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Alonso-Puyo J, Izagirre-Fernandez O, Crende O, Seco-Calvo J, Fernandez-Atutxa A, Fernandez-Lazaro D, Garcia-Gallastegi P, Sanz B. The Non-Linear Profile of Aging: U-Shaped Expression of Myostatin, Follistatin and Intermediate Signals in a Longitudinal In Vitro Murine Cell Sarcopenia Model. Proteomes 2024; 12:34. [PMID: 39585121 PMCID: PMC11587466 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is linked to the decline in muscle mass, strength and function during aging. It affects the quality and life expectancy and can lead to dependence. The biological process underlying sarcopenia is unclear, but the proteins myostatin and follistatin are involved in the balance between muscle breakdown and synthesis. While myostatin promotes muscle breakdown, follistatin promotes muscle growth, but several works have shown an inconsistent association of these proteins with aging-related parameters in serum of older people. We aimed to know the evolution of these putative sarcopenia biomarkers along muscle aging in an in vitro model. We created and phenotyped a longitudinal murine model (C2C12 cells). Then, we analyzed the protein and genetic expression of myostatin and follistatin as well as the signaling pathway regulators mTOR and RPS6KB1. Myostatin and RPS6KB1 showed a similar tendency in both protein and genetic expression with aging (basal-up-down). Follistatin, on the other hand, shows the opposite tendency (basal-down-up). Regarding mTOR, the tendencies differ when analyzing proteins (basal-up-down) or genes (basal-down-down). Our work demonstrates a U-shape tendency for myostatin and follistatin and for the signaling pathway regulators. These results could be of the utmost importance when designing further research on seeking molecular biomarkers and/or targets for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janire Alonso-Puyo
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.A.-P.); (J.S.-C.); (P.G.-G.)
| | - Oihane Izagirre-Fernandez
- Cell Biology and Histology Department, Basque Country University School of Medicine, Nursery University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.I.-F.); (O.C.)
| | - Olatz Crende
- Cell Biology and Histology Department, Basque Country University School of Medicine, Nursery University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (O.I.-F.); (O.C.)
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.A.-P.); (J.S.-C.); (P.G.-G.)
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Vegazana Universitary Campus, 27071 León, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Fernandez-Atutxa
- Nursery I Department, Basque Country University School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Diego Fernandez-Lazaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain;
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Gallastegi
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.A.-P.); (J.S.-C.); (P.G.-G.)
| | - Begoña Sanz
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain; (J.A.-P.); (J.S.-C.); (P.G.-G.)
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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2
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Liu D, Wang S, Liu S, Wang Q, Che X, Wu G. Frontiers in sarcopenia: Advancements in diagnostics, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101270. [PMID: 38583268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The onset of sarcopenia is intimately linked with aging, posing significant implications not only for individual patient quality of life but also for the broader societal healthcare framework. Early and accurate identification of sarcopenia and a comprehensive understanding of its mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic targets paramount to addressing this condition effectively. This review endeavors to present a cohesive overview of recent advancements in sarcopenia research and diagnosis. We initially delve into the contemporary diagnostic criteria, specifically referencing the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2 and Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 benchmarks. Additionally, we elucidate comprehensive assessment techniques for muscle strength, quantity, and physical performance, highlighting tools such as grip strength, chair stand test, dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), gait speed, and short physical performance battery (SPPB), while also discussing their inherent advantages and limitations. Such diagnostic advancements pave the way for early identification and unequivocal diagnosis of sarcopenia. Proceeding further, we provide a deep-dive into sarcopenia's pathogenesis, offering a thorough examination of associated signaling pathways like the Myostatin, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin/IGF-1 Signaling (IIS), and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways. Each pathway's role in sarcopenia mediation is detailed, underscoring potential therapeutic target avenues. From a mechanistic perspective, the review also underscores the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia, emphasizing elements such as mitochondrial oxidative overload, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mitophagy, and highlighting their therapeutic significance. At last, we capture recent strides made in sarcopenia treatment, ranging from nutritional and exercise interventions to potential pharmacological and supplementation strategies. In sum, this review meticulously synthesizes the latest scientific developments in sarcopenia, aiming to enhance diagnostic precision in clinical practice and provide comprehensive insights into refined mechanistic targets and innovative therapeutic interventions, ultimately contributing to optimized patient care and advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning, China.
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H, Laher I, Knechtle B, Zouhal H. Exercise and mitochondrial mechanisms in patients with sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1040381. [PMID: 36561214 PMCID: PMC9767441 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a severe loss of muscle mass and functional decline during aging that can lead to reduced quality of life, limited patient independence, and increased risk of falls. The causes of sarcopenia include inactivity, oxidant production, reduction of antioxidant defense, disruption of mitochondrial activity, disruption of mitophagy, and change in mitochondrial biogenesis. There is evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important cause of sarcopenia. Oxidative stress and reduction of antioxidant defenses in mitochondria form a vicious cycle that leads to the intensification of mitochondrial separation, suppression of mitochondrial fusion/fission, inhibition of electron transport chain, reduction of ATP production, an increase of mitochondrial DNA damage, and mitochondrial biogenesis disorder. On the other hand, exercise adds to the healthy mitochondrial network by increasing markers of mitochondrial fusion and fission, and transforms defective mitochondria into efficient mitochondria. Sarcopenia also leads to a decrease in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy markers, and mitochondrial network efficiency by increasing the level of ROS and apoptosis. In contrast, exercise increases mitochondrial biogenesis by activating genes affected by PGC1-ɑ (such as CaMK, AMPK, MAPKs) and altering cellular calcium, ATP-AMP ratio, and cellular stress. Activation of PGC1-ɑ also regulates transcription factors (such as TFAM, MEFs, and NRFs) and leads to the formation of new mitochondrial networks. Hence, moderate-intensity exercise can be used as a non-invasive treatment for sarcopenia by activating pathways that regulate the mitochondrial network in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani
- Department of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,Medbase St Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S) UFR-STAPS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Charles Tillon, France,Institut International des Sciences Du Sport (2IS), Irodouer, France,*Correspondence: Beat Knechtle, ; Hamed Alizadeh Pahlavani, ; Hassane Zouhal,
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Huo F, Liu Q, Liu H. Contribution of muscle satellite cells to sarcopenia. Front Physiol 2022; 13:892749. [PMID: 36035464 PMCID: PMC9411786 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.892749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a disorder characterized by age-related muscle loss and reduced muscle strength, is associated with decreased individual independence and quality of life, as well as a high risk of death. Skeletal muscle houses a normally mitotically quiescent population of adult stem cells called muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) that are responsible for muscle maintenance, growth, repair, and regeneration throughout the life cycle. Patients with sarcopenia are often exhibit dysregulation of MuSCs homeostasis. In this review, we focus on the etiology, assessment, and treatment of sarcopenia. We also discuss phenotypic and regulatory mechanisms of MuSC quiescence, activation, and aging states, as well as the controversy between MuSC depletion and sarcopenia. Finally, we give a multi-dimensional treatment strategy for sarcopenia based on improving MuSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Huo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Hailiang Liu,
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Hashchyshyn V, Tymochko-Voloshyn R, Paraniak N, Vovkanych L, Hlozhyk I, Trach V, Muzyka F, Serafyn Y, Prystupa E, Boretsky Y. Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle Fibers and Regulation of Myosatellitocytes Metabolism. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mizunoe Y, Kobayashi M, Saito H, Goto A, Migitaka R, Miura K, Okita N, Sudo Y, Tagawa R, Yoshida M, Umemori A, Nakagawa Y, Shimano H, Higami Y. Prolonged caloric restriction ameliorates age-related atrophy in slow and fast muscle fibers of rat soleus muscle. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111519. [PMID: 34416335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which is called sarcopenia. While sarcopenia impairs the quality of life of older adults and is a major factor in long-term hospitalization, its detailed pathogenic mechanism and preventive measures remain to be identified. Caloric restriction (CR) suppresses age-related physiological and pathological changes in many species and prolongs the average and healthy life expectancy. It has recently been reported that CR suppresses the onset of sarcopenia; however, few studies have analyzed the effects of long-term CR on age-related skeletal muscle atrophy. Thus, we investigated the aging and CR effects on soleus (SOL) muscles of 9-, 24-, and 29-month-old ad libitum-fed rats (9AL, 24AL, and 29AL, respectively) and of 29-month-old CR (29CR) rats. The total muscle cross sectional area (mCSA) of the entire SOL muscle significantly decreased in the 29AL rats, but not in the 24AL rats, compared with the 9AL rats. SOL muscle of the 29AL rats exhibited marked muscle fiber atrophy and increases in the number of muscle fibers with a central nucleus, in fibrosis, and in adipocyte infiltration. Additionally, although the decrease in the single muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) and the muscle fibers' number occurred in both slow-type and fast-type muscle fibers, the degree of atrophy was more remarkable in the fast-type fibers. However, CR suppressed the muscle fiber atrophy observed in the 29AL rats' SOL muscle by preserving the mCSA and the number of muscle fibers that declined with aging, and by decreasing the number of muscle fibers with a central nucleus, fibrosis and denervated muscle fibers. Overall, these results revealed that advanced aging separately reduces the number and fCSA of each muscle fiber type, but long-term CR can ameliorate this age-related sarcopenic muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akifumi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryota Migitaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kumi Miura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Okita
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Sanyo-onoda, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuka Sudo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoma Tagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ai Umemori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology & Metabolic Disease, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
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Gras S, Blasco A, Mòdol-Caballero G, Tarabal O, Casanovas A, Piedrafita L, Barranco A, Das T, Rueda R, Pereira SL, Navarro X, Esquerda JE, Calderó J. Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with green tea catechins and cocoa flavanols on aging-related regressive changes in the mouse neuromuscular system. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18051-18093. [PMID: 34319911 PMCID: PMC8351677 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Besides skeletal muscle wasting, sarcopenia entails morphological and molecular changes in distinct components of the neuromuscular system, including spinal cord motoneurons (MNs) and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs); moreover, noticeable microgliosis has also been observed around aged MNs. Here we examined the impact of two flavonoid-enriched diets containing either green tea extract (GTE) catechins or cocoa flavanols on age-associated regressive changes in the neuromuscular system of C57BL/6J mice. Compared to control mice, GTE- and cocoa-supplementation significantly improved the survival rate of mice, reduced the proportion of fibers with lipofuscin aggregates and central nuclei, and increased the density of satellite cells in skeletal muscles. Additionally, both supplements significantly augmented the number of innervated NMJs and their degree of maturity compared to controls. GTE, but not cocoa, prominently increased the density of VAChT and VGluT2 afferent synapses on MNs, which were lost in control aged spinal cords; conversely, cocoa, but not GTE, significantly augmented the proportion of VGluT1 afferent synapses on aged MNs. Moreover, GTE, but not cocoa, reduced aging-associated microgliosis and increased the proportion of neuroprotective microglial phenotypes. Our data indicate that certain plant flavonoids may be beneficial in the nutritional management of age-related deterioration of the neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Gras
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Alba Blasco
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Guillem Mòdol-Caballero
- Grup de Neuroplasticitat i Regeneració, Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Olga Tarabal
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Alejandro Barranco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tapas Das
- Abbott Nutrition, Research and Development, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Ricardo Rueda
- Abbott Nutrition, Research and Development, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Grup de Neuroplasticitat i Regeneració, Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep E. Esquerda
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Unitat de Neurobiologia Cel·lular, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
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8
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Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Profile in Response to Caloric Restriction and Aging: A Role for SirT1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050691. [PMID: 34063079 PMCID: PMC8147962 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SirT1 plays a crucial role in the regulation of some of the caloric restriction (CR) responsive biological pathways. Aging suppresses SirT1 gene expression in skeletal muscle, suggesting that aging may affect the role of CR in muscle. To determine the role of SirT1 in the regulation of CR regulated pathways in skeletal muscle, we performed high-throughput RNA sequencing using total RNA isolated from the skeletal muscles of young and aged wild-type (WT), SirT1 knockout (SirT1-KO), and SirT1 overexpression (SirT1-OE) mice fed to 20 wk ad libitum (AL) or 40% CR diet. Our data show that aging repressed the global gene expression profile, which was restored by CR via upregulating transcriptional and translational process-related pathways. CR inhibits pathways linked to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal proteins regardless of aging. Mitochondrial function and muscle contraction-related pathways are upregulated in aged SirT1 KO mice following CR. SirT1 OE did not affect whole-body energy expenditure or augment skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity associated pathways, regardless of aging or diet. Overall, our RNA-seq data showed that SirT1 and CR have different functions and activation of SirT1 by its activator or exercise may enhance SirT1 activity that, along with CR, likely have a better functional role in aging muscle.
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Xie WQ, Xiao WF, Tang K, Wu YX, Hu PW, Li YS, Duan Y, Lv S. Caloric restriction: implications for sarcopenia and potential mechanisms. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24441-24452. [PMID: 33226962 PMCID: PMC7762489 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a potential risk factor for weakness, disability and death in elderly individuals. Therefore, seeking effective methods to delay and treat sarcopenia and to improve the quality of life of elderly individuals is a trending topic in geriatrics. Caloric restriction (CR) is currently recognized as an effective means to extend the lifespan and delay the decline in organ function caused by aging. In this review, we describe the effects of CR on improving muscle protein synthesis, delaying muscle atrophy, regulating muscle mitochondrial function, maintaining muscle strength, promoting muscle stem cell (MuSC) regeneration and differentiation, and thus protecting against sarcopenia. We also summarize the possible cellular mechanisms by which CR delays sarcopenia. CR can delay sarcopenia by reducing the generation of oxygen free radicals, reducing oxidative stress damage, enhancing mitochondrial function, improving protein homeostasis, reducing iron overload, increasing autophagy and apoptosis, and reducing inflammation. However, the relationships between CR and genetics, sex, animal strain, regimen duration and energy intake level are complex. Therefore, further study of the proper timing and application method of CR to prevent sarcopenia is highly important for the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Xie
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Feng Xiao
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Discipline Construction Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Pei-Wu Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Deparment of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Ghanemi A, Melouane A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Exercise and High-Fat Diet in Obesity: Functional Genomics Perspectives of Two Energy Homeostasis Pillars. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080875. [PMID: 32752100 PMCID: PMC7463441 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy impact of obesity on both the population general health and the economy makes clarifying the underlying mechanisms, identifying pharmacological targets, and developing efficient therapies for obesity of high importance. The main struggle facing obesity research is that the underlying mechanistic pathways are yet to be fully revealed. This limits both our understanding of pathogenesis and therapeutic progress toward treating the obesity epidemic. The current anti-obesity approaches are mainly a controlled diet and exercise which could have limitations. For instance, the “classical” anti-obesity approach of exercise might not be practical for patients suffering from disabilities that prevent them from routine exercise. Therefore, therapeutic alternatives are urgently required. Within this context, pharmacological agents could be relatively efficient in association to an adequate diet that remains the most efficient approach in such situation. Herein, we put a spotlight on potential therapeutic targets for obesity identified following differential genes expression-based studies aiming to find genes that are differentially expressed under diverse conditions depending on physical activity and diet (mainly high-fat), two key factors influencing obesity development and prognosis. Such functional genomics approaches contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that both control obesity development and switch the genetic, biochemical, and metabolic pathways toward a specific energy balance phenotype. It is important to clarify that by “gene-related pathways”, we refer to genes, the corresponding proteins and their potential receptors, the enzymes and molecules within both the cells in the intercellular space, that are related to the activation, the regulation, or the inactivation of the gene or its corresponding protein or pathways. We believe that this emerging area of functional genomics-related exploration will not only lead to novel mechanisms but also new applications and implications along with a new generation of treatments for obesity and the related metabolic disorders especially with the modern advances in pharmacological drug targeting and functional genomics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Aicha Melouane
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-654-2296; Fax: +1-418-654-2761
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11
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Melouane A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Extracellular matrix/mitochondria pathway: A novel potential target for sarcopenia. Mitochondrion 2020; 50:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Abrigo J, Marín T, Aguirre F, Tacchi F, Vilos C, Simon F, Arrese M, Cabrera D, Cabello-Verrugio C. N-Acetyl Cysteine Attenuates the Sarcopenia and Muscle Apoptosis Induced by Chronic Liver Disease. Curr Mol Med 2019; 20:60-71. [DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190917124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of muscle mass and
strength (muscle atrophy) because of aging or chronic diseases, such as chronic liver
disease (CLD). Different mechanisms are involved in skeletal muscle atrophy, including
decreased muscle fibre diameter and myosin heavy chain levels and increased
ubiquitin–proteasome pathway activity, oxidative stress and myonuclear apoptosis. We
recently found that all these mechanisms, except myonuclear apoptosis, which was not
evaluated in the previous study, were involved in muscle atrophy associated with
hepatotoxin 5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-induced CLD.
Objective:
In the present study, we evaluated the involvement of myonuclear apoptosis
in CLD-associated sarcopenia and the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) treatment on
muscle strength and apoptosis, using a DDC-supplemented diet-fed mouse model.
Methods:
Four-month-old male C57BL6 mice were fed with a standard or DDCsupplemented
diet for six weeks in the absence or presence of NAC treatment.
Results:
Our results showed that NAC attenuated the decrease in muscle fibre diameter
and muscle strength associated with CLD-induced muscle wasting in gastrocnemius
(GA) muscle of DDC-supplemented diet-fed mice. In addition, in GA muscle of the mice
fed with DDC-supplemented diet-induced CLD showed increased myonuclear apoptosis
compared with the GA muscle of the control diet-fed mice, as evidenced by increased
apoptotic nuclei number, caspase-8 and caspase-9 expression, enzymatic activity of
caspase-3 and BAX/BCL-2 ratio. NAC treatment inhibited all the mechanisms
associated with myonuclear apoptosis in the GA muscle.
Conclusion:
To our knowledge, this is the first study which reports the redox regulation
of muscle strength and myonuclear apoptosis in CLD-induced sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tabita Marín
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Tacchi
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Melouane A, Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Functional genomics applications and therapeutic implications in sarcopenia. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:175-185. [PMID: 31416575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome contains around 20,000-25,000 genes coding for 30,000 proteins. Some proteins and genes represent therapeutic targets for human diseases. RNA and protein expression profiling tools allow the study of the molecular basis of aging and drug discovery validation. Throughout the life, there is an age-related and disease-related muscle decline. Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle mass and a decrease in functional properties such as muscle strength and physical performance. Yet, there is still no consensus on the evaluation methods of sarcopenia prognosis. The main challenge of this complex biological phenomena is its multifactorial etiology. Thus, functional genomics methods attempt to shape the related scientific approaches via an innovative in-depth view on sarcopenia. Gene and drug high throughput screening combined with functional genomics allow the generation and the interpretation of a large amount of data related to sarcopenia and therapeutic progress. This review focuses on the application of selected functional genomics techniques such as RNA interference, RNA silencing, proteomics, transgenic mice, metabolomics, genomics, and epigenomics to better understand sarcopenia mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Melouane
- CREMI, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- CREMI, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- CREMI, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- CREMI, CHU de Québec Research Center, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Batsis
- Sections of General Internal Medicine and Weight and Wellness, and the Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, The Health Promotion Research Center and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Dennis T Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Liguori I, Russo G, Aran L, Bulli G, Curcio F, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:913-927. [PMID: 29785098 PMCID: PMC5957062 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s149232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy is increasing worldwide, with a resultant increase in the elderly population. Aging is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength - a phenomenon called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia has a complex multifactorial pathogenesis, which involves not only age-related changes in neuromuscular function, muscle protein turnover, and hormone levels and sensitivity, but also a chronic pro-inflammatory state, oxidative stress, and behavioral factors - in particular, nutritional status and degree of physical activity. According to the operational definition by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP), the diagnosis of sarcopenia requires the presence of both low muscle mass and low muscle function, which can be defined by low muscle strength or low physical performance. Moreover, biomarkers of sarcopenia have been identified for its early detection and for a detailed identification of the main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in its development. Because sarcopenia is associated with important adverse health outcomes, such as frailty, hospitalization, and mortality, several therapeutic strategies have been identified that involve exercise training, nutritional supplementation, hormonal therapies, and novel strategies and are still under investigation. At the present time, only physical exercise has showed a positive effect in managing and preventing sarcopenia and its adverse health outcomes. Thus, further well-designed and well-conducted studies on sarcopenia are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Liguori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Aran
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Bulli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Curcio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Gargiulo
- Division of Internal Medicine, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi di Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Testa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciatore
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Heart Transplantation Unit, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Bonaduce
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Abete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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16
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Reconsideration of frailty in relation to surgical indication. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2017; 66:201-213. [PMID: 29170898 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Given that an increasing number of elderly patients are undergoing surgical procedures for a diversity of indications, the concept of frailty is currently being examined in more depth in clinical medicine. Established surgical risk scores designed to predict mortality are mainly focused on general demographic information and clinical factors; however, these do not account for the frailty condition. With vulnerability and low resiliency in the frail elderly, these conventional scores are unable to accurately predict postoperative outcomes including adverse complications, disability, the need for additional rehabilitation, and prolonged length of hospitalization. Over the last decade, it has been demonstrated that frailty is an independent risk factor of surgery and strongly associated with adverse postoperative outcomes and mortality. It is essential today that surgeons assimilate the concept of frailty and the relationship between frailty and surgical outcomes. A preoperative frailty assessment can assist in determining surgical indication and optimal perioperative management, ultimately impacting the postoperative functional state and quality of life. Here we review the validity of preoperative frailty assessments for surgical intervention, possible treatments for frailty, and indicate future directions in this field.
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17
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The effect of calorie restriction on mouse skeletal muscle is sex, strain and time-dependent. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5160. [PMID: 28698572 PMCID: PMC5505993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function occurs with increasing age. Calorie restriction (CR) increases the lifespan of C57Bl/6 mice, but not in the shorter-lived DBA/2 strain. There is some evidence that calorie restriction reduces or delays many of the age-related defects that occur in rodent skeletal muscle. We therefore investigated the effect of short (2.5 month) and longer term (8.5 and 18.5 months) CR on skeletal muscle in male and female C57Bl/6 and DBA/2 mice. We found that short-term CR increased the satellite cell number and collagen VI content of muscle, but resulted in a delayed regenerative response to injury.Consistent with this, the in vitro proliferation of satellite cells derived from these muscles was reduced by CR. The percentage of stromal cells, macrophages, hematopoietic stem cells and fibroadipogenic cells in the mononucleated cell population derived from skeletal muscle was reduced by CR at various stages. But overall, these changes are neither consistent over time, nor between strain and sex. The fact that changes induced by CR do not persist with time and the dissimilarities between the two mouse strains, combined with sex differences, urge caution in applying CR to improve skeletal muscle function across the lifespan in humans.
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18
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Boengler K, Kosiol M, Mayr M, Schulz R, Rohrbach S. Mitochondria and ageing: role in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:349-369. [PMID: 28432755 PMCID: PMC5476857 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the most important risk factor for most diseases. Mitochondria play a central role in bioenergetics and metabolism. In addition, several lines of evidence indicate the impact of mitochondria in lifespan determination and ageing. The best-known hypothesis to explain ageing is the free radical theory, which proposes that cells, organs, and organisms age because they accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage over time. Mitochondria play a central role as the principle source of intracellular ROS, which are mainly formed at the level of complex I and III of the respiratory chain. Dysfunctional mitochondria generating less ATP have been observed in various aged organs. Mitochondrial dysfunction comprises different features including reduced mitochondrial content, altered mitochondrial morphology, reduced activity of the complexes of the electron transport chain, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and increased ROS formation. Furthermore, abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control or defects in mitochondrial dynamics have also been linked to senescence. Among the tissues affected by mitochondrial dysfunction are those with a high-energy demand and thus high mitochondrial content. Therefore, the present review focuses on the impact of mitochondria in the ageing process of heart and skeletal muscle. In this article, we review different aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function. Finally, novel aspects of adipose tissue biology and their involvement in the ageing process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boengler
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Maik Kosiol
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Marzetti E, Calvani R, Tosato M, Cesari M, Di Bari M, Cherubini A, Broccatelli M, Savera G, D'Elia M, Pahor M, Bernabei R, Landi F. Physical activity and exercise as countermeasures to physical frailty and sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:35-42. [PMID: 28181204 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The identification of cost-effective interventions that improve the health status and prevent disability in old age is one of the most important public health challenges. Regular physical activity is the only intervention that has consistently been shown to improve functional health and energy balance and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, several cancers, depression and falls. In advanced age, physical activity is also effective at mitigating sarcopenia, restoring robustness, and preventing/delaying the development of disability. On the other hand, physical inactivity is recognized as one of the leading causes of several chronic degenerative diseases and is also a major contributing factor to sarcopenia and functional disability. This compelling evidence has prompted the World Health Organization to recommend engaging in regular physical activity throughout one's life course. The present review summarizes the available evidence in support of physical activity as a remedy against physical frailty and sarcopenia. The relevant pathways through which the benefits of physical activity are conveyed are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mauro Di Bari
- Research Unit of Medicine of Aging, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Division of Geriatric Cardiology and Medicine, Department of Geriatrics and Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Broccatelli
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Savera
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariaelena D'Elia
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pahor
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Extermann M, Leeuwenburgh C, Samiian L, Sehovic M, Xu J, Cubitt C, Jacobsen PB, Pahor M, Grobmyer SR, Manini TM. Impact of chemotherapy on medium-term physical function and activity of older breast cancer survivors, and associated biomarkers. J Geriatr Oncol 2017; 8:69-75. [PMID: 27743848 PMCID: PMC5299045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemotherapy is less often prescribed in older individuals due to concerns about post-treatment morbidity and quality of life. We evaluated the physical performance of breast cancer survivors treated with and without adjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study in 56 estrogen receptor positive breast cancer survivors (BCS) on adjuvant aromatase inhibitors 1-2years after definitive surgery. Cases had received adjuvant chemotherapy (n=27; age 70.5±3.6years) versus age-matched controls who had not (n=29; age 70.0±4.3years). Measures of grip strength, physical activity and performance, walking speed, fatigue, and self-reported physical function were collected. Biological correlates of inflammation, frailty and markers of DNA and RNA oxidation were compared. RESULTS Grip strength (controls: 21±7.4 vs. CASES 29.7±5.0kg, p=0.20), physical activity (5403±3204 vs. 6801±9320steps/day, p=0.45), physical performance (short physical performance battery score: 10.1±1.8 vs. 10.4±1.1, p=0.52) and long-distance walking speed (1.2±0.21 vs. 1.3±0.41m/s, p=0.17) were similar between the two groups. Self-reported physical function was marginally lower in cases than controls (controls: 72±24 vs. CASES 57±34AU, p=0.07). Fatigue disruptiveness was not different between groups (controls: 11.1±13.0 vs. CASES 15.7±16.2AU, p=0.24). Similarly, the inflammation, oxidation, and frailty markers did not present a significant difference between groups, except for vitamin D levels (p=0.04). CONCLUSION Older women who received chemotherapy reported having slightly lower physical function, but a similar physical performance compared to women who did not. These data suggest that older BCS treated with chemotherapy recover to an extent similar to survivors who only received hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laila Samiian
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Marina Sehovic
- Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jinze Xu
- Division of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Paul B Jacobsen
- Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Marco Pahor
- Division of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Todd M Manini
- Division of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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21
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Kim JS, Lee YH, Yi HK. Gradual downhill running improves age-related skeletal muscle and bone weakness: implication of autophagy and bone morphogenetic proteins. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:1528-1540. [PMID: 27641238 DOI: 10.1113/ep085852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise training by running has an effect on age-related muscle and bone wasting that improves physical activity and quality of life in the elderly. However, the effect of downhill running on age-related muscle and bone wasting, and its mechanisms, are unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? Gradual downhill running can improve skeletal muscle growth and bone formation by enhancing autophagy and bone morphogenetic protein signalling in aged rats. Therefore, downhill running exercise might be a practical intervention to improve skeletal muscle and bone protection in the elderly. Recent evidence suggests that autophagy and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway regulate skeletal muscle growth and bone formation in aged rats. However, the effect of downhill running on muscle growth and bone formation is not well understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of downhill and uphill running on age-related muscle and bone weakness. Young and late middle-aged rats were randomly assigned to control groups (young, YC; and late middle-aged, LMC) and two types of running training groups (late middle-aged downhill, LMD; and late middle-aged uphill, LMU). Training was progressively carried out on a treadmill at a speed of 21 m min-1 with a slope of +10 deg for uphill training versus 16 m min-1 with a slope of -16 deg for downhill training, both for 60 min day-1 , 5 days week-1 for 8 weeks. Downhill and uphill training increased autophagy-related protein 5, microtubule-associated protein light chain, Beclin-1 and p62 proteins in aged rats. In addition, superoxide dismutase, haem oxygenase-1 and the BMP signalling pathway were elevated. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and myogenic differentiation were increased significantly in the LMD and LMU groups. Consequently, in the femur, BMP-2, BMP-7 and autophagy molecules were highly expressed in the LMD and LMU groups. These results suggest that both downhill and uphill training appear to have a positive effect on expression of autophagy molecules and BMPs. In particular, these physiological adaptations from gradual downhill exercise have an effect on bone morphological changes and muscle quality similar to gradual uphill training interventions in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.,Department of Sports Science, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Yi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle atrophy during aging, a process known as sarcopenia, is associated with muscle weakness, frailty, and the loss of independence in older adults. The mechanisms contributing to sarcopenia are not totally understood, but muscle fiber loss due to apoptosis, reduced stimulation of anabolic pathways, activation of catabolic pathways, denervation, and altered metabolism have been observed in muscle from old rodents and humans. OBJECTIVE: Recently, histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in muscle atrophy and dysfunction due to denervation, muscular dystrophy, and disuse, and HDACs play key roles in regulating metabolism in skeletal muscle. In this review, we will discuss the role of HDACs in muscle atrophy and the potential of HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: Several HDAC isoforms are potential targets for intervention in sarcopenia. Inhibition of HDAC1 prevents muscle atrophy due to nutrient deprivation. HDAC3 regulates metabolism in skeletal muscle and may inhibit oxidative metabolism during aging. HDAC4 and HDAC5 have been implicated in muscle atrophy due to denervation, a process implicated in sarcopenia. HDAC inhibitors are already in use in the clinic, and there is promise in targeting HDACs for the treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Hord JM, Botchlett R, Lawler JM. Age-related alterations in the sarcolemmal environment are attenuated by lifelong caloric restriction and voluntary exercise. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:148-57. [PMID: 27534381 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, referred to as sarcopenia, is mitigated by lifelong calorie restriction as well as exercise. In aged skeletal muscle fibers there is compromised integrity of the cell membrane that may contribute to sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine if lifelong mild (8%) caloric restriction (CR) and lifelong CR+voluntary wheel running (WR) could ameliorate disruption of membrane scaffolding and signaling proteins during the aging process, thus maintaining a favorable, healthy membrane environment in plantaris muscle fibers. Fischer-344 rats were divided into four groups: 24-month old adults fed ad libitum (OAL); 24-month old on 8% caloric restriction (OCR); 24month old 8% caloric restriction+wheel running (OCRWR); and 6-month old sedentary adults fed ad libitum (YAL) were used to determine age-related changes. Aging resulted in discontinuous membrane expression of dystrophin glycoprotein complex (DGC) proteins: dystrophin and α-syntrophin. Older muscle also displayed decreased content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a key DGC signaling protein. In contrast, OCR and OCRWR provided significant protection against age-related DGC disruption. In conjunction with the age-related decline in membrane DGC patency, key membrane repair proteins (MG53, dysferlin, annexin A6, and annexin A2) were significantly increased in the OAL plantaris. However, lifelong CR and CRWR interventions were effective at maintaining membrane repair proteins near YAL levels of. OAL fibers also displayed reduced protein content of NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (Nox2) subunits (p67phox and p47phox), consistent with a perturbed sarcolemmal environment. Loss of Nox2 subunits was prevented by lifelong CR and CRWR. Our results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that lifelong CR and WR are effective countermeasures against age-related alterations in the myofiber membrane environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Hord
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Botchlett
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Nutrition & Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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Tepp K, Timohhina N, Puurand M, Klepinin A, Chekulayev V, Shevchuk I, Kaambre T. Bioenergetics of the aging heart and skeletal muscles: Modern concepts and controversies. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 28:1-14. [PMID: 27063513 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-related alterations in the bioenergetics of the heart and oxidative skeletal muscle tissues are of crucial influence on their performance. Until now the prevailing concept of aging was the mitochondrial theory, the increased production of reactive oxygen species, mediated by deficiency in the activity of respiratory chain complexes. However, studies with mitochondria in situ have presented results which, to some extent, disagree with previous ones, indicating that the mitochondrial theory of aging may be overestimated. The studies reporting age-related decline in mitochondrial function were performed using mainly isolated mitochondria. Measurements on this level are not able to take into account the system level properties. The relevant information can be obtained only from appropriate studies using cells or tissue fibers. The functional interactions between the components of Intracellular Energetic Unit (ICEU) regulate the energy production and consumption in oxidative muscle cells. The alterations of these interactions in ICEU should be studied in order to find a more effective protocol to decelerate the age-related changes taking place in the energy metabolism. In this article, an overview is given of the present theories and controversies of causes of age-related alterations in bioenergetics. Also, branches of study, which need more emphasis, are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Natalja Timohhina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aleksandr Klepinin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Chekulayev
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Igor Shevchuk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; Faculty of Science, Tallinn University, Narva mnt. 25, 10120, Estonia
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25
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Cell death, clearance and immunity in the skeletal muscle. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:927-37. [PMID: 26868912 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is an immunologically unique tissue. Leukocytes, virtually absent in physiological conditions, are quickly recruited into the tissue upon injury and persist during regeneration. Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy coexist in the injured/regenerating muscles, including those of patients with neuromuscular disorders, such as inflammatory myopathies, dystrophies, metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies and drug-induced myopathies. Macrophages are able to alter their function in response to microenvironment conditions and as a consequence coordinate changes within the tissue from the early injury throughout regeneration and eventual healing, and regulate the activation and the function of stem cells. Early after injury, classically activated macrophages ('M1') dominate the picture. Alternatively activated M2 macrophages predominate during resolution phases and regulate the termination of the inflammatory responses. The dynamic M1/M2 transition is increasingly felt to be the key to the homeostasis of the muscle. Recognition and clearance of debris originating from damaged myofibers and from dying stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and leukocytes are fundamental actions of macrophages. Clearance of apoptotic cells and M1/M2 transition are causally connected and represent limiting steps for muscle healing. The accumulation of apoptotic cells, which reflects their defective clearance, has been demonstrated in various tissues to prompt autoimmunity against intracellular autoantigens. In the muscle, in the presence of type I interferon, apoptotic myoblasts indeed cause the production of autoantibodies, lymphocyte infiltration and continuous cycles of muscle injury and regeneration, mimicking human inflammatory myopathies. The clearance of apoptotic cells thus modulates the homeostatic response of the skeletal muscle to injury. Conversely, defects in the process may have deleterious local effects, guiding maladaptive tissue remodeling with collagen and fat accumulation and promoting autoimmunity itself. There is strong promise for novel treatments based on new knowledge of cell death, clearance and immunity in the muscle.
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Duan H, Zhang X, Chai J, Hu Q, Liu L, Ma L, Feng Y, Yu Y. Apoptosis and death receptor signaling in diaphragm of burnt rats. J Surg Res 2016; 203:6-14. [PMID: 27338528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory dysfunction is a frequent complication after severe burn injury. Respiratory muscle atrophy may induce respiratory dysfunction due to insufficient inspiratory motive power. Accumulated evidence suggests that apoptosis is very important in skeletal muscle atrophy in multiple pathologic conditions. Therefore, we hypothesize that myonuclear apoptosis contributes to diaphragm atrophy induced by burn injury, and death receptor signaling activation plays a role in this process. METHODS Wistar rats in the burn-injured group were subjected to a full-thickness scald injury around 40% of total body surface area. Diaphragm samples were examined for myonuclear apoptosis by transmission electron microscope, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Serum level of apoptotic ligands were assessed by ELISA. Activation of death receptor signaling was examined by Western blotting. RESULTS Burn injury resulted in significant reductions of diaphragm muscle mass and myofiber cross-section area. Apoptosis in diaphragm appeared from day 1 and peaked on day 4 after injury. The level of soluble TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and the ratio of Fas ligand to soluble Fas in serum significantly increased after burn injury. In diaphragm of burnt animals, the expressions of proapoptotic proteins, such as cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio were upregulated, whereas expression of pAkt, an antiapoptotic protein, was downregulated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the most of the caspase-3 was expressed in myofiber nuclei and their surrounding cytoplasm area in tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS Severe burn injury induces myonuclear apoptosis in diaphragm, which could be a contributor to diaphragm muscle atrophy. Activation of death receptor signaling may be a mechanism of apoptosis in diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Duan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China.
| | - Quan Hu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Lingying Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Formerly 304th Hospital of PLA), Beijing, China
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YU YONGHUI, CHU WANLI, CHAI JIAKE, LI XIAO, LIU LINGYING, MA LI. Critical role of miRNAs in mediating skeletal muscle atrophy (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1470-4. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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La Colla A, Pronsato L, Milanesi L, Vasconsuelo A. 17β-Estradiol and testosterone in sarcopenia: Role of satellite cells. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:166-77. [PMID: 26247846 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, referred to as sarcopenia, is a prevalent condition among the elderly. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are unclear, evidence suggests that an age-related acceleration of myocyte loss via apoptosis might be responsible for muscle perfomance decline. Interestingly, sarcopenia has been associated to a deficit of sex hormones which decrease upon aging. The skeletal muscle ability to repair and regenerate itself would not be possible without satellite cells, a subpopulation of cells that remain quiescent throughout life. They are activated in response to stress, enabling them to guide skeletal muscle regeneration. Thus, these cells could be a key factor to overcome sarcopenia. Of importance, satellite cells are 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) targets. In this review, we summarize potential mechanisms through which these hormones regulate satellite cells activation during skeletal muscle regeneration in the elderly. The advance in its understanding will help to the development of potential therapeutic agents to alleviate and treat sarcopenia and other related myophaties.
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29
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Tower J. Programmed cell death in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:90-100. [PMID: 25862945 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, are required for normal cell turnover and tissue homeostasis. Mis-regulation of PCD is increasingly implicated in aging and aging-related disease. During aging the cell turnover rate declines for several highly-mitotic tissues. Aging-associated disruptions in systemic and inter-cell signaling combined with cell-autonomous damage and mitochondrial malfunction result in increased PCD in some cell types, and decreased PCD in other cell types. Increased PCD during aging is implicated in immune system decline, skeletal muscle wasting (sarcopenia), loss of cells in the heart, and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, cancer cells and senescent cells are resistant to PCD, enabling them to increase in abundance during aging. PCD pathways limit life span in fungi, but whether PCD pathways normally limit adult metazoan life span is not yet clear. PCD is regulated by a balance of negative and positive factors, including the mitochondria, which are particularly subject to aging-associated malfunction.
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Kim JH, Lee Y, Kwak HB, Lawler JM. Lifelong wheel running exercise and mild caloric restriction attenuate nuclear EndoG in the aging plantaris muscle. Exp Gerontol 2015; 69:122-8. [PMID: 26055450 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role in atrophy and sarcopenia in skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that insufficient heat shock proteins (HSPs) may contribute to apoptosis and muscle wasting. In addition, long-term caloric restriction (CR) and lifelong wheel running exercise (WR) with CR provide significant protection against caspase-dependent apoptosis and sarcopenia. Caspase-independent mediators (endonuclease G: EndoG; apoptosis-inducing factor: AIF) of apoptosis are also linked to muscles wasting with disuse and aging. However, the efficacy of CR and WR with CR to attenuate caspase-independent apoptosis and preserve HSPs in aging skeletal muscle are unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that CR and WR with CR would ameliorate age-induced elevation of EndoG and AIF while protecting HSP27 and HSP70 levels in the plantaris. Male Fischer-344 rats were divided into 4 groups at 11weeks: ad libitum feeding until 6months (YAL); fed ad libitum until 24months old (OAL); 8%CR to 24months (OCR); WR+8%CR to 24months (OExCR). Nuclear EndoG levels were significantly higher in OAL (+153%) than in YAL, while CR (-38%) and WR with CR (-46%) significantly attenuated age-induced increment in nuclear EndoG. HSP27 (-63%) protein content and phosphorylation at Ser82 (-49%) were significantly lower in OAL than in YAL, while HSP27 protein content was significantly higher in OCR (+136%) and OExCR (+155%) and p-HSP27 (+254%) was significantly higher in OExCR compared with OAL, respectively. In contrast, AIF and HSP70 were unaltered by CR or WR with CR in aging muscle. These data indicate that CR and WR with CR attenuate age-associated upregulation of EndoG translocation in the nucleus, potentially involved with HSP27 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hee Kim
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, South Korea
| | - Yang Lee
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States; Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, South Korea
| | - John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, United States.
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31
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Villalba JM, López-Domínguez JA, Chen Y, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, Del Río LF, Gutiérrez-Casado E, Del Río M, Calvo-Rubio M, Ariza J, de Cabo R, López-Lluch G, Navas P, Hagopian K, Burón MI, Ramsey JJ. The influence of dietary fat source on liver and skeletal muscle mitochondrial modifications and lifespan changes in calorie-restricted mice. Biogerontology 2015; 16:655-70. [PMID: 25860863 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Membrane Theory of Aging proposes that lifespan is inversely related to the level of unsaturation in membrane phospholipids. Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition extends lifespan in many model organisms, which may be related to alterations in membrane phospholipids fatty acids. During the last few years our research focused on studying how altering the predominant fat source affects the outcome of CR in mice. We have established four dietary groups: one control group fed 95 % of a pre-determined ad libitum intake (in order to prevent obesity), and three CR groups fed 40 % less than ad libitum intake. Lipid source for the control and one of the CR groups was soybean oil (high in n-6 PUFA) whereas the two remaining CR groups were fed diets containing fish oil (high in n-3 PUFA), or lard (high in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids). Dietary intervention periods ranged from 1 to 18 months. We performed a longitudinal lifespan study and a cross-sectional study set up to evaluate several mitochondrial parameters which included fatty acid composition, H(+) leak, activities of electron transport chain enzymes, ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in liver and skeletal muscle. These approaches applied to different cohorts of mice have independently indicated that lard as a fat source often maximizes the effects of 40 % CR on mice. These effects could be due to significant increases of monounsaturated fatty acids levels, in accordance with the Membrane Theory of Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Villalba
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, 14014, Córdoba, Spain,
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Meneses C, Morales MG, Abrigo J, Simon F, Brandan E, Cabello-Verrugio C. The angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis reduces myonuclear apoptosis during recovery from angiotensin II-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1975-84. [PMID: 25292283 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang (1-7)] is a peptide belonging to the non-classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Ang (1-7), through its receptor Mas, has an opposite action to angiotensin II (Ang II), the typical peptide of the classical RAS axis. Ang II produces skeletal muscle atrophy, a pathological condition characterised by the loss of strength and muscle mass. A feature of muscle atrophy is the decrease of the myofibrillar proteins produced by the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP), evidenced by the increase in the expression of two muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1 and MuRF-1. In addition, it has been described that Ang II also induces myonuclear apoptosis during muscle atrophy. We assessed the effects of Ang (1-7) and Mas participation on myonuclear apoptosis during skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II. Our results show that Ang (1-7), through Mas, prevents the effects induced by Ang II in the diaphragm muscles and decreases several events associated with apoptosis in the diaphragm (increased apoptotic nuclei, increased expression of caspase-8 and caspase-9, increased caspase-3 activity and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). Concomitantly, Ang (1-7) also attenuates the decrease in fibre diameter and muscle strength, and prevents the increase in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 during the muscle wasting induced by Ang II. Interestingly, these effects of Ang (1-7) are dependent on the Mas receptor. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that Ang (1-7) prevents myonuclear apoptosis during the recovery of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Meneses
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiopatología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Mayero S, Perez-Quilis C, Lucia A. New molecular targets and lifestyle interventions to delay aging sarcopenia. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:156. [PMID: 25071565 PMCID: PMC4078253 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain ; Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario INCLIVA , Valencia , Spain
| | - Sara Mayero
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario , Valencia , Spain
| | - Carme Perez-Quilis
- Department of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine, University Research Institute "Dr. Viña Giner", Catholic University of Valencia "San Vicente Mártir" , Valencia , Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea and Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid , Spain
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Walsh ME, Shi Y, Van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:88-99. [PMID: 23743291 PMCID: PMC4017324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed during aging and in numerous age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is a regimen that protects against disease and extends life span in multiple species. However, it is unknown how DR mediates its protective effects. One prominent and consistent effect of DR in a number of systems is the ability to reduce oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that dietary restriction reduces oxidative stress in rodents by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to an overall reduction of oxidative damage to macromolecules. The literature reveals that the effects of DR on oxidative stress are complex and likely influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, species, tissue examined, types of ROS and antioxidant enzymes examined, and duration of DR. Here we present a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the effect of DR on mitochondrial ROS generation, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage. In a majority of studies, dietary restriction had little effect on mitochondrial ROS production or antioxidant activity. On the other hand, DR decreased oxidative damage in the majority of cases. Although the effects of DR on endogenous antioxidants are mixed, we find that glutathione levels are the most likely antioxidant to be increased by dietary restriction, which supports the emerging redox-stress hypothesis of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Deslandes AC. Exercise and Mental Health: What did We Learn in the Last 20 Years? Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:66. [PMID: 24982639 PMCID: PMC4055854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camaz Deslandes
- Neuroscience of Exercise Lab (LaNEx), Psychiatric Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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36
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López-Domínguez JA, Khraiwesh H, González-Reyes JA, López-Lluch G, Navas P, Ramsey JJ, de Cabo R, Burón MI, Villalba JM. Dietary fat modifies mitochondrial and plasma membrane apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle of calorie-restricted mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:2027-2044. [PMID: 23179253 PMCID: PMC3824980 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Calorie restriction decreases skeletal muscle apoptosis, and this phenomenon has been mechanistically linked to its protective action against sarcopenia of aging. Alterations in lipid composition of membranes have been related with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction. However, no study has been designed to date to elucidate if different dietary fat sources with calorie restriction modify apoptotic signaling in skeletal muscle. We show that a 6-month calorie restriction decreased the activity of the plasma membrane neutral sphingomyelinase, although caspase-8/10 activity was not altered, in young adult mice. Lipid hydroperoxides, Bax levels, and cytochrome c and AIF release/accumulation into the cytosol were also decreased, although caspase-9 activity was unchanged. No alterations in caspase-3 and apoptotic index (DNA fragmentation) were observed, but calorie restriction improved structural features of gastrocnemius fibers by increasing cross-sectional area and decreasing circularity of fibers in cross sections. Changing dietary fat with calorie restriction produced substantial alterations of apoptotic signaling. Fish oil augmented the protective effect of calorie restriction decreasing plasma membrane neutral sphingomyelinase, Bax levels, caspase-8/10, and -9 activities, while increasing levels of the antioxidant coenzyme Q at the plasma membrane, and potentiating the increase of cross-sectional area and the decrease of fiber circularity in cross sections. Many of these changes were not found when we used lard. Our data support that dietary fish oil with calorie restriction produces a cellular anti-apoptotic environment in skeletal muscle with a downregulation of components involved in the initial stages of apoptosis engagement, both at the plasma membrane and the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto López-Domínguez
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
| | - Husam Khraiwesh
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
| | - José Antonio González-Reyes
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- />Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, and CIBERER (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- />Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, and CIBERER (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jon Jay Ramsey
- />VM Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- />Laboratory of Experimental Gerontology, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, NIH USA
| | - María Isabel Burón
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
| | - José M. Villalba
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Campus Rabanales Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
- />Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3ª planta, Campus Rabanales, Córdoba, 14014 Spain
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Kim K, Jun TW, Kim H, Kim CJ, Song W. Low-intensity treadmill exercise enhances fast recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury in rats. Integr Med Res 2013; 2:157-165. [PMID: 28664068 PMCID: PMC5481695 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although bupivacaine has been used to study muscle degeneration and regeneration, the potential enhancement of muscle injury by exercise has not been well examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low-intensity treadmill exercise enhances fast recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury and to examine concomitant changes in heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression during regeneration process. Methods In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: the control group (CON), the sham group (SHAM), the injury group (INJ), and the injury and exercise group (EX) (n = 14 in each group). Expressions of HSP70, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and caspase-3 were determined at 1 and 7 days after bupivacaine-induced muscle injury in gastrocnemius. Results Results showed that bupivacaine-induced muscle injury (1 day) significantly increased the expressions of HSP70 and iNOS. At 7 days after the muscle injury, HSP70 expression was higher in the EX group compared with that in the INJ group and elevated level of HSP70 by exercise is concomitant with downregulation of iNOS and the decreased number of caspase-3-positive cells as a marker of apoptosis. Fewer necrosis of myofibers were also found in the EX group compared with the INJ group. Conclusion Our results suggest that low-intensity treadmill exercise may enhance fast recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury in rat partly by HSP70 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Kim
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Tae-Won Jun
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Oriental Sports Medicine, College of Health and Therapy, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wook Song
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The endothelium plays a critical role in the maintenance of cardiovascular health by producing nitric oxide and other vasoactive materials. Aging is associated with a gradual decline in this functional aspect of endothelial regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Indeed, age is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and is in part an important factor in the increased exponential mortality rates from vascular disease such as myocardial infarction and stroke that occurs in the ageing population. There are a number of mechanisms suggested to explain age-related endothelial dysfunction. However, recent scientific studies have advanced the notion of oxidative stress and inflammation as the two major risk factors underlying aging and age-related diseases. Regular physical activity, known to have a favorable effect on cardiovascular health, can also improve the function of the ageing endothelium by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, as we discuss in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Golbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Pintus F, Floris G, Rufini A. Nutrient availability links mitochondria, apoptosis, and obesity. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:734-41. [PMID: 23211444 PMCID: PMC3560440 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the dominant source of the cellular energy requirements through oxidative phosphorylation, but they are also central players in apoptosis. Nutrient availability may have been the main evolutionary driving force behind these opposite mitochondrial functions: production of energy to sustain life and release of apoptotic proteins to trigger cell death. Here, we explore the link between nutrients, mitochondria and apoptosis with known and potential implications for age-related decline and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pintus
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit/University of Leicester, LE1 1QH, Leicester UK
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40
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Luo L, Lu AM, Wang Y, Hong A, Chen Y, Hu J, Li X, Qin ZH. Chronic resistance training activates autophagy and reduces apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, Akt/mTOR and Akt/FOXO3a signaling in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:427-36. [PMID: 23419688 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) remains the most effective treatment for the loss of muscle mass and strength in elderly people. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that autophagic signaling is altered in aged skeletal muscles. This study aimed to investigate if RET affects IGF-1 and its receptors, the Akt/mTOR, and Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathways and regulates autophagy and apoptosis in the gastrocnemius muscles of 18-20 month old rats. The results showed that 9 weeks of RET prevented the loss of muscle mass and improved muscle strength, accompanied by reduced LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, reduced p62 protein levels, and increased levels of autophagy regulatory proteins, including Beclin 1, Atg5/12, Atg7, and the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin L. RET also reduced cytochrome c level in the cytosol but increased its level in mitochondrial fraction, and inhibited cleaved caspase 3 production and apoptosis. Furthermore, RET upregulated the expression of IGF-1 and its receptors but downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR. In addition, RET upregulated the expression of total AMPK, phosphorylated AMPK, and FOXO3a. Taken together, these results suggest that the benefits of RET are associated with increased autophagy activity and reduced apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, the Akt/mTOR and Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathways in aged skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
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41
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Abstract
Sarcopenia is one of the leading causes of disability in the elderly. Despite the growing prevalence of sarcopenia, the molecular mechanisms that control aging-related changes in muscle mass are not fully understood. The ubiquitin proteasome system is one of the major pathways that regulate muscle protein degradation, and this system plays a central role in controlling muscle size. Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 are two E3 ubiquitin ligases that are important regulators of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation in skeletal muscle. In this review, we will discuss: (i) aging-related changes to skeletal muscle structure and function; (ii) the regulation of protein synthesis and protein degradation by IGF-1, TGF-β, and myostatin, with emphasis on the control of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression; and (iii) the potential for modulating atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expression to treat or prevent sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Gumucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 2017, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
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Lee JS, Park AH, Lee SH, Lee SH, Kim JH, Yang SJ, Yeom YI, Kwak TH, Lee D, Lee SJ, Lee CH, Kim JM, Kim D. Beta-lapachone, a modulator of NAD metabolism, prevents health declines in aged mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47122. [PMID: 23071729 PMCID: PMC3469505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NADH-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) modulates cellular NAD+/NADH ratio which has been associated with the aging and anti-aging mechanisms of calorie restriction (CR). Here, we demonstrate that the facilitation of NQO1 activity by feeding β-lapachone (βL), an exogenous NQO1 co-substrate, prevented age-dependent decline of motor and cognitive function in aged mice. βL-fed mice did not alter their food-intake or locomotor activity but did increase their energy expenditure as measured by oxygen consumption and heat generation. Mitochondrial structure and numbers were disorganized and decreased in the muscles of control diet group but those defects were less severe in βL-fed aged mice. Furthermore, for a subset of genes associated with energy metabolism, mice fed the βL-diet showed similar changes in gene expression to the CR group (fed 70% of the control diet). These results support the potentiation of NQO1 activity by a βL diet and could be an option for preventing age-related decline of muscle and brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-sook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ah Hyung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | | | - Suk-Jin Yang
- Medical Genomics Research Center, KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Il Yeom
- Medical Genomics Research Center, KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Dongyeop Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Science, POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology), Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Animal Model Center, KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Pathology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology), Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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A novel proteasome inhibitor acting in mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and ROS production. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:493-505. [PMID: 22975862 PMCID: PMC3644403 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In cancer-treatment, potentially therapeutic drugs trigger their effects through apoptotic mechanisms. Generally, cell response is manifested by Bcl-2 family protein regulation, the impairment of mitochondrial functions, and ROS production. Notwithstanding, several drugs operate through proteasome inhibition, which, by inducing the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded or unfolded proteins, can lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Accordingly, it was shown that Amblyomin-X, a Kunitz-type inhibitor identified in the transcriptome of the Amblyomma cajennense tick by ESTs sequence analysis of a cDNA library, obtained in recombinant protein form, induces apoptosis in murine renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells by: inducing imbalance between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, dysfunction/mitochondrial damage, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), caspase cascade activation, and proteasome inhibition, all ER-stress inductive. Moreover, there was no manifest action on normal mouse-fibroblast cells (NHI3T3), suggesting an Amblyomin-X tumor-cell selectivity. Taken together, these evidences indicate that Amblyomin-X could be a promising candidate for cancer therapy.
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44
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Skeletal muscle mitochondria and aging: a review. J Aging Res 2012; 2012:194821. [PMID: 22888430 PMCID: PMC3408651 DOI: 10.1155/2012/194821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and muscle strength. Declines in skeletal muscle mitochondria are thought to play a primary role in this process. Mitochondria are the major producers of reactive oxygen species, which damage DNA, proteins, and lipids if not rapidly quenched. Animal and human studies typically show that skeletal muscle mitochondria are altered with aging, including increased mutations in mitochondrial DNA, decreased activity of some mitochondrial enzymes, altered respiration with reduced maximal capacity at least in sedentary individuals, and reduced total mitochondrial content with increased morphological changes. However, there has been much controversy over measurements of mitochondrial energy production, which may largely be explained by differences in approach and by whether physical activity is controlled for. These changes may in turn alter mitochondrial dynamics, such as fusion and fission rates, and mitochondrially induced apoptosis, which may also lead to net muscle fiber loss and age-related sarcopenia. Fortunately, strategies such as exercise and caloric restriction that reduce oxidative damage also improve mitochondrial function. While these strategies may not completely prevent the primary effects of aging, they may help to attenuate the rate of decline.
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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Little JP, Cornish SM, Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD. Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength. Biogerontology 2012; 13:345-58. [PMID: 22684187 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, has a negative effect on strength, functional independence and overall quality of life. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial phenomenon characterized by changes in muscle morphology, protein and hormonal kinetics, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical activity and nutrition. It is well known that resistance exercise increases aging muscle mass and strength and these physiological adaptations from exercise may be further enhanced with certain nutritional interventions. Research indicates that essential amino acids and milk-based proteins, creatine monohydrate, essential fatty acids, and vitamin D may all have beneficial effects on aging muscle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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Sakuma K, Yamaguchi A. Sarcopenia and cachexia: the adaptations of negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:77-94. [PMID: 22476916 PMCID: PMC3374017 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the biology of muscle, and how anabolic and catabolic stimuli interact to control muscle mass and function, have led to new interest in the pharmacological treatment of muscle wasting. Loss of muscle occurs as a consequence of several chronic diseases (cachexia) as well as normal aging (sarcopenia). Although many negative regulators [Atrogin-1, muscle ring finger-1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), myostatin, etc.] have been proposed to enhance protein degradation during both sarcopenia and cachexia, the adaptation of mediators markedly differs among these conditions. Sarcopenic and cachectic muscles have been demonstrated to be abundant in myostatin- and apoptosis-linked molecules. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is activated during many different types of cachexia (cancer cachexia, cardiac heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), but not many mediators of the UPS change during sarcopenia. NF-κB signaling is activated in cachectic, but not in sarcopenic, muscle. Some studies have indicated a change of autophagic signaling during both sarcopenia and cachexia, but the adaptation remains to be elucidated. This review provides an overview of the adaptive changes in negative regulators of muscle mass in both sarcopenia and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Sakuma
- Research Center for Physical Fitness, Sports and Health, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi, 441-8580, Japan,
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Arthur ST, Cooley ID. The effect of physiological stimuli on sarcopenia; impact of Notch and Wnt signaling on impaired aged skeletal muscle repair. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:731-60. [PMID: 22701343 PMCID: PMC3371570 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function that is associated with sarcopenia can result in ultimate consequences such as decreased quality of life. The causes of sarcopenia are multifactorial and include environmental and biological factors. The purpose of this review is to synthesize what the literature reveals in regards to the cellular regulation of sarcopenia, including impaired muscle regenerative capacity in the aged, and to discuss if physiological stimuli have the potential to slow the loss of myogenic potential that is associated with sarcopenia. In addition, this review article will discuss the effect of aging on Notch and Wnt signaling, and whether physiological stimuli have the ability to restore Notch and Wnt signaling resulting in rejuvenated aged muscle repair. The intention of this summary is to bring awareness to the benefits of consistent physiological stimulus (exercise) to combating sarcopenia as well as proclaiming the usefulness of contraction-induced injury models to studying the effects of local and systemic influences on aged myogenic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Tsivitse Arthur
- Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory of Systems Physiology, University North Carolina - Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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48
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Relationship between human aging muscle and oxidative system pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:830257. [PMID: 22685621 PMCID: PMC3362949 DOI: 10.1155/2012/830257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex process that in muscle is usually associated with a decrease in mass, strength, and velocity of contraction. One of the most striking effects of ageing on muscle is known as sarcopenia. This inevitable biological process is characterized by a general decline in the physiological and biochemical functions of the major systems. At the cellular level, aging is caused by a progressive decline in mitochondrial function that results in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the addition of a single electron to the oxygen molecule. The aging process is characterized by an imbalance between an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species in the organism and the antioxidant defences as a whole. The goal of this review is to examine the results of existing studies on oxidative stress in aging human skeletal muscles, taking into account different physiological factors (sex, fibre composition, muscle type, and function).
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49
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Sambataro F, Pennuto M. Cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous toxicity in polyglutamine diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:152-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Estey C, Seifert EL, Aguer C, Moffat C, Harper ME. Calorie restriction in mice overexpressing UCP3: evidence that prior mitochondrial uncoupling alters response. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:361-71. [PMID: 22406134 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition is the only intervention to consistently increase lifespan in all species tested, and lower age-related pathologies in mammals including humans. It has been suggested that uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, using chemical uncouplers, mimics CR, and that overlapping mechanisms underlie the phenotypic changes induced by uncoupling and CR. We aimed to critically assess this using a unique mouse model of skeletal muscle-targeted UCP3-induced uncoupling (UCP3Tg), and focused our studies mainly on skeletal muscle mitochondria. Compared to ad libitum fed Wt mice, skeletal muscle mitochondria from ad libitum fed UCP3Tg mice showed higher basal uncoupling and lower H(2)O(2) emission, with unchanged maximal oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial content. UCP3Tg CR mice showed some tendency for differential adaptation to CR, with lowered H(+) leak conductance and evidence for higher H(2)O(2) emission from skeletal muscle mitochondria following 2 weeks CR, and failure to lower H(2)O(2) emission after 1 month CR. Differential adaptation was also apparent at the whole body level: while UCP3Tg CR mice lost as much weight as Wt CR mice, the proportion of muscle lost was higher in UCP3Tg mice. However, a striking outcome of our studies was the absence of change with CR in many of the parameters of mitochondrial function and content that we measured in mice of either genotype. Overall, our study raises the question of whether CR can consistently modify skeletal muscle mitochondria; alterations with CR may only be apparent under certain conditions such as during the 2 wk CR intervention in the UCP3Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Estey
- Dept. Biochem Microbiol Immunol, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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