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Choe JK, Hua LC, Komaki Y, Simpson AMA, McCurry DL, Mitch WA. Evaluation of Histidine Reactivity and Byproduct Formation during Peptide Chlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1790-1799. [PMID: 33492937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The covalent modifications resulting from chlorine reactions with peptide-bound amino acids contribute to pathogen inactivation and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation. Previous research suggested that histidine is the third most reactive of the seven chlorine-reactive amino acids, leading to the formation of 2-chlorohistidine, 2-oxohistidine, or low-molecular-weight byproducts such as trihalomethanes. This study demonstrates that histidine is less reactive toward formation of chlorine transformation products (transformation time scale of hours to days) than five of the seven chlorine-reactive amino acids, including tyrosine (transformation time scale of minutes). Chlorine targeted tyrosine in preference to histidine within peptides, indicating that chlorine reactions with tyrosine and other more reactive amino acids could contribute more to the structural modifications to proteins over the short time scales relevant to pathogen inactivation. Over the longer time scales relevant to disinfection byproduct formation in treatment plants or distribution systems, this study identified β-cyanoalanine as the dominant transformation product of chlorine reactions with peptide-bound histidine, with molar yields of ∼50% after 1 day. While a chlorinated histidine intermediate was observed at lower yields (maximum ∼5%), the cumulative concentration of the conventional low-molecular-weight DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes) was ≤7%. These findings support the need to identify the high-yield initial transformation products of chlorine reactions with important precursor structures to facilitate the identification of unknown DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kwon Choe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lap-Cuong Hua
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yukako Komaki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Adam M-A Simpson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Catalase-Like Antioxidant Activity is Unaltered in Hypochlorous Acid Oxidized Horse Heart Myoglobin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090414. [PMID: 31540488 PMCID: PMC6770884 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated neutrophils release myeloperoxidase that produces the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Exposure of the oxygen transport protein horse heart myoglobin (hhMb) to HOCl inhibits Iron III (Fe(III))-heme reduction by cytochrome b5 to oxygen-binding Iron II (Fe(II))Mb. Pathological concentrations of HOCl yielded myoglobin oxidation products of increased electrophoretic mobility and markedly different UV/Vis absorbance. Mass analysis indicated HOCl caused successive mass increases of 16 a.m.u., consistent serial addition of molecular oxygen to the protein. By contrast, parallel analysis of protein chlorination by quantitative mass spectrometry revealed a comparatively minor increase in the 3-chlorotyrosine/tyrosine ratio. Pre-treatment of hhMb with HOCl affected the peroxidase reaction between the hemoprotein and H2O2 as judged by a HOCl dose-dependent decrease in spin-trapped tyrosyl radical detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and the rate constant of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) oxidation. By contrast, Mb catalase-like antioxidant activity remained unchanged under the same conditions. Notably, HOCl-modification of Mb decreased the rate of ferric-to-ferrous Mb reduction by a cytochrome b5 reductase system. Taken together, these data indicate oxidizing HOCl promotes Mb oxidation but not chlorination and that oxidized Mb shows altered Mb peroxidase-like activity and diminished rates of one-electron reduction by cytochrome b5 reductase, possibly affecting oxygen storage and transport however, Mb-catalase-like antioxidant activity remains unchanged.
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Hoskin TS, Crowther JM, Cheung J, Epton MJ, Sly PD, Elder PA, Dobson RCJ, Kettle AJ, Dickerhof N. Oxidative cross-linking of calprotectin occurs in vivo, altering its structure and susceptibility to proteolysis. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101202. [PMID: 31015146 PMCID: PMC6477633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, the major neutrophil protein, is a critical alarmin that modulates inflammation and plays a role in host immunity by strongly binding trace metals essential for bacterial growth. It has two cysteine residues favourably positioned to act as a redox switch. Whether their oxidation occurs in vivo and affects the function of calprotectin has received little attention. Here we show that in saliva from healthy adults, and in lavage fluid from the lungs of patients with respiratory diseases, a substantial proportion of calprotectin was cross-linked via disulfide bonds between the cysteine residues on its S100A8 and S100A9 subunits. Stimulated human neutrophils released calprotectin and subsequently cross-linked it by myeloperoxidase-dependent production of hypochlorous acid. The myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants hypochlorous acid, taurine chloramine, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, all at 10 μM, cross-linked calprotectin (5 μM) via reversible disulfide bonds. Hypochlorous acid generated A9-A9 and A8-A9 cross links. Hydrogen peroxide (10 μM) did not cross-link the protein. Purified neutrophil calprotectin existed as a non-covalent heterodimer of A8/A9 which was converted to a heterotetramer - (A8/A9)2 - with excess calcium ions. Low level oxidation of calprotectin with hypochlorous acid produced substantial proportions of high order oligomers, whether oxidation occurred before or after addition of calcium ions. At high levels of oxidation the heterodimer could not form tetramers with calcium ions, but prior addition of calcium ions afforded some protection for the heterotetramer. Oxidation and formation of the A8-A9 disulfide cross link enhanced calprotectin's susceptibility to proteolysis by neutrophil proteases. We propose that reversible disulfide cross-linking of calprotectin occurs during inflammation and affects its structure and function. Its increased susceptibility to proteolysis will ultimately result in a loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teagan S Hoskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer M Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jeanette Cheung
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Epton
- Canterbury Respiratory Research Group, Respiratory Services, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter A Elder
- Endocrinology and Steroid Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Neutrophils recruited to the myocardium after acute experimental myocardial infarct generate hypochlorous acid that oxidizes cardiac myoglobin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:103-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mikhalchik EV, Smolina NV, Astamirova TS, Gorudko IV, Grigorieva DV, Ivanov VA, Sokolov AV, Kostevich VA, Cherenkevich SN, Panasenko OM. Human serum albumin modified under oxidative/halogenative stress enhances luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350913040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Morgan PE, Sheahan PJ, Pattison DI, Davies MJ. Methylglyoxal-induced modification of arginine residues decreases the activity of NADPH-generating enzymes. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:229-42. [PMID: 23579026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate control of plasma and cellular glucose and ketone levels in diabetes is associated with increased generation of reactive aldehydes, including methylglyoxal (MGO). These aldehydes react with protein side chains to form advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Arg residues are particularly susceptible to MGO glycation and are essential for binding NADP(+) in several enzymes that generate NADPH, a coenzyme for many critical metabolic and antioxidant enzymes. In most animal cells, NADPH is produced predominantly by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway and, to a lesser extent, by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malic enzyme (ME). In this study, the activities of isolated G6PD, IDH, and ME were inhibited by MGO (0-2.5mM, 2-3h, 37°C), in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with G6PD and IDH more sensitive to modification than ME. Significant inhibition of these two enzymes occurred with MGO levels ≥500μM. Incubation with radiolabeled MGO (0-500µM, 0-3h, 37°C) demonstrated dose- and time-dependent adduction to G6PD and IDH. HPLC analysis provided evidence for AGE formation and particularly the hydroimidazolones MG-H1 and MG-H2 from Arg residues, with corresponding loss of parent Arg residues. Peptide mass mapping studies confirmed hydroimidazolone formation on multiple peptides in G6PD and IDH, including those critical for NADP(+) binding, and substrate binding, in the case of IDH. These results suggest that modification of NADPH-producing enzymes by reactive aldehydes may result in alterations to the cellular redox environment, potentially predisposing cells to further damage by oxidants and reactive aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Morgan
- Free Radical Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Pamela J Sheahan
- Free Radical Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - David I Pattison
- Free Radical Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- Free Radical Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Shanu A, Groebler L, Kim HB, Wood S, Weekley CM, Aitken JB, Harris HH, Witting PK. Selenium inhibits renal oxidation and inflammation but not acute kidney injury in an animal model of rhabdomyolysis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:756-69. [PMID: 22937747 PMCID: PMC3555114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a manifestation of rhabdomyolysis (RM). Extracellular myoglobin accumulating in the kidney after RM promotes oxidative damage, which is implicated in AKI. AIM To test whether selenium (Se) supplementation diminishes AKI and improves renal function. RESULTS Dietary selenite increased Se in the renal cortex, as demonstrated by X-ray fluorescence microscopy. Experimental RM-stimulated AKI as judged by increased urinary protein/creatinine, clusterin, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), decreased creatinine clearance (CCr), increased plasma urea, and damage to renal tubules. Concentrations of cholesterylester (hydro)peroxides and F₂-isoprostanes increased in plasma and renal tissues after RM, while aortic and renal cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP; marker of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability) decreased. Renal superoxide dismutase-1, phospho-P65, TNFα gene, MCP-1 protein, and the 3-chloro-tyrosine/tyrosine ratio (Cl-Tyr/Tyr; marker of neutrophil activation) all increased after RM. Dietary Se significantly decreased renal lipid oxidation, phospho-P65, TNFα gene expression, MCP-1 and Cl-Tyr/Tyr, improved NO bioavailability in aorta but not in the renal microvasculature, and inhibited proteinuria. However, CCr, plasma urea and creatinine, urinary clusterin, and histopathological assessment of AKI remained unchanged. Except for the Se++ group, renal angiotensin-receptor-1/2 gene/protein expression increased after RM with parallel increases in MEK1/2 inhibitor-sensitive MAPkinase (ERK) activity. INNOVATION We employed synchrotron radiation to identify Se distribution in kidneys, in addition to assessing reno-protection after RM. CONCLUSION Se treatment has some potential as a therapeutic for AKI as it inhibits oxidative damage and inflammation and decreases proteinuria, albeit histopathological changes to the kidney and some plasma and urinary markers of AKI remain unaffected after RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Shanu
- Discipline of Pathology, Redox Biology Group, Bosch Institute, The University of Adelaide, Australia
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Nussbaum C, Klinke A, Adam M, Baldus S, Sperandio M. Myeloperoxidase: a leukocyte-derived protagonist of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:692-713. [PMID: 22823200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The heme-enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the major neutrophil bactericidal proteins and is stored in large amounts inside azurophilic granules of neutrophils. Upon cell activation, MPO is released and extracellular MPO has been detected in a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Recent ADVANCES AND CRITICAL ISSUES: Apart from its role during infection, MPO has emerged as a critical modulator of inflammation throughout the last decade and is currently discussed in the initiation and propagation of cardiovascular diseases. MPO-derived oxidants (e.g., hypochlorous acid) interfere with various cell functions and contribute to tissue injury. Recent data also suggest that MPO itself exerts proinflammatory properties independent of its catalytic activity. Despite advances in unraveling the complex action of MPO and MPO-derived oxidants, further research is warranted to determine the precise nature and biological role of MPO in inflammation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The identification of MPO as a central player in inflammation renders this enzyme an attractive prognostic biomarker and a potential target for therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the (patho-) physiology of MPO is essential for the development of successful treatment strategies in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- Walter Brendel Centre for Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Effects of oxidation of lysozyme by hypohalous acids and haloamines on enzymatic activity and aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:1090-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Gebicka L, Banasiak E. Hypochlorous acid-induced heme damage of hemoglobin and its inhibition by flavonoids. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:924-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Friedrichs K, Baldus S, Klinke A. Fibrosis in Atrial Fibrillation - Role of Reactive Species and MPO. Front Physiol 2012; 3:214. [PMID: 22723783 PMCID: PMC3379725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrosis with enhanced turnover and deposition of matrix proteins leads to inhomogeneous atrial electrical conduction and gives rise to electrical reentry circuits resulting in atrial fibrillation. The multifactorial pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis involves resident cardiac cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes, both generating and sequestering matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a key enzyme family involved in fibrosis. A growing body of evidence points toward an important role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the release and activation of pro-MMPs and the stimulation of pro-fibrotic cascades. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a bactericidal enzyme released from activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is not only associated with a variety of cardiovascular diseases, but has also been shown to be mechanistically linked to atrial fibrosis and fibrillation. MPO catalyzes the generation of reactive species like hypochlorous acid, which affect intracellular signaling cascades in various cells and advance activation of pro-MMPs and deposition of atrial collagen resulting in atrial arrhythmias. Thus, inflammatory mechanisms effectively promote atrial structural remodeling and importantly contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Friedrichs
- Department of Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Heart Center Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
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Wigginton KR, Kohn T. Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:84-9. [PMID: 22440970 PMCID: PMC7102855 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drinking waters are treated for enteric virus via a number of disinfection techniques including chemical oxidants, irradiation, and heat, however the inactivation mechanisms during disinfection remain elusive. Owing to the fact that a number of significant waterborne virus strains are not readily culturable in vitro at this time (e.g. norovirus, hepatitis A), the susceptibility of these viruses to disinfection is largely unknown. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in virus inactivation would aid in predicting the susceptibility of non-culturable virus strains to disinfection and would foster the development of improved disinfection methods. Recent technological advances in virology research have provided a wealth of information on enteric virus compositions, structures, and biological functions. This knowledge will allow for physical/chemical descriptions of virus inactivation and thus further our understanding of virus disinfection to the most basic mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Rule Wigginton
- University of Maryland, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
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