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Fuller-Thomson E, Deng Z, Fuller-Thomson EG. Association Between Area Temperature and Severe Vision Impairment in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Americans. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2024; 31:119-126. [PMID: 37338863 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2221727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several small studies have associated exposure to elevated average temperature with specific vision problems. However, no large-scale studies have examined the relationship between vision impairment and average area temperature in the general population. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a large nationally representative sample of older adults to further explore this relationship. METHODS Secondary analysis of the American Community Survey (ACS). The survey was conducted through mail, telephone and in-person interviews. Data from six consecutive years of the cross-sectional survey were analysed (2012-2017). The subsample analysed included community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults aged 65 and older in the coterminous US who lived in the same state in which they were born (n = 1,707,333). The question on severe vision impairment was "Is this person blind or does he/she have serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses?". Average annual temperature data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was combined into a 100-year average and mapped to corresponding US Census Bureau's public use microdata areas from the ACS. RESULTS Higher average temperature is consistently associated with increased odds of severe vision impairment across all cohorts (i.e. age, sex, race, income, and educational attainment cohorts) with the exception of Hispanic older adults. Compared to those who lived in counties with average temperature of < 50 °F (< 10 °C) , the odds of severe vision impairment were 44% higher in counties with average temperature of 60 °F (15.5 °C) or above (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.42-1.46). CONCLUSION If the association is found to be causal, the predicted rise in global temperatures could impact the number of older Americans affected by severe vision impairment and the associated health and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - ZhiDi Deng
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elysia G Fuller-Thomson
- Institute for Life Course & Aging, Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Iwaniak P, Owe-Larsson M, Urbańska EM. Microbiota, Tryptophan and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors as the Target Triad in Parkinson's Disease-A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2915. [PMID: 38474162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of a steadily increasing lifespan, neurodegenerative diseases among the elderly present a significant therapeutic and socio-economic challenge. A properly balanced diet and microbiome diversity have been receiving increasing attention as targets for therapeutic interventions in neurodegeneration. Microbiota may affect cognitive function, neuronal survival and death, and gut dysbiosis was identified in Parkinson's disease (PD). Tryptophan (Trp), an essential amino acid, is degraded by microbiota and hosts numerous compounds with immune- and neuromodulating properties. This broad narrative review presents data supporting the concept that microbiota, the Trp-kynurenine (KYN) pathway and aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) form a triad involved in PD. A disturbed gut-brain axis allows the bidirectional spread of pro-inflammatory molecules and α-synuclein, which may contribute to the development/progression of the disease. We suggest that the peripheral levels of kynurenines and AhR ligands are strongly linked to the Trp metabolism in the gut and should be studied together with the composition of the microbiota. Such an approach can clearly delineate the sub-populations of PD patients manifesting with a disturbed microbiota-Trp-KYN-brain triad, who would benefit from modifications in the Trp metabolism. Analyses of the microbiome, Trp-KYN pathway metabolites and AhR signaling may shed light on the mechanisms of intestinal distress and identify new targets for the diagnosis and treatment in early-stage PD. Therapeutic interventions based on the combination of a well-defined food regimen, Trp and probiotics seem of potential benefit and require further experimental and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Iwaniak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maja Owe-Larsson
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Center for Preclinical Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa M Urbańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
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3
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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Vera CC, Borsarelli CD. Photo-induced protein modifications: a range of biological consequences and applications. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:569-576. [PMID: 37681095 PMCID: PMC10480124 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in living organisms and tissues and are also present in many natural and processed foods and beverages, as well as in pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. When exposed to UV-visible light, proteins containing endogenous or exogenous chromophores can undergo direct and indirect photochemical processes, resulting in protein modifications including oxidation of residues, cross-linking, proteolysis, covalent binding to molecules and interfaces, and conformational changes. When these modifications occur in an uncontrolled manner in a physiological context, they can lead to biological dysfunctions that ultimately result in cell death. However, rational design strategies involving light-activated protein modification have proven to be a valuable tool for the modulation of protein function or even for the construction of new biomaterials. This mini-review describes the fundamentals of photochemical processes in proteins and explores some of their emerging biomedical and nanobiotechnological applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photobonding for wound healing, photobioprinting, photoimmobilization of biosensors and enzymes for sensing, and biocatalysis, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cecilia Vera
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN 9, Km 1125, G4206XCP Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Claudio Darío Borsarelli
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN 9, Km 1125, G4206XCP Santiago del Estero, Argentina
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5
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Murotomi K, Umeno A, Shichiri M, Tanito M, Yoshida Y. Significance of Singlet Oxygen Molecule in Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032739. [PMID: 36769060 PMCID: PMC9917472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, including singlet oxygen, play an important role in the onset and progression of disease, as well as in aging. Singlet oxygen can be formed non-enzymatically by chemical, photochemical, and electron transfer reactions, or as a byproduct of endogenous enzymatic reactions in phagocytosis during inflammation. The imbalance of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant networks with the generation of singlet oxygen increases oxidative stress, resulting in the undesirable oxidation and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of singlet oxygen production in vivo and methods for the evaluation of damage induced by singlet oxygen. The involvement of singlet oxygen in the pathogenesis of skin and eye diseases is also discussed from the biomolecular perspective. We also present our findings on lipid oxidation products derived from singlet oxygen-mediated oxidation in glaucoma, early diabetes patients, and a mouse model of bronchial asthma. Even in these diseases, oxidation products due to singlet oxygen have not been measured clinically. This review discusses their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis. Recent developments in singlet oxygen scavengers such as carotenoids, which can be utilized to prevent the onset and progression of disease, are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Murotomi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Aya Umeno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Mototada Shichiri
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-8577, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-751-8234
| | - Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
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6
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Glazier AN. Proposed Role for Internal Lens Pressure as an Initiator of Age-Related Lens Protein Aggregation Diseases. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2329-2340. [PMID: 35924184 PMCID: PMC9342656 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s369676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The process that initiates lens stiffness evident in age-related lens protein aggregation diseases is thought to be mainly the result of oxidation. While oxidation is a major contributor, the exposure of lens proteins to physical stress over time increases susceptibility of lens proteins to oxidative damage, and this is believed to play a significant role in initiating these diseases. Accordingly, an overview of key physical stressors and molecular factors known to be implicated in the development of age-related lens protein aggregation diseases is presented, paying particular attention to the consequence of persistent increase in internal lens pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Glazier
- Optometry, KeplrVision, Rockville, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Alan N Glazier, Email
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7
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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8
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Wei Z, Hao C, Srinivasagan R, Wu H, Chen JK, Fan X. Mitotic Activation Around Wound Edges and Epithelialization Repair in UVB-Induced Capsular Cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:29. [PMID: 34967856 PMCID: PMC8727316 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ultraviolet B (UVB) has been well documented to induce capsular cataracts; however, the mechanism of the lens epithelial cell-mediated repair process after UVB irradiation is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to better understand lens epithelial cell repair after UVB-induced epithelium damage. Method C57BL/6J mice were irradiated by various doses of UVB. Lens morphology and lens capsule opacity were monitored by slit lamp, darkfield microscopy, and phase-contrast microscopy. Lens epithelial cell mitotic activation and cell apoptosis were measured by immunohistochemistry. Lens epithelial ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Results UVB irradiation above a dose of 2.87 kJ/m2 triggered lens epithelial cell apoptosis and subcapsular cataract formation, with a ring-shaped structure composed of multilayered epithelial cell clusters manifesting a dense ring-shaped capsular cataract. The epithelial cells immediately outside the edge of the ring-shaped aggregates transitioned to mitotically active cells and performed wound healing through the epithelialization process. However, repairs ceased when lens epithelial cells made direct contact, and scar-like tissue in the center of the anterior capsule remained even by 6 months after UVB irradiation. Conclusions Our present study demonstrates that normally quiescent lens epithelial cells can be reactivated for epithelialization repair in response to UV-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongbo Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Caili Hao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ramkumar Srinivasagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Hongli Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States.,North Texas Eye Research Institute, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Xingjun Fan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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9
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Prajapati I, Larson NR, Choudhary S, Kalonia C, Hudak S, Esfandiary R, Middaugh CR, Schöneich C. Visible Light Degradation of a Monoclonal Antibody in a High-Concentration Formulation: Characterization of a Tryptophan-Derived Chromophoric Photo-product by Comparison to Photo-degradation of N-Acetyl-l-tryptophan Amide. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3223-3234. [PMID: 34482697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the discoloration of a highly concentrated monoclonal antibody (mAbZ) in sodium acetate (NaAc) and histidine/lysine (His/Lys) buffer after exposure to visible light. The color change of the mAbZ formulation was significantly more intense in NaAc buffer and developed a characteristic absorbance with a λmax of ca. 450 nm. We characterized this photo-chemically generated chromophore by comparison with visible light photo-degradation of a concentrated solution of a model compound for protein Trp residues, N-acetyl-l-tryptophan amide (NATA). The photo-degradation of NATA generated a chromophoric product with a λmax of ca. 450 nm and UV-vis spectroscopic properties identical to those of the product generated from mAbZ. This product was isolated and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and 1H, 13C, and 1H-13C heteronuclear single-quantum correlation NMR spectroscopy. MS/MS analysis reveals a product characterized by the loss of 33 Da from NATA, referred to as NATA-33. Together, the NMR data suggest that this product may be N-(2,4-dihydrocyclopenta[b]indol-2-yl)acetamide (structure P3a) or a tautomer (P3b-d).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Nicholas R Larson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Sureshkumar Choudhary
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Cavan Kalonia
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Suzanne Hudak
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Dosage Form Design and Development, BioPharmaceutical Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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10
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A model to understand type I oxidations of biomolecules photosensitized by pterins. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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11
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Rocha MA, Sprague-Piercy MA, Kwok AO, Roskamp KW, Martin RW. Chemical Properties Determine Solubility and Stability in βγ-Crystallins of the Eye Lens. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1329-1346. [PMID: 33569867 PMCID: PMC8052307 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
βγ-Crystallins are the primary structural and refractive proteins found in the vertebrate eye lens. Because crystallins are not replaced after early eye development, their solubility and stability must be maintained for a lifetime, which is even more remarkable given the high protein concentration in the lens. Aggregation of crystallins caused by mutations or post-translational modifications can reduce crystallin protein stability and alter intermolecular interactions. Common post-translational modifications that can cause age-related cataracts include deamidation, oxidation, and tryptophan derivatization. Metal ion binding can also trigger reduced crystallin solubility through a variety of mechanisms. Interprotein interactions are critical to maintaining lens transparency: crystallins can undergo domain swapping, disulfide bonding, and liquid-liquid phase separation, all of which can cause opacity depending on the context. Important experimental techniques for assessing crystallin conformation in the absence of a high-resolution structure include dye-binding assays, circular dichroism, fluorescence, light scattering, and transition metal FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Marc A. Sprague-Piercy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525
| | - Ashley O. Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Kyle W. Roskamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Rachel W. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 3205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525
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12
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Hamba N, Gerbi A, Tesfaye S. Histopathological effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure on the ocular structures in animal studies –literature review. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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13
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Bellmaine S, Schnellbaecher A, Zimmer A. Reactivity and degradation products of tryptophan in solution and proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:696-718. [PMID: 32911085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is one of the essential mammalian amino acids and is thus a required component in human nutrition, animal feeds, and cell culture media. However, this aromatic amino acid is highly susceptible to oxidation and is known to degrade into multiple products during manufacturing, storage, and processing. Many physical and chemical processes contribute to the degradation of this compound, primarily via oxidation or cleavage of the highly reactive indole ring. The central contributing factors are reactive oxygen species, such as singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals; light and photosensitizers; metals; and heat. In a multi-component mixture, tryptophan also commonly reacts with carbonyl-containing compounds, leading to a wide variety of products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the degradation and interaction products of tryptophan in complex liquid solutions and in proteins. For the purposes of context, a brief summary of the key pathways in tryptophan metabolism will be included, along with common methods and issues in tryptophan manufacturing. The review will focus on the conditions that lead to tryptophan degradation, the products generated in these processes, their known biological effects, and methods which may be applied to stabilize the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bellmaine
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alisa Schnellbaecher
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
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14
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Roskamp KW, Azim S, Kassier G, Norton-Baker B, Sprague-Piercy MA, Miller RJD, Martin RW. Human γS-Crystallin-Copper Binding Helps Buffer against Aggregation Caused by Oxidative Damage. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2371-2385. [PMID: 32510933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Divalent metal cations can play a role in protein aggregation diseases, including cataract. Here we compare the aggregation of human γS-crystallin, a key structural protein of the eye lens, via mutagenesis, ultraviolet light damage, and the addition of metal ions. All three aggregation pathways result in globular, amorphous-looking structures that do not elongate into fibers. We also investigate the molecular mechanism underlying copper(II)-induced aggregation. This work was motivated by the observation that zinc(II)-induced aggregation of γS-crystallin is driven by intermolecular bridging of solvent-accessible cysteine residues, while in contrast, copper(II)-induced aggregation of this protein is exacerbated by the removal of solvent-accessible cysteines via mutation. Here we find that copper(II)-induced aggregation results from a complex mechanism involving multiple interactions with the protein. The initial protein-metal interactions result in the reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) with concomitant oxidation of γS-crystallin. In addition to the intermolecular disulfides that represent a starting point for aggregation, intramolecular disulfides also occur in the cysteine loop, a region of the N-terminal domain that was previously found to mediate the early stages of cataract formation. This previously unobserved ability of γS-crystallin to transfer disulfides intramolecularly suggests that it may serve as an oxidation sink for the lens after glutathione levels have become depleted during aging. γS-Crystallin thus serves as the last line of defense against oxidation in the eye lens, a result that underscores the chemical functionality of this protein, which is generally considered to play a purely structural role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Roskamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Sana Azim
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Günther Kassier
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Brenna Norton-Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - Marc A Sprague-Piercy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - R J Dwyane Miller
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany.,Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
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15
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Savina ED, Tsentalovich YP, Sherin PS. UV-A induced damage to lysozyme via Type I photochemical reactions sensitized by kynurenic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:482-493. [PMID: 31751763 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work we studied the mechanisms of Type I photodamage to a model protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), sensitized by kynurenic acid (KNA) - one of the most efficient photosensitizers of the human eye lens present in trace amounts within tissue. The kynurenic acid radical, KNA•-, formed in the quenching of triplet KNA by HEWL, can be readily oxidized by molecular oxygen with the formation of superoxide anion radical O2•-. This leads to two ways of damage to proteins: either via the direct reactions between KNA•- and HEWL• radicals (Type Ia) or via the reactions between superoxide anion O2•- and HEWL• radicals (Type Ib). Our results demonstrate significant degradation of the protein during Type Ia photolysis with the formation of various oligomeric and oxygenated forms of HEWL and several deoxygenated products of KNA. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed the cross-linking of HEWL via tryptophan (Trp62) and tyrosine (Tyr23) residues and, for the first time, the covalent binding of KNA to protein via tryptophan (Trp62 and Trp123) residues. It was found that Type Ib reactions lead to substantially smaller damage to HEWL; the degradation quantum yields (Φdeg) of HEWL are 1.3 ± 0.3% and 0.12 ± 0.03% for Type Ia and Ib photolyses, respectively. Low Φdeg values for both types of photolysis indicate the Back Electron Transfer (BET) with the restoration of initial reagents as the main radical decay path with significantly higher BET efficiency in the case of Type Ib reactions. Therefore, in essentially oxygen-free tissues like the eye lens, the direct radical reactions via Type Ia mechanism could induce significantly larger damage to proteins, leading to their cross-linking and oxidation. The accumulation of these modifications can cause the development of various diseases, in particular, cataracts in the eye lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D Savina
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter S Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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16
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Roskamp KW, Paulson CN, Brubaker WD, Martin RW. Function and Aggregation in Structural Eye Lens Crystallins. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:863-874. [PMID: 32271004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystallins are transparent, refractive proteins that contribute to the focusing power of the vertebrate eye lens. These proteins are extremely soluble and resist aggregation for decades, even under crowded conditions. Crystallins have evolved to avoid strong interprotein interactions and have unusual hydration properties. Crystallin aggregation resulting from mutation, damage, or aging can lead to cataract, a disease state characterized by opacity of the lens.Different aggregation mechanisms can occur, following multiple pathways and leading to aggregates with varied morphologies. Studies of variant proteins found in individuals with childhood-onset cataract have provided insight into the molecular factors underlying crystallin stability and solubility. Modulation of exposed hydrophobic surface is critical, as is preventing specific intermolecular interactions that could provide nucleation sites for aggregation. Biophysical measurements and structural biology techniques are beginning to provide a detailed picture of how crystallins crowd into the lens, providing high refractivity while avoiding excessively tight binding that would lead to aggregation.Despite the central biological importance of refractivity, relatively few experimental measurements have been made for lens crystallins. Our work and that of others have shown that hydration is important to the high refractive index of crystallin proteins, as are interactions between pairs of aromatic residues and potentially other specific structural features.This Account describes our efforts to understand both the functional and disease states of vertebrate eye lens crystallins, particularly the γ-crystallins. We use a variety of biophysical techniques, notably NMR spectroscopy, to investigate crystallin stability and solubility. In the first section, we describe efforts to understand the relative stability and aggregation propensity of different γS-crystallin variants. The second section focuses on interactions of these proteins with the holdase chaperone αB-crystallin. The third, fourth, and fifth sections explore different modes of aggregation available to crystallin proteins, and the final section highlights the importance of refractive index and the sometimes conflicting demands of selection for refractivity and solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Roskamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Carolyn N. Paulson
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - William D. Brubaker
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Rachel W. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
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17
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Zamora RA, Fuentes-Lemus E, Barrias P, Herrera-Morande A, Mura F, Guixé V, Castro-Fernandez V, Rojas T, López-Alarcón C, Aguirre P, Rivas-Aravena A, Aspée A. Free radicals derived from γ-radiolysis of water and AAPH thermolysis mediate oxidative crosslinking of eGFP involving Tyr-Tyr and Tyr-Cys bonds: the fluorescence of the protein is conserved only towards peroxyl radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 150:40-52. [PMID: 32081747 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) is one of the most employed variants of fluorescent proteins. Nonetheless little is known about the oxidative modifications that this protein can undergo in the cellular milieu. The present work explored the consequences of the exposure of eGFP to free radicals derived from γ-radiolysis of water, and AAPH thermolysis. Results demonstrated that protein crosslinking was the major pathway of modification of eGFP towards these oxidants. As evidenced by HPLC-FLD and UPLC-MS, eGFP crosslinking would occur as consequence of a mixture of pathways including the recombination of two protein radicals, as well as secondary reactions between nucleophilic residues (e.g. lysine, Lys) with protein carbonyls. The first mechanism was supported by detection of dityrosine and cysteine-tyrosine bonds, whilst evidence of formation of protein carbonyls, along with Lys consumption, would suggest the formation and participation of Schiff bases in the crosslinking process. Despite of the degree of oxidative modifications elicited by peroxyl radicals (ROO•) generated from the thermolysis of AAPH, and free radicals generated from γ-radiolysis of water, that were evidenced at amino acidic level, only the highest dose of γ-irradiation (10 kGy) triggered significant changes in the secondary structure of eGFP. These results were accompanied by the complete loss of fluorescence arising from the chromophore unit of eGFP in γ-irradiation-treated samples, whereas it was conserved in ROO•-treated samples. These data have potential biological significance, as this fluorescent protein is widely employed to study interactions between cytosolic proteins; consequently, the formation of fluorescent eGFP dimers could act as artifacts in such experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Zamora
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Barrias
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Herrera-Morande
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Mura
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Guixé
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tomás Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Aguirre
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Departamento de Tecnología Nucleares, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Santiago, 7600713, Chile
| | - Andrea Rivas-Aravena
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia, Santiago, 7510157, Chile.
| | - Alexis Aspée
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40 Correo 33, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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UV oxidation of cyclic AMP receptor protein, a global bacterial gene regulator, decreases DNA binding and cleaves DNA at specific sites. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3106. [PMID: 32080294 PMCID: PMC7033146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UV light is a widely-employed, and environmentally-sensitive bactericide but its mechanism of action is not fully defined. Proteins are major chromophores and targets for damage due to their abundance, but the role of proteins in inducing damage to bound DNA, and the effects on DNA-protein interactions is less well characterized. In E. coli (and other Gram-negative bacteria) the cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP/CAP) regulates more than 500 genes. In this study we show that exposure of isolated dimeric CRP-cAMP to UV modifies specific Met, Trp, Tyr, and Pro side-chains, induces inter-protein Tyr63-Tyr41 cross-links, and decreases DNA binding via oxidation of Met114/Pro110 residues in close proximity at the CRP dimer interface. UV exposure also modifies DNA-bound cAMP-CRP, with this resulting in DNA cleavage at specific G/C residues within the sequence bound to CRP, but not at other G/C sites. Oxidation also increases CRP dissociation from DNA. The modifications at the CRP dimer interface, and the site-specific DNA strand cleavage are proposed to occur via oxidation of two species Met residues (Met114 and Met189, respectively) to reactive persulfoxides that damage neighbouring amino acids and DNA bases. These data suggest that modification to CRP, and bound DNA, contributes to UV sensitivity.
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19
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Schöneich C. Photo-Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins: Mechanistic Aspects. Pharm Res 2020; 37:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Ávila F, Ravello N, Zanocco AL, Gamon LF, Davies MJ, Silva E. 3-Hydroxykynurenine bound to eye lens proteins induces oxidative modifications in crystalline proteins through a type I photosensitizing mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:103-114. [PMID: 31128239 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitized reactions mediated by endogenous chromophores have been associated with the etiology of age-related cataract disease. Endogenous chromophores such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKN) can be found in both free form, and bound to crystallin proteins. However, their efficiency in generating photo-induced oxidative modifications on eye lens proteins is not completely understood. In this work, the efficiency and photodynamic activity of 3OHKN bound to both lysine (3OHKN-Lys) and bovine lens proteins (3OHKN-BLP) was assessed and compared with the photosensitizing activity of the major chromophore arising from glucose degradation (GDC). The photosensitizing activity of 3OHKN-Lys, 3OHKN-BLP and GDC was characterized by measurement of singlet oxygen quantum yields, O2 consumption, SDS-PAGE and amino acid analysis of the photo-oxidized proteins. Singlet oxygen quantum yields under 20% O2 atmosphere were 0.02, 0.01, and 0.27 for 3OHKN-Lys, 3OHKN-BLP and GDC, respectively. O2 consumption by photosensitized reactions was more efficient for 3OHKN-BLP, with the extent of O2 consumption being ∼28% higher than for 3OHKN-Lys and GDC under both 5 and 20% O2. SDS-PAGE showed that protein crosslinking is dependent on the O2 concentration, and more extensive at 5 than 20% O2. GDC and 3OHKN-Lys were the most efficient crosslinkers at 20 and 5% O2, respectively. Amino acid analysis of the irradiated proteins showed consumption of Trp, His, Tyr and Phe, and formation of kynurenine (from Trp), methionine sulfoxide (from Met) and DOPA (from Tyr). Kynurenine formation was dependent on the O2 concentration with higher amounts detected at 5 than 20% O2 for 3OHKN-BLP and 3OHKN-Lys, with 3OHKN-BLP the most efficient sensitizer. Our results suggest that 3OHKN-BLP can elicit photo-oxidative damage mainly by a type I photosensitizing mechanism, with this likely to be the most prevalent pathway at the low physiologic O2 concentrations in the eye lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ávila
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center on Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
| | - Natalia Ravello
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center on Aging, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Antonio L Zanocco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luke F Gamon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Silva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Unger N, Ferraro A, Holzgrabe U. Investigation of tryptophan-related yellowing in parenteral amino acid solution: Development of a stability-indicating method and assessment of degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 177:112839. [PMID: 31505430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral amino acid solutions containing tryptophan tend to develop a yellow colouration upon storage. Hence, the aim of the present study was to find out whether tryptophan degradation products are the reason for the yellowing. The degree of discolouration and tryptophan degradation was examined by visual examination and UV/Vis measurements with respect to oxygen presence, pH value, and duration of steam sterilization. LC-UV analyses of autoclaved tryptophan solutions indicated eight degradation products, namely R,R/R,S 2-amino-3-(oxoindolin-3-yl)propanoic acid, R,R/R,S 2-amino-3-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-yl)propanoic acids, cis/trans 3a-hydroxy-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole-2-carboxylic acid, N´-formylkynurenine, and kynurenine. The proposed degradation products were confirmed by spiking of synthesized degradation products and LC-UV/MS analyses. The LC-UV analysis method was optimized and validated according to the ICH guideline Q2 (R1). Tryptophan stability in commercially available parenteral amino acid formulations was evaluated over a storing period of 12 months in two common types of primary packaging after autoclave procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Unger
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Ferraro
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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22
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Silva E, Barrias P, Aspee A, Escobar E, Lorentzen LG, Carroll L, Leinisch F, Davies MJ, López-Alarcón C. Aggregation of α- and β- caseins induced by peroxyl radicals involves secondary reactions of carbonyl compounds as well as di-tyrosine and di-tryptophan formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:176-188. [PMID: 29885785 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present work examined the role of Tyr and Trp in oxidative modifications of caseins, the most abundant milk proteins, induced by peroxyl radicals (ROO•). We hypothesized that the selectivity of ROO• and the high flexibility of caseins (implying a high exposure of Tyr and Trp residues) would favor radical-radical reactions, and di-tyrosine (di-Tyr) and di-tryptophan (di-Trp) formation. Solutions of α- and β-caseins were exposed to ROO• from thermolysis and photolysis of AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride). Oxidative modifications were examined using electrophoresis, western blotting, fluorescence, and chromatographic methodologies with diode array, fluorescence and mass detection. Exposure of caseins to AAPH at 37 °C gave fragmentation, cross-linking and protein aggregation. Amino acid analysis showed consumption of Trp, Tyr, Met, His and Lys residues. Quantification of Trp and Tyr products, showed low levels of di-Tyr and di-Trp, together with an accumulation of carbonyls indicating that casein aggregation is, at least partly, associated with secondary reactions between carbonyls and Lys and His residues. AAPH photolysis, which generates a high flux of free radicals increased the extent of formation of di-Tyr in both model peptides and α- and β- caseins; di-Trp was only detected in peptides and α-casein. Thus, in spite of the high flexibility of caseins, which would be expected to favor radical-radical reactions, the low flux of ROO• generated during AAPH thermolysis disfavours the formation of dimeric radical-radical cross-links such as di-Tyr and di-Trp, instead favoring other O2-dependent crosslinking pathways such as those involving secondary reactions of initial carbonyl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Silva
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Barrias
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Aspee
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth Escobar
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lasse G Lorentzen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luke Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabian Leinisch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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The optical properties of rat, porcine and human lenses in organ culture treated with dexamethasone. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Sherin PS, Tsentalovich YP, Vauthey E, Benassi E. Ultrafast excited state decay of natural UV filters: from intermolecular hydrogen bonds to a conical intersection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15074-15085. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unsaturated bond in the side chain leads to the ultrafast decay of the excited statesviaa conical intersection independent of solvent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Yuri P. Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- School of Science and Technology
- Nazarbayev University
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25
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Sormacheva ED, Sherin PS, Tsentalovich YP. Dimerization and oxidation of tryptophan in UV-A photolysis sensitized by kynurenic acid. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:372-384. [PMID: 29024806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced generation of radicals in the eye lens may play an important role in the modification of proteins leading to their coloration, aggregation, and insolubilization. The radicals can be formed via the reactions of photoexcited endogenous chromophores of the human lens with lens proteins, in particular with tryptophan residues. In the present work we studied the reactions induced by UV-A (315-400nm) light between kynurenic acid (KNA), an effective photosensitizer present in the human lens, and N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (NTrpH) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Our results show that the reaction mechanism strongly depends on the presence of oxygen in solution. Under aerobic conditions, the generation of singlet oxygen is the major channel of the effective NTrpH oxidation. In argon-bubbled solutions, the quenching of triplet KNA by NTrpH results in the formation of KNA•- and NTrp• radicals. Under laser pulse irradiation, when the radical concentration is high, the main pathway of the radical decay is the back electron transfer with the restoration of initial reagents. Other reactions include (i) the radical combination yielding NTrp dimers and (ii) the oxygen atom transfer from KNA•- to NTrp• with the formation of oxidized NTrp species and deoxygenated KNA products. In continuous-wave photolysis, even trace amounts of molecular oxygen are sufficient to oxidize the majority of KNA•- radicals with the rate constant of (2.0 ± 0.2) × 109M-1s-1, leading to the restoration of KNA and the formation of superoxide radical O2•-. The latter reacts with NTrp• via either the radical combination to form oxidized NTrp (minor pathway), or the electron transfer to restore NTrpH in the ground state (major pathway). As the result, the quantum yields of the starting compound decomposition under continuous-wave anaerobic photolysis are rather low: 1.6% for NTrpH and 0.02% for KNA. The photolysis of KNA with alpha-crystallin yields the same deoxygenated KNA products as the photolysis of KNA with NTrpH, indicating the similarity of the photolysis mechanisms. Thus, inside the eye lens KNA can sensitize both protein photooxidation and protein covalent cross-linking with the minor self-degradation. This may play an important role in the lens protein modifications during the normal aging and cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D Sormacheva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090 Novosibisrk, Russia
| | - Peter S Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090 Novosibisrk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090 Novosibisrk, Russia.
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3A, 630090 Novosibisrk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090 Novosibisrk, Russia
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26
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Sun L, Xu C, Zhang S, Lin P, Schwehr KA, Quigg A, Chiu MH, Chin WC, Santschi PH. Light-induced aggregation of microbial exopolymeric substances. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:675-681. [PMID: 28476007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight can inhibit or disrupt the aggregation process of marine colloids via cleavage of high molecular weight compounds into smaller, less stable fragments. In contrast, some biomolecules, such as proteins excreted from bacteria can form aggregates via cross-linking due to photo-oxidation. To examine whether light-induced aggregation can occur in the marine environment, we conducted irradiation experiments on a well-characterized protein-containing exopolymeric substance (EPS) from the marine bacterium Sagitulla stellata. Our results show that after 1 h sunlight irradiation, the turbidity level of soluble EPS was 60% higher than in the dark control. Flow cytometry also confirmed that more particles of larger sized were formed by sunlight. In addition, we determined a higher mass of aggregates collected on filter in the irradiated samples. This suggests light can induce aggregation of this bacterial EPS. Reactive oxygen species hydroxyl radical and peroxide played critical roles in the photo-oxidation process, and salts assisted the aggregation process. The observation that Sagitulla stellata EPS with relatively high protein content promoted aggregation, was in contrast to the case where no significant differences were found in the aggregation of a non-protein containing phytoplankton EPS between the dark and light conditions. This, together with the evidence that protein-to-carbohydrate ratio of aggregates formed under light condition is significantly higher than that formed under dark condition suggest that proteins are likely the important component for aggregate formation. Light-induced aggregation provides new insights into polymer assembly, marine snow formation, and the fate/transport of organic carbon and nitrogen in the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Sun
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA.
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Saijin Zhang
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Kathleen A Schwehr
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Meng-Hsuen Chiu
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Wei-Chun Chin
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Peter H Santschi
- Department of Marine Science, Texas A&M University Galveston campus, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
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Rajkovic A, Tomasevic I, De Meulenaer B, Devlieghere F. The effect of pulsed UV light on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal enterotoxin A on sliced fermented salami and its chemical quality. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Srivastava OP, Srivastava K, Chaves JM, Gill AK. Post-translationally modified human lens crystallin fragments show aggregation in vitro. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:94-131. [PMID: 28955739 PMCID: PMC5614626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystallin fragments are known to aggregate and cross-link that lead to cataract development. This study has been focused on determination of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of human lens crystallin fragments, and their aggregation properties. METHODS Four crystallin fragments-containing fractions (Fraction I [∼3.5 kDa species], Fraction II [∼3.5-7 kDa species], Fraction III [∼7-10 kDa species] and Fraction IV [>10-18 kDa species]), and water soluble high molecular weight (WS-HMW) protein fraction were isolated from water soluble (WS) protein fraction of human lenses of 50-70 year old-donors. The crystallin fragments of the Fractions I-IV were separated by two-dimensional (2D)-gel electrophoresis followed by analysis of their gel-spots by mass spectrometry. The Fractions I-IV were examined for their molecular mass, particle-diameters, amyloid fibril formation, and for their aggregation by themselves and with WS-HMW proteins. RESULTS Crystallin fragments in Fractions I-IV were derived from α-, β- and γ-crystallins, and their 2D-gel separated spots contained multiple crystallins with PTMs such as oxidation, deamidation, methylation and acetylation. Crystallin fragments from all the four fractions exhibited self-aggregated complexes ranging in Mr from 5.5×105 to 1.0×108 Da, with diameters of 10-28 nm, and amyloid fibril-like formation, and aggregation with WS-HMW proteins. CONCLUSION The crystallin fragments exhibited several PTMs, and were capable of forming aggregated species by themselves and with WS-HMW proteins, suggesting their potential role in aggregation process during cataract development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Crystallin fragments play a major role in human cataract development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Srivastava
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - K Srivastava
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - J M Chaves
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - A K Gill
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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29
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Photo-oxidation of IgG1 and Model Peptides: Detection and Analysis of Triply Oxidized His and Trp Side Chain Cleavage Products. Pharm Res 2016; 34:229-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Tweeddale HJ, Hawkins CL, Janmie JF, Truscott RJW, Davies MJ. Cross-linking of lens crystallin proteins induced by tryptophan metabolites and metal ions: implications for cataract development. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1116-1130. [PMID: 27383194 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1210802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-wavelength solar UV radiation is implicated in photodamage to the human eye. The human lens contains multiple tryptophan-derived compounds that have significant absorbance bands in the UVA region (λ 315-400 nm) that act as efficient physical filters for these wavelengths. The concentrations of many of these UV filter compounds decrease with increase in age, resulting in diminished protection, increased oxidative damage and the accumulation of modified proteins implicated in nuclear cataract formation. This damage may arise via the formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls from the UV filter compounds, adduction to lens proteins and subsequent action as photosensitizers, and/or via the reactions of redox-active transition metal ions that accumulate in aged human lenses. The latter may promote the oxidation of free, or protein-bound, o-aminophenols, such as the UV filter compounds 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3OHAA). It is shown here that Cu(II), and to a lesser extent Fe(III), enhance oxidation of free 3OHKyn, 3OHAA and 3OHKyn bound to specific amino acids and lens proteins, with this resulting in increased cross-linking of lens proteins. These data indicate that elevated levels of transition metal ions in aging lenses can enhance the loss of protective UV filter compounds, and contribute to the formation of high-molecular-mass dysfunctional crystallin proteins in a light-independent manner. These reactions may contribute to the formation of lens cataracts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Tweeddale
- a Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- b The Heart Research Institute , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,c Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Joane F Janmie
- a Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Roger J W Truscott
- d Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW , Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- b The Heart Research Institute , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,c Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,e Department of Biomedical Sciences , Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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31
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Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Miyamoto S, Ronsein GE, Medeiros MH, Cadet J. Singlet molecular oxygen: Düsseldorf – São Paulo, the Brazilian connection. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:161-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase: a review of structure, mechanism, and inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Sherin PS, Zelentsova EA, Sormacheva ED, Yanshole VV, Duzhak TG, Tsentalovich YP. Aggregation of α-crystallins in kynurenic acid-sensitized UVA photolysis under anaerobic conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:8827-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06693j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive protein aggregation is the major outcome of kynurenic acid-sensitized photolysis of α-crystallin under anaerobic conditions. The main lens antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione effectively inhibit the protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Sherin
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - E. A. Zelentsova
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - E. D. Sormacheva
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - V. V. Yanshole
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - T. G. Duzhak
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
| | - Yu. P. Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science
- Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk
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34
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Avila F, Friguet B, Silva E. Photosensitizing Activity of Endogenous Eye Lens Chromophores: An Attempt to Unravel Their Contributions to Photo-Aging and Cataract Disease. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:767-79. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Avila
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Talca; Talca Chile
- Programa de Investigación de Excelencia Interdisciplinario en Envejecimiento Saludable (PIEI-ES); Universidad de Talca; Talca Chile
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06; CNRS UMR 8256; INSERM U1164; Adaptation Biologique et Vieillissement; Institute of Biology Paris-Seine; Paris France
| | - Eduardo Silva
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Química; Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
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35
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Hammond BR, Johnson BA, George ER. Oxidative photodegradation of ocular tissues: beneficial effects of filtering and exogenous antioxidants. Exp Eye Res 2014; 129:135-50. [PMID: 25236792 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The fact that light is necessary for life is generally accepted as an axiom. The extent to which light interacts and influences human biology, however, is often not fully appreciated. Exposure to sunlight, for instance, can both promote and degrade human health. There is now general scientific consensus that, although the eye evolved to respond to light, it is also damaged by excessive exposure. Light-mediated ocular damage is involved in the pathophysiology of many common forms of blindness. The type of ocular tissue damage induced by light exposure depends on the extent of exposure and wavelength. The tissues of the lens, cornea, and retina contain specific chemical moieties that have been proven to exhibit light-mediated oxidative degradation. Proteins and lipids present in the cornea, lens, and retina, meet all of the physical requirements known to initiate the process of oxidative photodegradation upon exposure to solar radiation. As such, different mechanisms have evolved in the lens, cornea, and retina to ameliorate such light-mediated oxidative damage. It appears, however, that such mechanisms are ill-matched to handle modern conditions: namely, poor diet and longer life-spans (and the degenerative diseases that accompany them). Hence, steps must be taken to protect the eye from the damaging effects of light. Preventative measures include minimizing actinic light exposure, providing exogenous filtering (e.g., through the use of protective lenses), and enhancing antioxidant defenses (e.g., through increased dietary intake of antioxidants). These strategies may yield long-term benefits in terms of reducing oxidative photodegradation of the ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Hammond
- Vision Sciences Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA.
| | - Bart A Johnson
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., 7500 Centurion Parkway, R&D 3rd Floor W3A, Jacksonville, FL 33256, USA
| | - Eric R George
- Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., 7500 Centurion Parkway, R&D 3rd Floor W3A, Jacksonville, FL 33256, USA.
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36
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Linetsky M, Raghavan CT, Johar K, Fan X, Monnier VM, Vasavada AR, Nagaraj RH. UVA light-excited kynurenines oxidize ascorbate and modify lens proteins through the formation of advanced glycation end products: implications for human lens aging and cataract formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17111-23. [PMID: 24798334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contribute to lens protein pigmentation and cross-linking during aging and cataract formation. In vitro experiments have shown that ascorbate (ASC) oxidation products can form AGEs in proteins. However, the mechanisms of ASC oxidation and AGE formation in the human lens are poorly understood. Kynurenines are tryptophan oxidation products produced from the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-mediated kynurenine pathway and are present in the human lens. This study investigated the ability of UVA light-excited kynurenines to photooxidize ASC and to form AGEs in lens proteins. UVA light-excited kynurenines in both free and protein-bound forms rapidly oxidized ASC, and such oxidation occurred even in the absence of oxygen. High levels of GSH inhibited but did not completely block ASC oxidation. Upon UVA irradiation, pigmented proteins from human cataractous lenses also oxidized ASC. When exposed to UVA light (320-400 nm, 100 milliwatts/cm(2), 45 min to 2 h), young human lenses (20-36 years), which contain high levels of free kynurenines, lost a significant portion of their ASC content and accumulated AGEs. A similar formation of AGEs was observed in UVA-irradiated lenses from human IDO/human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 mice, which contain high levels of kynurenines and ASC. Our data suggest that kynurenine-mediated ASC oxidation followed by AGE formation may be an important mechanism for lens aging and the development of senile cataracts in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Linetsky
- From the Departments of Chemistry, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,
| | | | - Kaid Johar
- the Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Center, Gurukul Road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380052, India
| | | | - Vincent M Monnier
- Pathology, and Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and
| | - Abhay R Vasavada
- the Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Center, Gurukul Road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380052, India
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37
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Rejdak R, Oleszczuk A, Rummelt C, Turski WA, Choragiewicz T, Nowomiejska K, Ksiazek K, Thaler S, Zarnowski T, Okuno E, Grieb P, Zrenner E, Kruse F, Junemann AGM. Presence and distribution of L-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human cataractous lenses. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e450-5. [PMID: 23590420 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human and animal lenses during cataract formation. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was conducted using polyclonal antibodies against KAT I, KAT II and KAT III on sections of 26 anterior capsules from patients undergoing surgical treatment of anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and 22 cataractous lenses from human eyes enucleated because of choroidal malignant melanoma. Additionally, the eyes of 11-month-old DBA/2J mice (6 eyes) were investigated (with KAT I and II). Ten clear human lenses and four BL6 mice lenses were used as controls. Spatial immunoreactivity patterns of enzymes were compared with Periodic Acid - Schiff (PAS)-stained sections. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed presence of KAT I, KAT II and KAT III in extracellular structures of all studied types of cataract in human eyes showing specific pattern of the stain. In cortical cataract, immunoreactivity was observed on cortical lens fibres. In nuclear cataract, KAT II revealed stronger and diffused staining than KAT I. Additionally, both KAT showed more pronounced staining at the edge of small clefts. In normal human lenses, KAT I, II and III, immunoreactivity was not observed. Presence of KAT I and KAT II in the intercellular substance of DBA/2J mice cataract was observed. In BL6 mice lenses without cataract, only weak KAT I and KAT II staining was observed. CONCLUSIONS Presence of l-kynurenine aminotransferases in extracellular matrix (ECM) during human cataract formation suggests that products of l-kynurenine pathway might be involved in mechanisms of cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rejdak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany
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38
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Haywood J, Mozziconacci O, Allegre KM, Kerwin BA, Schöneich C. Light-induced conversion of Trp to Gly and Gly hydroperoxide in IgG1. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1146-50. [PMID: 23363477 DOI: 10.1021/mp300680c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of IgG1 in aqueous solution to light with λ = 254 nm or λ > 295 nm yields products consistent with Trp radical cation formation followed by (α)C-(β)C cleavage of the Trp side chain. The resulting glycyl radicals either are reduced to Gly or add oxygen prior to reduction to Gly hydroperoxide. Photoirradiation at λ = 254 nm targets Trp at positions 191 (light chain), 309 and 377 (heavy chain) while photoirradiation at λ > 295 nm targets Trp at position 309 (heavy chain). Mechanistically, the formation of Trp radical cations likely proceeds via photoinduced electron or hydrogen transfer to disulfide bonds, yielding thiyl radicals and thiols, where thiols may serve as reductants for the intermediary glycyl or glycylperoxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Haywood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2095 Constant Avenue, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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39
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Bracchitta G, Catalfo A, De Guidi G. UVA photoinduced yeast protein modifications by methylene blue and naproxen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:967-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25359g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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A Class I UV-blocking (senofilcon A) soft contact lens prevents UVA-induced yellow fluorescence and NADH loss in the rabbit lens nucleus in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2012; 102:17-27. [PMID: 22766154 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that fluorescence, much of it caused by UVA light excitation, increases in the aging human lens, resulting in loss of sharp vision. This study used an in vivo animal model to investigate UVA-excited fluorescence in the rabbit lens, which contains a high level of the UVA chromophore NADH, existing both free and bound to λ-crystallin. Also, the ability of a Class I (senofilcon A) soft contact lens to protect against UVA-induced effects on the rabbit lens was tested. Rabbit eyes were irradiated with UVA light in vivo (100 mW/cm(2) on the cornea) for 1 h using monochromatic 365 nm light. Irradiation was conducted in the presence of either a senofilcon A contact lens, a minimally UV-absorbing lotrafilcon A contact lens, or no contact lens at all. Eyes irradiated without a contact lens showed blue 365 nm-excited fluorescence initially, but this changed to intense yellow fluorescence after 1 h. Isolated, previously irradiated lenses exhibited yellow fluorescence originating from the lens nucleus when viewed under 365 nm light, but showed normal blue fluorescence arising from the cortex. Previously irradiated lenses also exhibited a faint yellow color when observed under visible light. The senofilcon A contact lens protected completely against the UVA-induced effects on fluorescence and lens yellowing, whereas the lotrafilcon A lens showed no protection. The UVA-exposure also produced a 53% loss of total NADH (free plus bound) in the lens nucleus, with only a 13% drop in the anterior cortex. NADH loss in the nucleus was completely prevented with use of a senofilcon A contact lens, but no significant protection was observed with a lotrafilcon A lens. Overall, the senofilcon A lens provided an average of 67% protection against UVA-induced loss of four pyridine nucleotides in four different regions of the lens. HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection indicated a nearly six-fold increase in 365 nm-excited yellow fluorescence arising from lens nuclear λ-crystallin after the in vivo UVA exposure. It is concluded that UVA-induced loss of free NADH (which fluoresces blue) may have allowed the natural yellow fluorescence of λ-crystallin and other proteins in the lens nucleus to become visible. Increased fluorescence exhibited by UVA-exposed λ-crystallin may have been the result of a UVA-induced change in the conformation of the protein occurring during the initial UVA-exposure in vivo. The results demonstrate the greater susceptibility of the lens nucleus to UVA-induced stress, and may relate to the formation of human nuclear cataract. The senofilcon A contact lens was shown to be beneficial in protecting the rabbit lens against effects of UVA light, including changes in fluorescence, increased yellowing and loss of pyridine nucleotides.
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41
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Ávila F, Trejo S, Baraibar MA, Friguet B, Silva E. Photosensitized reactions mediated by the major chromophore arising from glucose decomposition, result in oxidation and cross-linking of lens proteins and activation of the proteasome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:564-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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42
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Bracchitta G, Catalfo A, De Guidi G. Photoinduced protein modifications by methylene blue and naproxen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1886-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Polimova AM, Vladimirova GA, Proskurnina EV, Vladimirov YA. Aromatic amino acid oxidation products as antioxidants. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091104021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Photo-induced damage to proteins occurs via multiple pathways. Direct damage induced by UVB (λ 280-320 nm) and UVA radiation (λ 320-400 nm) is limited to a small number of amino acid residues, principally tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), histidine (His) and disulfide (cystine) residues, with this occurring via both excited state species and radicals. Indirect protein damage can occur via singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)(1)Δ(g)), with this resulting in damage to Trp, Tyr, His, cystine, cysteine (Cys) and methionine (Met) residues. Although initial damage is limited to these residues multiple secondary processes, that occur both during and after radiation exposure, can result in damage to other intra- and inter-molecular sites. Secondary damage can arise via radicals (e.g. Trp, Tyr and Cys radicals), from reactive intermediates generated by (1)O(2) (e.g. Trp, Tyr and His peroxides) and via molecular reactions of photo-products (e.g. reactive carbonyls). These processes can result in protein fragmentation, aggregation, altered physical and chemical properties (e.g. hydrophobicity and charge) and modulated biological turnover. Accumulating evidence implicates these events in cellular and tissue dysfunction (e.g. apoptosis, necrosis and altered cell signaling), and multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Pattison
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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45
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Sherin PS, Grilj J, Kopylova LV, Yanshole VV, Tsentalovich YP, Vauthey E. Photophysics and Photochemistry of the UV Filter Kynurenine Covalently Attached to Amino Acids and to a Model Protein. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11909-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Sherin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Grilj
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyudmila V. Kopylova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vadim V. Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuri P. Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya str. 3a, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia, and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Mailankot M, Howell S, Nagaraj RH. Kynurenine inhibits fibroblast growth factor 2-mediated expression of crystallins and MIP26 in lens epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:609-20. [PMID: 20478381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-mediated signaling plays an important role in fiber cell differentiation in eye lens. We had previously shown that kynurenine (KYN) produced from the overexpression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) causes defects in the differentiation of fiber cells, induces fiber cell apoptosis and cataract formation in the mouse lens, and leads to cell cycle arrest in cultured mouse lens epithelial cells (mLEC). In this study, we demonstrate that exogenous KYN reduces FGF2-mediated expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallin and MIP26 in mLEC. We show that endogenously produced KYN in mLEC of IDO transgenic animals causes similar defects in FGF2-induced protein expression and that a competitive inhibitor of IDO prevents such defects. Our data also show that KYN inhibits FGF2-induced Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mLEC, which are required for crystallin and MIP26 expression in the lens. KYN does not inhibit FGF2 binding to cells but inhibit phosphorylation of FGFR1in mLEC. Together our data suggest that KYN might inhibit FGF2-mediated fiber cell differentiation by preventing expression of crystallins and MIP26. Our studies provide a novel mechanism by which KYN can exert deleterious effects in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Mailankot
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by interferon-gamma in human lens epithelial cells: apoptosis through the formation of 3-hydroxykynurenine. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1446-54. [PMID: 20435158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is known to cause apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and cataract formation, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. IFN-gamma induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and thereby enhances the production of kynurenines from l-tryptophan. The present study was designed to investigate the role of IDO and kynurenines in the IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and to determine the signaling pathways involved. IFN-gamma stimulated the synthesis of IDO and activated the JAK-STAT1 signaling pathway in human lens epithelial cells (HLE-B3) in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, fludarabine, an inhibitor of STAT1 activation, blocked IFN-gamma-mediated IDO expression. N-Formylkynurenine, kynurenine (Kyn) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) were detected in cells, with 3OHKyn concentrations being higher than those of the other kynurenines. The intracellular production of kynurenines was completely blocked by 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (MT), an inhibitor of IDO. Kyn- and 3OHKyn-modified proteins were detected in IFN-gamma-treated cells. The induction of IDO by IFN-gamma in HLE-B3 cells caused increases in intracellular ROS, cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity, along with a decrease in protein-free thiol content. These changes were accompanied by apoptosis. At equimolar concentrations, 3OHKyn caused higher levels of apoptosis than the other kynurenines in HLE-B3 cells. MT and a kynurenine 3-hydroxylase inhibitor (Ro61-8048) effectively inhibited IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis in HLE-B3 cells. Our results show that the induction of IDO by IFN-gamma is JAK-STAT1 pathway-dependent and that this induction causes 3OHKyn-mediated apoptosis in HLE-B3 cells. These data suggest that IDO-mediated kynurenine formation could play a role in cataract formation related to chronic inflammation.
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48
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Antioxidative properties of nitroxyl radicals and hydroxyamines in reactions with triplet and deaminated kynurenine. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ebbel EN, Leymarie N, Schiavo S, Sharma S, Gevorkian S, Hersch S, Matson WR, Costello CE. Identification of phenylbutyrate-generated metabolites in Huntington disease patients using parallel liquid chromatography/electrochemical array/mass spectrometry and off-line tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2010; 399:152-61. [PMID: 20074541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) is currently under investigation as a histone deacetylation (HDAC) inhibitor in Huntington disease (HD). Ongoing studies indicate that symptoms related to HD genetic abnormalities decrease with SPB therapy. In a recently reported safety and tolerability study of SPB in HD, we analyzed overall chromatographic patterns from a method that employs gradient liquid chromatography with series electrochemical array, ultraviolet (UV), and fluorescence (LCECA/UV/F) for measuring SPB and its metabolite phenylacetate (PA). We found that plasma and urine from SPB-treated patients yielded individual-specific patterns of approximately 20 metabolites that may provide a means for the selection of subjects for extended trials of SPB. The structural identification of these metabolites is of critical importance because their characterization will facilitate understanding the mechanisms of drug action and possible side effects. We have now developed an iterative process with LCECA, parallel LCECA/LCMS, and high-performance tandem MS for metabolite characterization. Here we report the details of this method and its use for identification of 10 plasma and urinary metabolites in treated subjects, including indole species in urine that are not themselves metabolites of SPB. Thus, this approach contributes to understanding metabolic pathways that differ among HD patients being treated with SPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N Ebbel
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Yanshole VV, Sherin PS, Gritsan NP, Snytnikova OA, Mamatyuk VI, Grilj J, Vauthey E, Sagdeev RZ, Tsentalovich YP. Photoinduced tautomeric transformations of xanthurenic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9502-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c000735h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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