1
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Wang T, Zhang Y. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets of carbon monoxide poisoning: A focus on reactive oxygen species. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 403:111223. [PMID: 39237073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning presents a substantial public health challenge that necessitates the identification of its pathological mechanisms and therapeutic targets. CO toxicity arises from tissue hypoxia-ischemia secondary to carboxyhemoglobin formation, and cellular damage mediated by CO at the cellular level. The mitochondria are the major targets of neuronal damage caused by CO. Under normal physiological conditions, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are byproducts of aerobic metabolism. While low ROS levels are crucial for essential cellular functions, including signal transduction, differentiation, responses to hypoxia and immunity, transcriptional regulation, and autophagy, excess ROS become pathological and exacerbate CO poisoning. This review presents the evidence of elevated ROS being associated with the progression of CO poisoning. Antioxidant treatments targeting ROS removal have been proven effective in mitigating CO poisoning, underscoring their therapeutic potential. In this review, we highlight the latest advances in the understanding of the role and the clinical implications of ROS in CO poisoning. We focus on cellular sources of ROS, the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial oxidative stress, and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting ROS in CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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2
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Savioli G, Gri N, Ceresa IF, Piccioni A, Zanza C, Longhitano Y, Ricevuti G, Daccò M, Esposito C, Candura SM. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: From Occupational Health to Emergency Medicine. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2466. [PMID: 38730995 PMCID: PMC11084260 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide poisoning remains a leading cause of accidental poisoning worldwide (both at home and at work), and it is also a cause of suicidal poisoning. Such poisoning can arise following prolonged exposure to low levels of CO or following brief exposure to high concentrations of the gas. In fact, despite exposure limits, high safety standards, and the availability of CO alarms, nearly 50,000 people in the United States visit the emergency department each year due to poisoning. Additionally, CO poisoning in the United States causes up to 500 deaths each year. Despite the widespread nature of this form of poisoning, known about for centuries and whose damage mechanisms have been recognized (or rather hypothesized about) since the 1800s, early recognition, especially of late complications, and treatment remain a medical challenge. A well-designed therapeutic diagnostic process is necessary so that indication for hyperbaric or normobaric therapy is correctly made and so that patients are followed up even after acute exposure to diagnose late complications early. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider that in the setting of emergency medicine, CO poisoning can be part of a differential diagnosis along with other more frequent conditions, making its recognition difficult. The last thirty years have been marked by a significant increase in knowledge regarding the toxicity of CO, as well as its functioning and its importance at physiological concentrations in mammalian systems. This review, taking into account the significant progress made in recent years, aims to reconsider the pathogenicity of CO, which is not trivially just poisonous to tissues. A revision of the paradigm, especially as regards treatment and sequelae, appears necessary, and new studies should focus on this new point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Savioli
- Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicole Gri
- Niguarda Cancer Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milano, Italy;
| | - Iride Francesca Ceresa
- Emergency Department and Internal Medicine, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano—Gruppo San Donato, 27029 Vigevano, Italy;
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Polyclinic Agostino Gemelli/IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Christian Zanza
- Geriatric Medicine Residency Program, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Yaroslava Longhitano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
- Department of Emergency Medicine—Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Humanitas University—Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Emergency Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Daccò
- ATS Pavia, Continuità Assistenziale, Via Teodoro Lovati, 45, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, ICS Maugeri, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano M. Candura
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Dent MR, Rose JJ, Tejero J, Gladwin MT. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: From Microbes to Therapeutics. Annu Rev Med 2024; 75:337-351. [PMID: 37582490 PMCID: PMC11160397 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052422-020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to 50,000-100,000 emergency room visits and 1,500-2,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. Even with treatment, survivors often suffer from long-term cardiac and neurocognitive deficits, highlighting a clear unmet medical need for novel therapeutic strategies that reduce morbidity and mortality associated with CO poisoning. This review examines the prevalence and impact of CO poisoning and pathophysiology in humans and highlights recent advances in therapeutic strategies that accelerate CO clearance and mitigate toxicity. We focus on recent developments of high-affinity molecules that take advantage of the uniquely strong interaction between CO and heme to selectively bind and sequester CO in preclinical models. These scavengers, which employ heme-binding scaffolds ranging from organic small molecules to hemoproteins derived from humans and potentially even microorganisms, show promise as field-deployable antidotes that may rapidly accelerate CO clearance and improve outcomes for survivors of acute CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Dent
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
| | - Jason J Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
| | - Jesús Tejero
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; ,
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4
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Liu H, Liu T, Qin Q, Li B, Li F, Zhang B, Sun W. The importance of and difficulties involved in creating molecular probes for a carbon monoxide gasotransmitter. Analyst 2023; 148:3952-3970. [PMID: 37522849 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the triumvirate of recognized gasotransmitter molecules, namely NO, H2S, and CO, the physiological effects of CO and its potential as a biomarker have been widely investigated, garnering particular attention due to its reported hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent. However, the development of CO molecular probes has remained relatively stagnant in comparison with the fluorescent probes for NO and H2S, owing to its inert molecular state under physiological conditions. In this review, starting from elucidating the definition and significance of CO as a gasotransmitter, the imperative for the advancement of CO probes, especially fluorescent probes, is expounded. Subsequently, the current state of development of CO probe methodologies is comprehensively reviewed, with an overview of the challenges and prospects in this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Liu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bingyu Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Meng YH, Hsieh MS, Chi YC, How CK, Chen PC, Chang CM. Effect of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on Epilepsy Development: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Emerg Med 2023:S0196-0644(22)01315-4. [PMID: 36797130 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes central nervous system toxicity resulting in delayed neurologic sequelae. This study aims to evaluate the risk of epilepsy in patients with a history of CO intoxication. METHODS We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and enrolled patients with and without CO poisoning matched for age, sex, and index year in a 1:5 ratio, between 2000 and 2010. Multivariable survival models were used to assess the risk of epilepsy. The primary outcome was newly developed epilepsy after the index date. All patients were followed until a new diagnosis of epilepsy, death, or December 31, 2013. Stratification analyses by age and sex were also conducted. RESULTS This study included 8,264 patients with CO poisoning and 41,320 without. Patients with a history of CO poisoning were strongly associated with subsequent epilepsy (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 8.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.48 to 10.88). In the age-stratified analysis, intoxicated patients aged 20 to 39 years had the highest HR (adjusted HR 11.06; 95% CI, 7.17 to 17.08). In the sex-stratified analysis, adjusted HRs for male and female patients were 8.00 (95% CI, 5.86 to 10.92) and 9.53 (95% CI, 5.95 to 15.26), respectively. CONCLUSION Patients with CO poisoning were associated with an increased risk of developing epilepsy compared with those without CO poisoning. This association was more prominent in the young population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Meng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shun Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taoyuan Branch, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chorng-Kuang How
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Yang X, Yuan Z, Lu W, Yang C, Wang M, Tripathi R, Fultz Z, Tan C, Wang B. De Novo Construction of Fluorophores via CO Insertion-Initiated Lactamization: A Chemical Strategy toward Highly Sensitive and Highly Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Probes for Carbon Monoxide. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:78-88. [PMID: 36548940 PMCID: PMC10287542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies in the last few decades have led to the establishment of CO as an endogenous signaling molecule and subsequently to the exploration of CO's therapeutic roles. In the current state, there is a critical conundrum in CO-related research: the extensive knowledge of CO's biological effects and yet an insufficient understanding of the quantitative correlations between the CO concentration and biological responses of various natures. This conundrum is partially due to the difficulty in examining precise concentration-response relationships of a gaseous molecule. Another reason is the need for appropriate tools for the sensitive detection and concentration determination of CO in the biological system. We herein report a new chemical approach to the design of fluorescent CO probes through de novo construction of fluorophores by a CO insertion-initiated lactamization reaction, which allows for ultra-low background and exclusivity in CO detection. Two series of CO detection probes have been designed and synthesized using this strategy. Using these probes, we have extensively demonstrated their utility in quantifying CO in blood, tissue, and cell culture and in cellular imaging of CO from exogenous and endogenous sources. The probes described will enable many biology and chemistry labs to study CO's functions in a concentration-dependent fashion with very high sensitivity and selectivity. The chemical and design principles described will also be applicable in designing fluorescent probes for other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Ce Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Ravi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zach Fultz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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7
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Lee H, Oh J, Kang H, Ahn C, Namgung M, Kim CW, Kim W, Kim YS, Shin H, Lim TH. Association between Early Phase Serum Lactate Levels and Occurrence of Delayed Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in Adult Patients with Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040651. [PMID: 35455767 PMCID: PMC9028543 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of treating carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is preventing or minimizing the development of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS). Therefore, screening patients with a high probability for the occurrence of DNS at the earliest is essential. However, prognostic tools for predicting DNS are insufficient, and the usefulness of the lactate level as a predictor is unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between early phase serum lactate levels and the occurrence of DNS in adult patients with acute CO poisoning. Observational studies that included adult patients with CO poisoning and reported initial lactate concentrations were retrieved from the Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and six domestic databases (KoreaMED, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, KISTi and RISS) in January 2022. Lactate values were collected as continuous variables and analyzed using standardized mean differences (SMD) using a random-effect model. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool, and subgroup, sensitivity and meta regression analyses were performed. Eight studies involving a total of 1350 patients were included. The early phase serum lactate concentration was significantly higher in the DNS group than in the non-DNS group in adult patients with acute CO poisoning (8 studies; SMD, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11−0.50; I2 = 44%; p = 0.002). The heterogeneity decreased to I2 = 8% in sensitivity analysis (omitting Han2021; 7 studies; SMD, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.23−0.53; I2 = 8%; p < 0.001). The risk of bias was assessed as high in five studies. The DNS group was associated with significantly higher lactate concentration than that in the non-DNS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.L.); (J.O.); (H.S.); (T.H.L.)
| | - Jaehoon Oh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.L.); (J.O.); (H.S.); (T.H.L.)
| | - Hyunggoo Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.L.); (J.O.); (H.S.); (T.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2290-9829
| | - Chiwon Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (C.A.); (M.N.); (C.W.K.)
| | - Myeong Namgung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (C.A.); (M.N.); (C.W.K.)
| | - Chan Woong Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (C.A.); (M.N.); (C.W.K.)
| | - Wonhee Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Hyungoo Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.L.); (J.O.); (H.S.); (T.H.L.)
| | - Tae Ho Lim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (H.L.); (J.O.); (H.S.); (T.H.L.)
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Coburn RF. Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling During Acute CO Poisoning. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:830241. [PMID: 35370627 PMCID: PMC8972574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.830241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major toxic effects of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning result from increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) producing oxidative stress. The importance of altered nitric oxide (NO) signaling in evoking increases in RNS during CO poisoning has been established. Although there is extensive literature describing NO and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling in different types of cells under normal conditions, how CO poisoning-evoked deregulation of additional NO signaling pathways and H2S signaling pathways could result in cell injury has not been previously considered in detail. The goal of this article was to do this. The approach was to use published data to describe signaling pathways driven by CO bonding to different ferroproteins and then to collate data that describe NO and H2S signaling pathways that could interact with CO signaling pathways and be important during CO poisoning. Arteriolar smooth muscle cells—endothelial cells located in the coronary and some cerebral circulations—were used as a model to illustrate major signaling pathways driven by CO bonding to different ferroproteins. The results were consistent with the concept that multiple deregulated and interacting NO and H2S signaling pathways can be involved in producing cell injury evoked during acute CO poisoning and that these pathways interact with CO signaling pathways.
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Mao Q, Kawaguchi AT, Mizobata S, Motterlini R, Foresti R, Kitagishi H. Sensitive quantification of carbon monoxide in vivo reveals a protective role of circulating hemoglobin in CO intoxication. Commun Biol 2021; 4:425. [PMID: 33782534 PMCID: PMC8007703 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous molecule known as the silent killer. It is widely believed that an increase in blood carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) is the best biomarker to define CO intoxication, while the fact that CO accumulation in tissues is the most likely direct cause of mortality is less investigated. There is no reliable method other than gas chromatography to accurately determine CO content in tissues. Here we report the properties and usage of hemoCD1, a synthetic supramolecular compound composed of an iron(II)porphyrin and a cyclodextrin dimer, as an accessible reagent for a simple colorimetric assay to quantify CO in biological samples. The assay was validated in various organ tissues collected from rats under normal conditions and after exposure to CO. The kinetic profile of CO in blood and tissues after CO treatment suggested that CO accumulation in tissues is prevented by circulating Hb, revealing a protective role of Hb in CO intoxication. Furthermore, hemoCD1 was used in vivo as a CO removal agent, showing that it acts as an effective adjuvant to O2 ventilation to eliminate residual CO accumulated in organs, including the brain. These findings open new therapeutic perspectives to counteract the toxicity associated with CO poisoning. Mao et al. report highly sensitive quantification of carbon monoxide with a simple colorimetric assay, exploiting a synthetic supramolecular compound, hemoCD1. It can reveal distribution of CO in organs including the brain and can also serve as a CO scavenger for residual CO accumulated in organs. Finally, the authors showed circulating hemoglobin plays a protective role in CO intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Mao
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira T Kawaguchi
- Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun Mizobata
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Roberta Foresti
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.
| | - Hiroaki Kitagishi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Chen RJ, Lee YH, Chen TH, Chen YY, Yeh YL, Chang CP, Huang CC, Guo HR, Wang YJ. Carbon monoxide-triggered health effects: the important role of the inflammasome and its possible crosstalk with autophagy and exosomes. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1141-1159. [PMID: 33554280 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been known as a "silent killer" because of its ability to bind hemoglobin (Hb), leading to reduced oxygen carrying capacity of Hb, which is the main cause of CO poisoning (COP) in humans. Emerging studies suggest that mitochondria is a key target of CO action that can impact key biological processes, including apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and autophagy. Despite its toxicity at high concentrations, CO also exhibits cyto- and tissue-protective effects at low concentrations in animal models of organ injury and disease. Specifically, CO modulates the production of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and mediators by regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Given that human diseases are strongly associated with inflammation, a deep understanding of the exact mechanism is helpful for treatment. Autophagic factors and inflammasomes interact in various situations, including inflammatory disease, and exosomes might function as the bridge between the inflammasome and autophagy activation. Thus, the interplay among autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, exosomes, and the inflammasome may play pivotal roles in the health effects of CO. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the beneficial and toxic effects of CO and their underlying mechanisms, focusing on the important role of the inflammasome and its possible crosstalk with autophagy and exosomes. This knowledge may lead to the development of new therapies for inflammation-related diseases and is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers of COP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hao Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Occupational Safety, Health and Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 70428, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Huang CC, Ho CH, Chen YC, Hsu CC, Lin HJ, Wang JJ, Guo HR. Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disease Following Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:1287-1298. [PMID: 33262659 PMCID: PMC7686473 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s266396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In addition to hypoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation due to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning cause adverse health effects. These mechanisms are related to the occurrence of autoimmune connective tissue disease, but studies on the association between CO poisoning and autoimmune connective tissue disease are limited. We conducted a study to evaluate the occurrence of autoimmune connective tissue disease following CO poisoning. Methods We identified participants with CO poisoning diagnosed between 1999 and 2012 from the Nationwide Poisoning Database and selected participants without CO poisoning from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database with matching age and index dates at a 1:3 ratio. Sex, underlying comorbidities, and monthly income were also included in the analyses. We followed up the participants until 2013 and made comparison of the risk of autoimmune connective tissue disease between participants with and without CO poisoning. Results The 23,877 participants with CO poisoning had a higher risk for autoimmune connective tissue disease than the 71,631 participants without CO poisoning (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.1–3.9) after adjustment for sex, diabetes, Lyme disease, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, HIV infection, liver disease, renal disease, non-CO poisoning or drug abuse, malignancy, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and monthly income. An increased risk was observed even after 4 years of follow-up (AHR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.0–4.4). Conclusion The risk of autoimmune connective tissue disease increased following CO poisoning. Close follow-up of the patients with CO poisoning for the development of connective tissue disease is recommended, and further investigation of the detailed mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Han Ho
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chin Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jung Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhi-Joung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Allied AI Biomed Center, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Occupational Safety, Health and Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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12
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Coburn RF. Coronary and cerebral metabolism-blood flow coupling and pulmonary alveolar ventilation-blood flow coupling may be disabled during acute carbon monoxide poisoning. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1039-1050. [PMID: 32853110 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00172.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that the toxicity of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning results from increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation plus tissue hypoxia resulting from decreases in capillary Po2 evoked by effects of increases in blood [carboxyhemoglobin] on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. There has not been consideration of how increases in Pco could influence metabolism-blood flow coupling, a physiological mechanism that regulates the uniformity of tissue Po2, and alveolar ventilation-blood flow coupling, a mechanism that increases the efficiency of pulmonary O2 uptake. Using published data, I consider hypotheses that these coupling mechanisms, triggered by O2 and CO sensors located in arterial and arteriolar vessels in the coronary and cerebral circulations and in lung intralobar arteries, are disrupted during acute CO poisoning. These hypotheses are supported by calculations that show that the Pco in these vessels can reach levels during CO poisoning that would exert effects on signal transduction molecules involved in these coupling mechanisms.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article introduces and supports a postulate that the tissue hypoxia component of carbon monoxide poisoning results in part from impairment of physiological adaptation mechanisms whereby tissues can match regional blood flow to O2 uptake, and the lung can match regional blood flow to alveolar ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald F Coburn
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Morris G, Puri BK, Walker AJ, Berk M, Walder K, Bortolasci CC, Marx W, Carvalho AF, Maes M. The compensatory antioxidant response system with a focus on neuroprogressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109708. [PMID: 31351160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major antioxidant responses to increased levels of inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress (ONS) are detailed. In response to increasing levels of nitric oxide, S-nitrosylation of cysteine thiol groups leads to post-transcriptional modification of many cellular proteins and thereby regulates their activity and allows cellular adaptation to increased levels of ONS. S-nitrosylation inhibits the function of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, toll-like receptor-mediated signalling and the activity of several mitogen-activated protein kinases, while activating nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2 or NFE2L2); in turn, the redox-regulated activation of Nrf2 leads to increased levels and/or activity of key enzymes and transporter systems involved in the glutathione system. The Nrf2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 axis is associated with upregulation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, which in turn has anti-inflammatory effects. Increased Nrf2 transcriptional activity also leads to activation of haem oxygenase-1, which is associated with upregulation of bilirubin, biliverdin and biliverdin reductase as well as increased carbon monoxide signalling, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Associated transcriptional responses, which may be mediated by retrograde signalling owing to elevated hydrogen peroxide, include the unfolded protein response (UPR), mitohormesis and the mitochondrial UPR; the UPR also results from increasing levels of mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species leading to nitrosylation, glutathionylation, oxidation and nitration of crucial cysteine and tyrosine causing protein misfolding and the development of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is shown how these mechanisms co-operate in forming a co-ordinated rapid and prolonged compensatory antioxidant response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Walker
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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14
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Guo D, Hu H, Pan S. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and regeneration failure: A novel hypothesis of delayed encephalopathy after carbon monoxide poisoning. Med Hypotheses 2019; 136:109522. [PMID: 31841765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning usually causes brain lesions and delayed encephalopathy, also known as delayed neurological sequelae (DNS). Demyelination of white matter (WM) is one of the most common sites of abnormalities in patients with DNS, but its mechanisms remain unclear. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are myelinated cells that ensure the rapid conduction of neuronal axon signals and provide the nutritional factors necessary for maintaining nerve integrity in the central nervous system (CNS). OLs readily regenerate and replace damaged myelin membranes around axons in the adult mammalian CNS following demyelination. The ability to regenerate OLs depends on the availability of precursor cells (OPCs) in the CNS of adults. Multiple injury-related signals can induce OPC expansion followed by OL differentiation, axonal contact and myelin regeneration (remyelination). Therefore, OL dysfunction and regeneration failure in the deep WM of the brain are the key pathophysiological mechanisms leading to delayed brain injury after CO poisoning. CO-induced toxicity may interfere with OL function and render OPCs unable to regenerate OLs through some unclear mechanisms, leading to progressive demyelinating damage and resulting in DNS. In the future, combination therapies to reduce OL damage and promote OPC differentiation and remyelination may be important for the prevention and treatmentof DNS after CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Huijun Hu
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shuyi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, The Sixth Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
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15
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Chou MC, Li JY, Lai PH. Longitudinal White Matter Changes following Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A 9-Month Follow-Up Voxelwise Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:478-482. [PMID: 30765380 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication exhibit progressive WM changes that are not well-understood. The purpose of this study was to detect longitudinal WM changes using voxelwise diffusional kurtosis imaging in patients with CO intoxication from the acute-to-chronic stage after CO intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four patients with CO intoxication and 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Diffusional kurtosis imaging was performed on all subjects and was conducted repeatedly in patients at 1 week and 1, 3, and 9 months after CO intoxication. Voxelwise diffusional kurtosis imaging analysis was performed to detect global WM changes in the patients with and without WM lesions. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to compare the performance of diffusional indices in differentiating patients with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae from patients without them. RESULTS In voxelwise analysis, progressive WM changes were detected in patients with WM lesions. In the acute phase, WM injuries were found mainly in the dopaminergic pathways at 1 week, whereas in the chronic stage, WM injuries extended toward subcortical areas from 1 to 9 months. However, no significant WM change was noted in patients without WM lesions during the 9 months after CO intoxication. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that axial kurtosis and mean kurtosis values had better performance than other diffusional indices in differentiating patients with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae from patients without them at 1 week after CO intoxication. CONCLUSIONS Voxelwise diffusional kurtosis imaging analysis was helpful to longitudinally investigate WM changes and predict the prognosis of patients after CO intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-C Chou
- From the Departments of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences (M.-C.C.)
- Healthcare Administration and Medical Informatics (M.-C.C.), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Medical Research (M.-C.C.), Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - J-Y Li
- Department of Neurology (J.-Y.L.), E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine (J.-Y.L.), I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing (J.-Y.L.), Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P-H Lai
- Department of Radiology (P.-H.L.), Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine (P.-H.L.), College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Vogt S, Irqsusi M, Naraghi H, Sattler A, Ruppert V, Weber P, Rhiel A, Ramzan R. Mitochondrial active and relaxed state respiration after heat shock mRNA response in the heart. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:106-112. [PMID: 30784473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of Heat Shock Proteins results in cytoprotection. Beneficial effect results from transcription and translational cellular components' involvement that defends metabolism and thus induce ischemic protection of the tissue. Mitochondrial respiration is also involved in stress- induced conditions. It is not a uniform process. Cytochrome c Oxidase (CytOx) representing complex IV of the Electron Transfer Chain (ETC) has a regulatory role for mitochondrial respiratory activity, which is tested in our study after hsp induction. Moreover, protein translation for mitochondrial components was probed by the detection of MT-CO1 for Subunit 1 of CytOx neosynthesis. Wistar rats were subjected to whole-body hyperthermia at 42.0-42.5 °C for 15 min followed by a normothermic recovery period. Heat shock response was monitored time dependent from LV biopsies of all control and heat treated animals with PCR-analysis for hsp 32, 60, 70.1, 70.2, 90 and MT-CO1 expression at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 360 min recovery (n = 5 in each group), respectively. Enzymatic activity of CytOx were evaluated polarographically. High energy phosphates were detected by chromatographic analysis. The mRNA expression of MT-CO1 peaked at 60 min and was accompanied by hsp 32 (r = 0.457; p = 0.037) and hsp 70.2 (r = 0.615; p = 0.003) upregulation. With hsp induction, mitochondrial respiration was increased initially. Enzymatic activity reconciled from active into relaxed status wherein CytOx activity was completely inhibited by ATP. Myocardial ATP content increased from stress induced point i.e. < 1 µmol g-1 protein w/w to finally 1.5 ± 0.53 µmol g-1 protein w/w at 120 min recovery interval. Hyperthermic, myocardial hsp- induction goes along with increased CytOx activity representing an increased "active" mitochondrial respiration. In parallel, de -novo holoenzyme assembly of CytOx begins as shown by MT-CO1 upregulation at 60 min recovery time crossing with a final return to the physiological "relaxed" state and ATP -inhibited respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Vogt
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps, University Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Irqsusi
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany
| | - Hamid Naraghi
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany
| | - Alexander Sattler
- Center for Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany
| | - Volker Ruppert
- Center for Internal Medicine, Cardiology, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany
| | - Petra Weber
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps, University Marburg, Germany
| | - Annika Rhiel
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps, University Marburg, Germany
| | - Rabia Ramzan
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Marburg und Giessen GmbH, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Lab, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps, University Marburg, Germany
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17
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Terraneo L, Samaja M. Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091914. [PMID: 28880206 PMCID: PMC5618563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two antithetic terms, hypoxia and hyperoxia, i.e., insufficient and excess oxygen availability with respect to needs, are thought to trigger opposite responses in cells and tissues. This review aims at summarizing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypoxia and hyperoxia in brain and cerebral tissue, a context that may prove to be useful for characterizing not only several clinically relevant aspects, but also aspects related to the evolution of oxygen transport and use by the tissues. While the response to acute hypoxia/hyperoxia presumably recruits only a minor portion of the potentially involved cell machinery, focusing into chronic conditions, instead, enables to take into consideration a wider range of potential responses to oxygen-linked stress, spanning from metabolic to genic. We will examine how various brain subsystems, including energetic metabolism, oxygen sensing, recruitment of pro-survival pathways as protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), neurotrophins (BDNF), erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptors (EpoR), neuroglobin (Ngb), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), deal with chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia to end-up with the final outcomes, oxidative stress and brain damage. A more complex than expected pattern results, which emphasizes the delicate balance between the severity of the stress imposed by hypoxia and hyperoxia and the recruitment of molecular and cellular defense patterns. While for certain functions the expectation that hypoxia and hyperoxia should cause opposite responses is actually met, for others it is not, and both emerge as dangerous treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Terraneo
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
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18
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Rose JJ, Wang L, Xu Q, McTiernan CF, Shiva S, Tejero J, Gladwin MT. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions of Therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:596-606. [PMID: 27753502 PMCID: PMC5363978 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201606-1275ci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning affects 50,000 people a year in the United States. The clinical presentation runs a spectrum, ranging from headache and dizziness to coma and death, with a mortality rate ranging from 1 to 3%. A significant number of patients who survive CO poisoning suffer from long-term neurological and affective sequelae. The neurologic deficits do not necessarily correlate with blood CO levels but likely result from the pleiotropic effects of CO on cellular mitochondrial respiration, cellular energy utilization, inflammation, and free radical generation, especially in the brain and heart. Long-term neurocognitive deficits occur in 15-40% of patients, whereas approximately one-third of moderate to severely poisoned patients exhibit cardiac dysfunction, including arrhythmia, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and myocardial infarction. Imaging studies reveal cerebral white matter hyperintensities, with delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy or diffuse brain atrophy. Management of these patients requires the identification of accompanying drug ingestions, especially in the setting of intentional poisoning, fire-related toxic gas exposures, and inhalational injuries. Conventional therapy is limited to normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen, with no available antidotal therapy. Although hyperbaric oxygen significantly reduces the permanent neurological and affective effects of CO poisoning, a portion of survivors still have substantial morbidity. There has been some early success in therapies targeting the downstream inflammatory and oxidative effects of CO poisoning. New methods to directly target the toxic effect of CO, such as CO scavenging agents, are currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Rose
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Ling Wang
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Qinzi Xu
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical, and
- Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jesus Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine
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Suliman HB, Keenan JE, Piantadosi CA. Mitochondrial quality-control dysregulation in conditional HO-1 -/- mice. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89676. [PMID: 28194437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1; HO-1) pathway was tested for defense of mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocyte-specific Hmox1 KO mice (HO-1[CM]-/-) exposed to oxidative stress (100% O2). After 48 hours of exposure, these mice showed persistent cardiac inflammation and oxidative tissue damage that caused sarcomeric disruption, cardiomyocyte death, left ventricular dysfunction, and cardiomyopathy, while control hearts showed minimal damage. After hyperoxia, HO-1(CM)-/- hearts showed suppression of the Pgc-1α/nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) axis, swelling, low electron density mitochondria by electron microscopy (EM), increased cell death, and extensive collagen deposition. The damage mechanism involves structurally deficient autophagy/mitophagy, impaired LC3II processing, and failure to upregulate Pink1- and Park2-mediated mitophagy. The mitophagy pathway was suppressed through loss of NRF-1 binding to proximal promoter sites on both genes. These results indicate that cardiac Hmox1 induction not only prevents heme toxicity, but also regulates the timing and registration of genetic programs for mitochondrial quality control that limit cell death, pathological remodeling, and cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Anesthesiology.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Relation between brain temperature and white matter damage in subacute carbon monoxide poisoning. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36523. [PMID: 27819312 PMCID: PMC5098147 DOI: 10.1038/srep36523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the previous studies, carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning showed an imbalance between cerebral perfusion and metabolism in the acute phase and the brain temperature (BT) in these patients remained abnormally high from the acute to the subacute phase. As observed in chronic ischemic patients, BT can continuously remain high depending on impairments of cerebral blood flow and metabolism; this is because heat removal and production system in the brain may mainly be maintained by the balance of these two factors; thus, cerebral white matter damage (WMD) affecting normal metabolism may affect the BT in patients with CO poisoning. Here, we investigated whether the BT correlates with the degree of WMD in patients with subacute CO-poisoning. In 16 patients with subacute CO-poisoning, the BT and degree of WMD were quantitatively measured by using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the fractional anisotropy (FA) value from diffusion tensor imaging dataset. Consequently, the BT significantly correlated with the degree of WMD. In particular, BT observed in patients with delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae, a crucial symptom with sudden-onset in the chronic phase after CO exposure, might indicate cerebral hypo-metabolism and abnormal hemodynamics like “matched perfusion,” in which the reduced perfusion matches the reduced metabolism.
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21
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Moallem SA, Mohamadpour AH, Abnous K, Sankian M, Sadeghnia HR, Tsatsakis A, Shahsavand S. Erythropoietin in the treatment of carbon monoxide neurotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brain temperature measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute and subacute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neuroradiology 2015; 58:27-32. [PMID: 26446147 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain temperature (BT) is associated with the balance between cerebral blood flow and metabolism according to the "heat-removal" theory. The present study investigated whether BT is abnormally altered in acute and subacute CO-poisoned patients by using (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS Eight adult CO-poisoned patients underwent 3-T magnetic resonance imaging in the acute and subacute phases after CO exposure. MRS was performed on deep cerebral white matter in the centrum semiovale, and MRS-based BT was estimated by the chemical shift difference between water and the N-acetyl aspartate signal. We defined the mean BT + 1.96 standard deviations of the BT in 15 healthy controls as the cutoff value for abnormal BT increases (p < 0.05) in CO-poisoned patients. RESULTS BT of CO-poisoned patients in both the acute and subacute phases was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group. However, BT in the subacute phase was significantly lower than in the acute phase. On the other hand, no significant difference in body temperature was observed between acute and subacute CO-poisoned patients. BT weakly correlated with body temperature, but this correlation was not statistically significant (rho = 0.304, p = 0.2909). CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that BT in CO-poisoned patients is abnormally high in the acute phase and remains abnormal in the subacute phase. BT alteration in these patients may be associated with brain perfusion and metabolism rather than other factors such as systemic inflammation and body temperature.
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23
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Cervellin G, Comelli I, Buonocore R, Picanza A, Rastelli G, Lippi G. Serum bilirubin value predicts hospital admission in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients. Active player or simple bystander? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2015; 70:628-31. [PMID: 26375565 PMCID: PMC4557572 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2015(09)06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although carbon monoxide poisoning is a major medical emergency, the armamentarium of recognized prognostic biomarkers displays unsatisfactory diagnostic performance for predicting cumulative endpoints. METHODS We performed a retrospective and observational study to identify all patients admitted for carbon monoxide poisoning during a 2-year period. Complete demographical and clinical information, along with the laboratory data regarding arterial carboxyhemoglobin, hemoglobin, blood lactate and total serum bilirubin, was retrieved. RESULTS The study population consisted of 38 poisoned patients (23 females and 15 males; mean age 39 ± 21 years). Compared with discharged subjects, hospitalized patients displayed significantly higher values for blood lactate and total serum bilirubin, whereas arterial carboxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin did not differ. In a univariate analysis, hospitalization was significantly associated with blood lactate and total serum bilirubin, but not with age, sex, hemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin. The diagnostic performance obtained after combining the blood lactate and total serum bilirubin results (area under the curve, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99; p<0.001) was better than that obtained for either parameter alone. CONCLUSION Although it remains unclear whether total serum bilirubin acts as an active player or a bystander, we conclude that the systematic assessment of bilirubin may, alongside lactate levels, provide useful information for clinical decision making regarding carbon monoxide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Comelli
- Emergency Department, Academic Hospital of Parma
| | - Ruggero Buonocore
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Picanza
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Italy
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Gawlikowski T, Golasik M, Gomółka E, Piekoszewski W. Proteins as biomarkers of carbon monoxide neurotoxicity. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:885-90. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.970786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Betterman K, Patel S. Neurologic complications of carbon monoxide intoxication. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 120:971-9. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-4087-0.00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Doroshchuk NA, Postnov AI, Doroshchuk AD, Khasanova ZB, Konovalova NV, Khesuani ID, Osiaeva MK, Rodnenkov OV, Chazova IE. Direct human DNA damage by unfavorable environmental and climatic factors. TERAPEVT ARKH 2014; 86:72-7. [DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2014861272-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Szeremeta M, Petelska AD, Kotyńska J, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Figaszewski ZA. The effect of fatal carbon monoxide poisoning on the surface charge of blood cells. J Membr Biol 2013; 246:717-22. [PMID: 23989400 PMCID: PMC3778214 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-013-9591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to evaluate postmortem changes of electric charge of human erythrocytes and thrombocytes after fatal carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. The surface charge density values were determined on the basis of the electrophoretic mobility measurements of the cells carried out at various pH values of electrolyte solution. The surface charge of erythrocyte membranes after fatal CO poisoning as well as after sudden unexpected death increased compared to the control group in the whole range of experimental pH values. Also, a slight shift of the isoelectric point of erythrocyte membranes to high pH values was observed. The surface charge of thrombocyte membranes after fatal CO poisoning decreased at low pH compared to the control group. However, at high pH, the values increased compared to the control group. The isoelectric point of thrombocyte membranes after fatal CO poisoning was considerably shifted toward low pH values compared to the control group. The observed changes are probably connected with the destruction of blood cell structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szeremeta
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona St. 13, 15-230, Bialystok, Poland,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have reported on a link between carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels and the severity of presenting findings. However, studies on pediatric populations evaluating the effect of age on presenting symptoms are severely lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of any link between age and presenting symptoms in children with carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. METHODS This retrospective study was undertaken in Ankara Children's Hematology and Oncology Hospital, a tertiary care center, between January 2007 and March 2010. The medical records of patients aged between 0 and 16 years with a confirmed diagnosis of CO poisoning, defined as the presence of a COHb level of more than 5%, were evaluated. Relevant information such as age, sex, source of CO, coaffected family members, month of presentation, time of presentation and presenting symptoms, duration of oxygen treatment in the emergency department, need for admission to an inpatient ward or intensive care unit, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and administered treatments during follow-up was recorded for each patient on preprepared forms. For the purpose of comparison, patients were divided into 2 groups based on COHb levels (group 1, 5%-25%; group 2, >25%). Comparisons were also made after dividing patients into 3 age groups: infants (0-3 years), preschool and early-school children (4-8 years), and adolescents (9-16 years). RESULTS The records of 261 patients were deemed sufficient for inclusion in the final analysis, 149 (57.1%) of which were female, and 112 (42.9%) were male, with a median age of 7.0 years (range, 1 month to 16 years) and a mean COHb level 16.9% (SD, 7.8%). Two hundred eighteen patients (83.5%) had a COHb between 5% and 25% on presentation, whereas the remaining 43 patients (16.5%) had a presenting COHb of greater than 25%. Neurologic symptoms such as headache, syncope, seizures, and confusion were encountered more frequently in the COHb greater than 25% group compared with the group with 5% to 25% COHb levels, with adolescents having more severe symptoms than do younger patients. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we managed to demonstrate the presence of more severe symptoms in patients with a COHb level of 25% or greater. Further analysis revealed that severe symptoms were more pronounced in adolescents and that the severity of symptoms increased with age.
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Iwamoto K, Ikeda K, Mizumura S, Tachiki K, Yanagihashi M, Iwasaki Y. Combined treatment of methylprednisolone pulse and memantine hydrochloride prompts recovery from neurological dysfunction and cerebral hypoperfusion in carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 23:592-5. [PMID: 23791468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 49-year-old healthy man developed sudden unconsciousness under inadequate ventilation. Blood gas analysis showed carboxyhemoglobin of 7.3%. After normobaric oxygen therapy, he recovered completely 7 days later. At 3 weeks after carbon monoxide (CO) exposures, memory and gait disturbances appeared. Neurological examination revealed Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 5 of 30 points, leg hyper-reflexia with Babinski signs, and Parkinsonism. Brain fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging disclosed symmetric hypointense lesions in the thalamus and the globus pallidus, and hyperintense lesions in the cerebral white matter. Brain single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) scanning with (99m)Technesium-ethyl cysteinate dimer displayed marked hypoperfusion in the cerebellum, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and the entire cerebral cortex. He was diagnosed as CO poisoning and treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The neurological deficits were not ameliorated. At 9 weeks after neurological onset, methylprednisolone (1000 mg/day, intravenous, 3 days) and memantine hydrochloride (20 mg/day, per os) were administered. Three days later, MMSE score was increased from 3 to 20 points. Neurological examination was normal 3 weeks later. Brain SPECT exhibited 20% increase of regional cerebral blood flows in the cerebellum, the thalamus, the basal ganglia, and the entire cerebral cortex. These clinicoradiological changes supported that the treatment with steroid pulse and memantine hydrochloride could prompt recovery from neurological dysfunction and cerebral hypoperfusion. Further clinical trials are warranted whether such combined therapy can attenuate neurological deficits and cerebral hypoperfusion in patients with CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konosuke Iwamoto
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo
| | - Ken Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo.
| | - Sunao Mizumura
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tachiki
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Yanagihashi
- Department of Radiology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwasaki
- Department of Neurology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, Tokyo
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Carbon monoxide: Mechanisms of action and potential clinical implications. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 137:133-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kilicaslan I, Bildik F, Aksel G, Yavuz G, Gulbahar O, Keles A, Demircan A. Serum tau protein level for neurological injuries in carbon monoxide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:497-502. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.698742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fisher JA, Iscoe S, Fedorko L, Duffin J. Rapid elimination of CO through the lungs: coming full circle 100 years on. Exp Physiol 2011; 96:1262-9. [PMID: 21967899 PMCID: PMC3274699 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2011.059428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
At the start of the 20th century, CO poisoning was treated by administering a combination of CO(2) and O(2) (carbogen) to stimulate ventilation. This treatment was reported to be highly effective, even reversing the deep coma of severe CO poisoning before patients arrived at the hospital. The efficacy of carbogen in treating CO poisoning was initially attributed to the absorption of CO(2); however, it was eventually realized that the increase in pulmonary ventilation was the predominant factor accelerating clearance of CO from the blood. The inhaled CO(2) in the carbogen stimulated ventilation but prevented hypocapnia and the resulting reductions in cerebral blood flow. By then, however, carbogen treatment for CO poisoning had been abandoned in favour of hyperbaric O(2). Now, a half-century later, there is accumulating evidence that hyperbaric O(2) is not efficacious, most probably because of delays in initiating treatment. We now also know that increases in pulmonary ventilation with O(2)-enriched gas can clear CO from the blood as fast, or very nearly as fast, as hyperbaric O(2). Compared with hyperbaric O(2), the technology for accelerating pulmonary clearance of CO with hyperoxic gas is not only portable and inexpensive, but also may be far more effective because treatment can be initiated sooner. In addition, the technology can be distributed more widely, especially in developing countries where the prevalence of CO poisoning is highest. Finally, early pulmonary CO clearance does not delay or preclude any other treatment, including subsequent treatment with hyperbaric O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Fisher
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Intoxication au monoxyde de carbone et place de l’oxygénothérapie hyperbare. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-011-0327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Ahn KT, Park JH, Kim MS, Park YS, Kim YJ, Lee IS, Kim JH, Lee JH, Choi SW, Jeong JO, Seong IW. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after carbon monoxide exposure. Int J Cardiol 2011; 153:108-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vogt S, Portig I, Irqsusi M, Ruppert V, Weber P, Ramzan R. Heat shock protein expression and change of cytochrome c oxidase activity: presence of two phylogenic old systems to protect tissues in ischemia and reperfusion. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2011; 43:425-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-011-9367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Soni H, Pandya G, Patel P, Acharya A, Jain M, Mehta AA. Beneficial effects of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) on acute doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in mice: role of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:70-80. [PMID: 21443895 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DXR) has been used in variety of human malignancies for decades. Despite its efficacy in cancer, clinical usage is limited because of its cardiotoxicity, which has been associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) have been shown to reduce the oxidative damage and apoptosis. The present study investigated the effects of CORM-2, a fast CO-releaser, against DXR-induced cardiotoxicity in mice using biochemical, histopathological and gene expression approaches. CORM-2 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 10 days and terminated the study on day 11. DXR (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected before 72 h of termination. Mice treated with DXR showed cardiotoxicity as evidenced by elevation of serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), caspase-3 and decrease the level of total antioxidant status (TAS) in heart tissues. Pre- and post-treatment with CORM-2 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) elicited significant improvement in CK, LDH, MDA, caspase-3 and TAS levels. Histopathological studies showed that cardiac damage with DXR has been reversed with CORM-2+DXR treatment. There was dramatic decrease in hematological count in DXR-treated mice, which has been improved with CORM-2. Furthermore, there was also elevation of mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1, hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor and decrease in inducible-nitric oxide synthase expression upon treatment with CORM-2 that might be linked to cardioprotection. These data suggest that CORM-2 treatment provides cardioprotection against acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and this effect may be attributed to CORM-2-mediated antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Soni
- Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H 8A Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382210, India
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Carbon monoxide poisoning: an unusual cause of dizziness. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2010; 124:1103-5. [PMID: 20388241 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215110000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report an unusual case of dizziness caused by carbon monoxide poisoning. CASE REPORT A 55-year-old man was referred to an ENT surgeon with dizziness. The patient described vague, non-specific symptoms not consistent with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis or Ménière's disease. It emerged later that the patient had been suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning from a leaky gas hot water boiler in his house. After having the boiler fixed, the patient's symptoms completely resolved. CONCLUSION When the more common causes of dizziness cannot be found, less common but important differential diagnoses, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, should be considered.
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Thom SR, Bhopale VM, Milovanova TM, Hardy KR, Logue CJ, Lambert DS, Troxel AB, Ballard K, Eisinger D. Plasma biomarkers in carbon monoxide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010; 48:47-56. [PMID: 20095814 DOI: 10.3109/15563650903468209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The severity of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is often based on non-specific clinical criteria because there are no reliable laboratory markers. We hypothesized that a pattern of plasma protein values might objectively discern CO poisoning severity. This was a pilot study to evaluate protein profiles in plasma samples collected from patients at the time of initial hospital evaluation. The goal was to assess whether any values differed from age- and sex-matched controls using a commercially available plasma screening package. METHODS Frozen samples from 63 suspected CO poisoning patients categorized based on clinical signs, symptoms, and blood carboxyhemoglobin level were analyzed along with 42 age- and sex-matched controls using Luminex-based technology to determine the concentration of 180 proteins. RESULTS Significant differences from control values were found for 99 proteins in at least one of five CO poisoning groups. A complex pattern of elevations in acute phase reactants and proteins associated with inflammatory responses including chemokines/cytokines and interleukins, growth factors, hormones, and an array of auto-antibodies was found. Fourteen protein values were significantly different from control in all CO groups, including patients with nominal carboxyhemoglobin elevations and relatively brief intervals of exposure. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate the complexity of CO pathophysiology and support a view that exposure causes acute inflammatory events in humans. This pilot study has insufficient power to discern reliable differences among patients who develop neurological sequelae but future trials are warranted to determine whether plasma profiles predict mortality and morbidity risks of CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Thom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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40
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Hopkins RO, Weaver LK, Key C, Chambers CA. Response to: ‘The methodology in the paper by Chambers et al. raises serious questions about their conclusions’. Brain Inj 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02699050802665940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Rhodes MA, Carraway MS, Piantadosi CA, Reynolds CM, Cherry AD, Wester TE, Natoli MJ, Massey EW, Moon RE, Suliman HB. Carbon monoxide, skeletal muscle oxidative stress, and mitochondrial biogenesis in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H392-9. [PMID: 19465554 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00164.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Given that the physiology of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) encompasses mitochondrial biogenesis, we tested the hypothesis that the HO-1 product, carbon monoxide (CO), activates mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and enhances maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)) in humans. In 10 healthy subjects, we biopsied the vastus lateralis and performed Vo(2max) tests followed by blinded randomization to air or CO breathing (1 h/day at 100 parts/million for 5 days), a contralateral muscle biopsy on day 5, and repeat Vo(2max) testing on day 8. Six independent subjects underwent CO breathing and two muscle biopsies without exercise testing. Molecular studies were performed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunochemistry. After Vo(2max) testing plus CO breathing, significant increases were found in mRNA levels for nuclear respiratory factor-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha, mitochondrial transcription factor-A (Tfam), and DNA polymerase gamma (Polgamma) with no change in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number or Vo(2max). Levels of myosin heavy chain I and nuclear-encoded HO-1, superoxide dismutase-2, citrate synthase, mitofusin-1 and -2, and mitochondrial-encoded cytochrome oxidase subunit-I (COX-I) and ATPase-6 proteins increased significantly. None of these responses were reproduced by Vo(2max) testing alone, whereas CO alone increased Tfam and Polgamma mRNA, and COX-I, ATPase-6, mitofusin-2, HO-1, and superoxide dismutase protein. These findings provide evidence linking the HO/CO response involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in rodents to skeletal muscle in humans through a set of responses involving regulation of the mtDNA transcriptosome and mitochondrial fusion proteins autonomously of changes in exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rhodes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindell K Weaver
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, LDS Hospital, and University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84143, USA.
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Lee HM, Reed J, Greeley GH, Englander EW. Impaired mitochondrial respiration and protein nitration in the rat hippocampus after acute inhalation of combustion smoke. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 235:208-15. [PMID: 19133281 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of massive inhalation of combustion smoke endure critical injuries, including lasting neurological complications. We have previously reported that acute inhalation of combustion smoke disrupts the nitric oxide homeostasis in the rat brain. In this study, we extend our findings and report that a 30-minute exposure of awake rats to ambient wood combustion smoke induces protein nitration in the rat hippocampus and that mitochondrial proteins are a sensitive nitration target in this setting. Mitochondria are central to energy metabolism and cellular signaling and are critical to proper cell function. Here, analyses of the mitochondrial proteome showed elevated protein nitration in the course of a 24-hour recovery following exposure to smoke. Mass spectrometry identification of several significantly nitrated mitochondrial proteins revealed diverse functions and involvement in central aspects of mitochondrial physiology. The nitrated proteins include the ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase, F1-ATP synthase alpha subunit, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3), succinate dehydrogenase Fp subunit, and voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC1) protein. Furthermore, acute exposure to combustion smoke significantly compromised the respiratory capacity of hippocampal mitochondria. Importantly, elevated protein nitration and reduced mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus persisted beyond the time required for restoration of normal oxygen and carboxyhemoglobin blood levels after the cessation of exposure to smoke. Thus, the time frame for intensification of the various smoke-induced effects differs between blood and brain tissues. Taken together, our findings suggest that nitration of essential mitochondrial proteins may contribute to the reduction in mitochondrial respiratory capacity and underlie, in part, the brain pathophysiology after acute inhalation of combustion smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung M Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Piantadosi CA, Carraway MS, Babiker A, Suliman HB. Heme oxygenase-1 regulates cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis via Nrf2-mediated transcriptional control of nuclear respiratory factor-1. Circ Res 2008; 103:1232-40. [PMID: 18845810 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000338597.71702.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a protective antioxidant enzyme that prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, for instance, during progressive cardiomyopathy. Here we identify a fundamental aspect of the HO-1 protection mechanism by demonstrating that HO-1 activity in mouse heart stimulates the bigenomic mitochondrial biogenesis program via induction of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf)2 gene expression and nuclear translocation. Nrf2 upregulates the mRNA, protein, and activity for HO-1 as well as mRNA and protein for nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1. Mechanistically, in cardiomyocytes, endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) generated by HO-1 overexpression stimulates superoxide dismutase-2 upregulation and mitochondrial H(2)O(2) production, which activates Akt/PKB. Akt deactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, which permits Nrf2 nuclear translocation and occupancy of 4 antioxidant response elements (AREs) in the NRF-1 promoter. The ensuing accumulation of nuclear NRF-1 protein leads to gene activation for mitochondrial biogenesis, which opposes apoptosis and necrosis caused by the cardio-toxic anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin. In cardiac cells, Akt silencing exacerbates doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, and in vivo CO rescues wild-type but not Akt1(-/-) mice from doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. These findings consign HO-1/CO signaling through Nrf2 and Akt to the myocardial transcriptional program for mitochondrial biogenesis, provide a rationale for targeted mitochondrial CO therapy, and connect cardiac mitochondrial volume expansion with the inducible network of xenobiotic and antioxidant cellular defenses.
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Piantadosi CA. Carbon monoxide, reactive oxygen signaling, and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:562-9. [PMID: 18549826 PMCID: PMC2570053 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous gas, carbon monoxide (CO), is of substantial biological importance, but apart from its affinity for reduced transition metals, particularly heme-iron, it is surprisingly nonreactive-as is the ferrous-carbonyl-in living systems. CO does form strong complexes with heme proteins for which molecular O2 is the preferred ligand and to which are attributed diverse physiological, adaptive, and toxic effects. Lately, it has become apparent that both exogenous and endogenous CO produced by heme oxygenase engender a prooxidant milieu in aerobic mammalian cells which initiates signaling related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. ROS signaling contingent on CO can be segregated by CO concentration-time effects on cellular function, by the location of heme proteins, e.g., mitochondrial or nonmitochondrial sites, or by specific oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. The fundamental responses to CO involve overt physiological regulatory events, such as activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors or stress-activated kinases, which institute compensatory expression of antioxidant enzymes and other adaptations to oxidative stress. In contrast, responses originating from highly elevated or protracted CO exposures tend to be nonspecific, produce untoward biological oxidations, and interfere with homeostasis. This brief overview provides a conceptual framework for understanding CO biology in terms of this physiological-pathological hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude A Piantadosi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3315 CR II Building White Zone, Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Ghio AJ, Stonehuerner JG, Dailey LA, Richards JH, Madden MD, Deng Z, Nguyen NB, Callaghan KD, Yang F, Piantadosi CA. Carbon Monoxide Reversibly Alters Iron Homeostasis and Respiratory Epithelial Cell Function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 38:715-23. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0179oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Suliman HB, Carraway MS, Ali AS, Reynolds CM, Welty-Wolf KE, Piantadosi CA. The CO/HO system reverses inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis and prevents murine doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2008; 117:3730-41. [PMID: 18037988 DOI: 10.1172/jci32967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical utility of anthracycline anticancer agents, especially doxorubicin, is limited by a progressive toxic cardiomyopathy linked to mitochondrial damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that the post-doxorubicin mouse heart fails to upregulate the nuclear program for mitochondrial biogenesis and its associated intrinsic antiapoptosis proteins, leading to severe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, sarcomere destruction, apoptosis, necrosis, and excessive wall stress and fibrosis. Furthermore, we exploited recent evidence that mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by the CO/heme oxygenase (CO/HO) system to ameliorate doxorubicin cardiomyopathy in mice. We found that the myocardial pathology was averted by periodic CO inhalation, which restored mitochondrial biogenesis and circumvented intrinsic apoptosis through caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor. Moreover, CO simultaneously reversed doxorubicin-induced loss of DNA binding by GATA-4 and restored critical sarcomeric proteins. In isolated rat cardiac cells, HO-1 enzyme overexpression prevented doxorubicin-induced mtDNA depletion and apoptosis via activation of Akt1/PKB and guanylate cyclase, while HO-1 gene silencing exacerbated doxorubicin-induced mtDNA depletion and apoptosis. Thus doxorubicin disrupts cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis, which promotes intrinsic apoptosis, while CO/HO promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and opposes apoptosis, forestalling fibrosis and cardiomyopathy. These findings imply that the therapeutic index of anthracycline cancer chemotherapeutics can be improved by the protection of cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
CO is likely to be the most common cause of poisoning worldwide and often results in persistent neuropathologic and cognitive sequelae. While the displacement of oxygen from hemoglobin by CO has overshadowed the myriad mechanisms by which CO causes injury, mere oxygen displacement has endured as the etiology of CO poisonings and perpetuated a cascade of misdiagnosis, misunderstandings and confusion regarding how and when to treat CO poisoning. Hyperbaric oxygen benefits the brain more than normobaric oxygen by, e.g. improving energy metabolism, preventing lipid peroxidation and decreasing neutrophil adherence. Randomized controlled trials have definitively shown hyperbaric oxygen as the only efficacious therapy for acute CO poisoning if delayed neurological sequelae are to be minimized. Normobaric oxygen should not be used between multiple hyperbaric oxygen treatments as this can contribute to toxicity. Hyperbaric oxygen seems to also have potential in the delayed treatment of CO poisoning using multiple treatments of low dose of oxygen; however, oxygen dosing issues are not yet fully understood for either acute or delayed treatment. It would behoove medical decision-makers to embrace this important tool and make it more accessible as well as helping to disseminate to the medical community what is now known from the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P Stoller
- Hyperbaric Medical Center of New Mexico, 404 Brunn School Rd No. D/E, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA.
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Suliman HB, Carraway MS, Tatro LG, Piantadosi CA. A new activating role for CO in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:299-308. [PMID: 17179207 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate a possible new physiological role of carbon monoxide (CO), an endogenous gas involved in cell signaling and cytotoxicity, we tested the hypothesis that the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species by CO activates mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart. In mice, transient elevations of cellular CO by five- to 20-fold increased the copy number of cardiac mitochondrial DNA, the content of respiratory complex I-V and interfibrillar mitochondrial density within 24 hours. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by gene and protein expression of the nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and NRF2, of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1α, and of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which augmented the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This is independent of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), as demonstrated by the identical responses in wild-type and endothelial NOS (eNOS)-deficient mice, and by the inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS). In the heart and in isolated cardiomyocytes, CO activation involved both guanylate cyclase and the pro-survival kinase Akt/PKB. Akt activation was facilitated by mitochondrial binding of CO and by production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interference with Akt activity by blocking PI 3-kinase and by mitochondrial targeting of catalase to scavenge H2O2 prevented binding of NRF1 to the Tfam promoter, thereby connecting mitochondrial H2O2 to the pathway leading to mtDNA replication. The findings disclose mitochondrial CO and H2O2 as new activating factors in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit B Suliman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Piantadosi CA, Carraway MS, Suliman HB. Carbon monoxide, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial permeability pore transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:1332-9. [PMID: 16631523 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular effects of carbon monoxide (CO) are produced primarily by CO binding to iron or other transition metals, which may also promote prooxidant activities of the more reactive gases, oxygen and nitric oxide. We tested the hypothesis that prooxidant effects of CO deregulate the calcium-dependent mitochondrial pore transition (MPT), which disrupts membrane potential and releases apoptogenic proteins. Rats were exposed to either CO (50 ppm) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) for 1, 3, or 7 days, and liver mitochondria harvested to study protein expression and sensitivity to MPT by calcium and oxidants. Both exposures induced hypoxia-sensitive protein expression: hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and manganese SOD (SOD2), but SOD2 induction was greater by CO than by HH, especially at 7 days. Relative to HH, CO also caused significant early mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress shown by decreases in GSH/GSSG and increases in protein 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) and protein mixed disulfide formation. This altered MPT sensitivity to calcium through an effect on the "S-site," causing loss of pore protection by adenine nucleotides. By 7 days, despite continued CO, nitrosative stress decreased and adenine nucleotide protection was restored to preexposure levels. This is the first evidence of functional mitochondrial pore stress caused by CO independently of its hypoxic effect, as well as a compensatory response exemplifying a mitochondrial phenotype shift. The implications are that cellular CO can activate or deactivate mitochondria for initiation of apoptosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude A Piantadosi
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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