afforded by copper as oxygen is required to oxidize Cu(+) and regenerate Cu(2+). In the stably transfected AREc32 reporter cell line, exposure to 2-tert-butyl-1,4-hydroquinone (tBHQ) for 30min induced ARE-luciferase (measured 24h later) only in the presence of copper (Cu(2+) or Cu(+)), whereas induction by tert-butyl-1,4-quinone (tBQ) was copper-independent. tBQ, but not tBHQ, reacts with cysteine residues of Keap1. Other para- and ortho-hydroquinones, such as catechol estrogens, dopamine, and l-DOPA, also induce ARE-driven transcription in a Cu(2+)-dependent manner. Thus, based on theoretical and experimental evidence, the oxidation of para- and ortho-hydroquinones to their corresponding electrophilic quinones is a requisite step for the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway.
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Song Y, Buettner GR. Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations for the reaction of semiquinone radicals to form superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:919-62. [PMID: 20493944 PMCID: PMC2936108 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The quinone/semiquinone/hydroquinone triad (Q/SQ(*-)/H(2)Q) represents a class of compounds that has great importance in a wide range of biological processes. The half-cell reduction potentials of these redox couples in aqueous solutions at neutral pH, E degrees ', provide a window to understanding the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of this triad and their associated chemistry and biochemistry in vivo. Substituents on the quinone ring can significantly influence the electron density "on the ring" and thus modify E degrees' dramatically. E degrees' of the quinone governs the reaction of semiquinone with dioxygen to form superoxide. At near-neutral pH the pK(a)'s of the hydroquinone are outstanding indicators of the electron density in the aromatic ring of the members of these triads (electrophilicity) and thus are excellent tools to predict half-cell reduction potentials for both the one-electron and two-electron couples, which in turn allow estimates of rate constants for the reactions of these triads. For example, the higher the pK(a)'s of H(2)Q, the lower the reduction potentials and the higher the rate constants for the reaction of SQ(*-) with dioxygen to form superoxide. However, hydroquinone autoxidation is controlled by the concentration of di-ionized hydroquinone; thus, the lower the pK(a)'s the less stable H(2)Q to autoxidation. Catalysts, e.g., metals and quinone, can accelerate oxidation processes; by removing superoxide and increasing the rate of formation of quinone, superoxide dismutase can accelerate oxidation of hydroquinones and thereby increase the flux of hydrogen peroxide. The principal reactions of quinones are with nucleophiles via Michael addition, for example, with thiols and amines. The rate constants for these addition reactions are also related to E degrees'. Thus, pK(a)'s of a hydroquinone and E degrees ' are central to the chemistry of these triads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
- Human Toxicology Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1181, USA
- Corresponding author. Free Radical and Radiation Biology, ESR Facility, Med Labs B180, The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242-1181. Fax: +1 319 335 8039. (G.R. Buettner)
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16
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Bensasson RV, Zoete V, Berthier G, Talalay P, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Potency ranking of triterpenoids as inducers of a cytoprotective enzyme and as inhibitors of a cellular inflammatory response via their electron affinity and their electrophilicity index. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186:118-26. [PMID: 20433811 PMCID: PMC3199116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Electron affinity (EA) and electrophilicity index (omega) of 16 synthetic triterpenoids (TP), previously identified as inducers of cytoprotective enzymes and as inhibitors of cellular inflammatory responses, have been calculated by the molecular orbital method. Linear correlations were obtained by plotting the values of EA, as well as those of omega versus (i) the potencies of induction of NAD(P)H quinone reductase (NQO1, EC 1.6.99.2), a cytoprotective enzyme, expressed via the concentration of TP required to double the specific activity of NQO1 (CD value) and (ii) the values of their anti-inflammatory activity expressed via the IC-50 of TP for suppression of upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, EC 1.14.13.39), both previously experimentally determined. The observed correlations demonstrate quantitatively for a series of triterpenoids that their electrophilicity is a major factor determining their potency as inducers of the cytoprotective phase 2 response and as inhibitors of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- René V. Bensasson
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaston Berthier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Paul Talalay
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Biomedical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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17
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Lee CY, Chew EH, Go ML. Functionalized aurones as inducers of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 that activate AhR/XRE and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways: Synthesis, evaluation and SAR. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2957-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Amslinger S. The tunable functionality of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds enables their differential application in biological systems. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:351-6. [PMID: 20112330 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
alpha,beta-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds as potential drug candidates is a controversial topic since their potential Michael acceptor activity can lead to cell damage and cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl functionality can be employed as a tool to fine tune biological activity by directly manipulating this entity. Depending on their electronic properties, alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl functionalities display different reactivities, namely Michael addition, radical scavenging, oxidation or double bond isomerization. Modifying the alpha-position of the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl system, a concept that has not been widely explored, could produce new, very interesting derivatives. Currently in drug development, irreversible binding in active sites has proven to be one answer to drug resistance in cancer treatment. Overall, natural products containing the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl unit possess multiple biological activities that could be transferred into novel pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Amslinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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19
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Joshi R, Ghanty TK, Mukherjee T. Substituent effect on ionization potential, O–H bond dissociation energy and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding in salicylic acid derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Bensasson RV, Zoete V, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Talalay P. Two-Step Mechanism of Induction of the Gene Expression of a Prototypic Cancer-Protective Enzyme by Diphenols. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:805-12. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7002883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René V. Bensasson
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, MNHN, USM 0502/UMR 5154 CNRS, Case 54, 63 rue Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, MNHN, USM 0502/UMR 5154 CNRS, Case 54, 63 rue Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Albena T. Dinkova-Kostova
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, MNHN, USM 0502/UMR 5154 CNRS, Case 54, 63 rue Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
| | - Paul Talalay
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, MNHN, USM 0502/UMR 5154 CNRS, Case 54, 63 rue Buffon, F 75005 Paris, France, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge, Batiment Genopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and Biomedical Research Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, U.K
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21
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Dinkova-Kostova AT, Talalay P. Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of inducers of cytoprotective proteins. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 Suppl 1:S128-38. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Yu B, Dietz BM, Dunlap T, Kastrati I, Lantvit DD, Overk CR, Yao P, Qin Z, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Structural modulation of reactivity/activity in design of improved benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators: induction of chemopreventive mechanisms. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:2418-28. [PMID: 17876041 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benzothiophene selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) raloxifene and arzoxifene are in clinical use and clinical trials for chemoprevention of breast cancer and other indications. These SERMs are "oxidatively labile" and therefore have potential to activate antioxidant responsive element (ARE) transcription of genes for cytoprotective phase II enzymes such as NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). To study this possible mechanism of cancer chemoprevention, a family of benzothiophene SERMs was developed with modulated redox activity, including arzoxifene and its metabolite desmethylarzoxifene (DMA). The relative antioxidant activity of these SERMs was assayed and correlated with induction of NQO1 in murine and human liver cells. DMA was found to induce NQO1 and to activate ARE more strongly than other SERMs, including raloxifene and 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Livers from female, juvenile rats treated for 3 days with estradiol and/or with the benzothiophene SERMs arzoxifene, DMA, and F-DMA showed substantial induction of NQO1 by the benzothiophene SERMs. No persuasive evidence in this assay or in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was obtained of a major role for the estrogen receptor in induction of NQO1 by the benzothiophene SERMs. These results suggest that arzoxifene might provide chemopreventive benefits over raloxifene and other SERMs via metabolism to DMA and stimulation of ARE-mediated induction of phase II enzymes. The correlation of SERM structure with antioxidant activity and NQO1 induction also suggests that oxidative bioactivation of SERMs may be modulated to enhance chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolan Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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23
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Shakman KB, Mazziotti DA. Assessing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through the quantum computation of molecular ionization energies. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7223-6. [PMID: 17608461 DOI: 10.1021/jp0725331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been related to ionization energies [Mehler and Gerhards, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1989, 25, 205]. In this paper we employ modern quantum-chemical calculations to re-examine the statistical correlation between clinical efficacy and ionization energies. Ionization energies are computed by density functional theory, with and without Koopman's theorem, for a series of salicylic acids and phenols whose activities, or efficacy, are known. Using a regression analysis, we show that improving the treatment of electron correlation beyond previous studies enhances the statistical correlation between clinical activities and ionization energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Shakman
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Qin Z, Kastrati I, Chandrasena REP, Liu H, Yao P, Petukhov PA, Bolton JL, Thatcher GRJ. Benzothiophene Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators with Modulated Oxidative Activity and Receptor Affinity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2682-92. [PMID: 17489582 DOI: 10.1021/jm070079j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) is thought to underlie their clinical use. Most SERMs are polyaromatic phenols susceptible to oxidative metabolism to quinoids, which are proposed to be genotoxic. Conversely, the redox reactivity of SERMs may contribute to antioxidant and chemopreventive mechanisms, providing a new approach to improve the therapeutic properties of SERMs. An improved synthetic strategy was developed to generate a family of benzothiophene SERMs. Using computational modeling methods and measurements of antioxidant activity and estrogen receptor (ER) ligand binding, this SERM family was shown to provide both a range of ERalpha/ERbeta selectivity from 1.2- to 67-fold and a range of redox activity. Antioxidant activity was successfully modulated by varying a substituent remote from the OH group; the source of the antioxidant capacity. An efficient synthetic procedure is reported yielding benzothiophene SERMs wherein redox activity and ER affinity are modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, USA
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25
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Lyakhovich VV, Vavilin VA, Zenkov NK, Menshchikova EB. Active defense under oxidative stress. The antioxidant responsive element. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:962-74. [PMID: 17009949 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906090033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the mechanisms and factors that stimulate transcription of genes regulated by the antioxidant responsive element (ARE). The latter is important for cell defense under conditions of oxidative stress and also for detoxification of electrophilic xenobiotics. There are differences in regulation of intracellular homeostasis involving Nrf2-mediated activation of ARE and other redox-sensitive factors (NF-kappaB and AP-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Lyakhovich
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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26
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Chen J, Patil S, Seal S, McGinnis JF. Rare earth nanoparticles prevent retinal degeneration induced by intracellular peroxides. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 1:142-150. [PMID: 18654167 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2006.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cells are incessantly bombarded with photons of light, which, along with the cells' high rate of oxygen metabolism, continuously exposes them to elevated levels of toxic reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). Vacancy-engineered mixed-valence-state cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria particles) scavenge ROIs. Our data show that nanoceria particles prevent increases in the intracellular concentrations of ROIs in primary cell cultures of rat retina and, in vivo, prevent loss of vision due to light-induced degeneration of photoreceptor cells. These data indicate that the nanoceria particles may be effective in inhibiting the progression of ROI-induced cell death, which is thought to be involved in macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and other blinding diseases, as well as the ROI-induced death of other cell types in diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, stroke and so on. The use of nanoceria particles as a direct therapy for multiple diseases represents a novel strategy and suggests that they may represent a unique platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Chen
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates the basal and inducible expression of numerous detoxifying and antioxidant genes. The cytoplasmic protein Keap1 interacts with Nrf2 and represses its function. Analysis of keap1-knockout mice provides solid evidence that Keap1 acts as a negative regulator of Nrf2 and as a sensor of xenobiotic and oxidative stresses. The simultaneous ablation of the keap1 and nrf2 genes reversed all apparent phenotypes of the Keap1-deficient mice, suggesting that Nrf2 is a primary target of Keap1. The Nrf2-Keap1 system is now recognized as one of the major cellular defence mechanisms against oxidative and xenobiotic stresses. Furthermore, extensive studies have suggested that the Nrf2-Keap1 system contributes to protection against various pathologies, including carcinogenesis, liver toxicity, respiratory distress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozumi Motohashi
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology-Japan Science and Technology Corporation, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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28
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Franks MA, Schrader EA, Pietsch EC, Pennella DR, Torti SV, Welker ME. Oxathiolene oxide synthesis via chelation-controlled addition of organometallic reagents to alkynols followed by addition of sulfur electrophiles and evaluation of oxathiolene oxides as anticarcinogenic enzyme inducers. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2221-33. [PMID: 15727874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of alkynols have been prepared by Sonogashira coupling of propargyl alcohol to aromatic halides. Chelation-controlled addition of organometallic nucleophiles to these alkynols was then effected followed by the addition of the sulfur electrophiles, sulfur dioxide or thionyl chloride. This methodology was used to prepare a number of oxathiolene oxides, which have been screened as NQO1 (quinone oxidoreductase) inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion A Franks
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, PO Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidative damage is involved in cardiovascular diseases. Intervention with alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene does not appear to reduce pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to describe alternative antioxidant mechanisms that may be involved. RECENT FINDINGS Antioxidants with different chemical properties may recharge each other in an antioxidant network. The total antioxidant content of dietary plants may therefore be a useful tool for testing the "antioxidant network" hypothesis. Several berries, fruits, nuts, seeds, vegetables, drinks and spices have been found to be high in total antioxidants. Initial studies in animals and humans are supportive as to the beneficial effects of dietary plants rich in total antioxidants. Additionally, antioxidants and other plant compounds may also improve the endogenous antioxidant defence through induction of antioxidant and phase 2 enzymes. Dietary plants rich in such compounds include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, kale, cauliflower, carrots, onions, tomatoes, spinach and garlic. SUMMARY Although initial studies have indicated that antioxidants may reduce oxidative stress, human intervention studies do not support a beneficial effect of antioxidant supplements. Further research is needed to clarify whether other plant antioxidants, plants rich in a combination of antioxidants, or plant compounds that induce the endogenous antioxidant defence can reduce pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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