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Baruah M, Jana A, Pareek N, Singh S, Samanta A. A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Hypochlorite and Lipid Droplets to Monitor Oxidative Stress. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:662. [PMID: 37367027 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are valuable subcellular organelles and play crucial roles in redox signaling in living cells. Substantial evidence proved that mitochondria are one of the critical sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overproduction of ROS accompanies redox imbalance and cell immunity. Among ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the foremost redox regulator, which reacts with chloride ions in the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate another biogenic redox molecule, hypochlorous acid (HOCl). These highly reactive ROS are the primary cause of damage to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), and proteins, leading to various neuronal diseases and cell death. Cellular damage, related cell death, and oxidative stress are also associated with lysosomes which act as recycling units in the cytoplasm. Hence, simultaneous monitoring of multiple organelles using simple molecular probes is an exciting area of research that is yet to be explored. Significant evidence also suggests that oxidative stress induces the accumulation of lipid droplets in cells. Hence, monitoring redox biomolecules in mitochondria and lipid droplets in cells may give a new insight into cell damage, leading to cell death and related disease progressions. Herein, we developed simple hemicyanine-based small molecular probes with a boronic acid trigger. A fluorescent probe AB that could efficiently detect mitochondrial ROS, especially HOCl, and viscosity simultaneously. When the AB probe released phenylboronic acid after reacting with ROS, the product AB-OH exhibited ratiometric emissions depending on excitation. This AB-OH nicely translocates to lysosomes and efficiently monitors the lysosomal lipid droplets. Photoluminescence and confocal fluorescence imaging analysis suggest that AB and corresponding AB-OH molecules are potential chemical probes for studying oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Baruah
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be) University, Delhi 201314, NCR, India
| | - Anal Jana
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be) University, Delhi 201314, NCR, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Niharika Pareek
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be) University, Delhi 201314, NCR, India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be) University, Delhi 201314, NCR, India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar (Institute of Eminence Deemed to be) University, Delhi 201314, NCR, India
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2
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Cheng G, Karoui H, Hardy M, Kalyanaraman B. Polyphenolic Boronates Inhibit Tumor Cell Proliferation: Potential Mitigators of Oxidants in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041089. [PMID: 36831432 PMCID: PMC9953882 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Boronate-based compounds have been used in brain cancer therapy, either as prodrugs or in combination with other modalities. Boronates containing pro-luminescent and fluorescent probes have been used in mouse models of cancer. In this study, we synthesized and developed polyphenolic boronates and mitochondria-targeted polyphenolic phytochemicals (e.g., magnolol [MGN] and honokiol [HNK]) and tested their antiproliferative effects in brain cancer cells. Results show that mitochondria-targeted (Mito) polyphenolic boronates (Mito-MGN-B and Mito-HNK-B) were slightly more potent than Mito-MGN and Mito-HNK in inhibiting proliferation of the U87MG cell line. Similar proliferation results also were observed in other cancer cell lines, such as MiaPaCa-2, A549 and UACC-62. Independent in vitro experiments indicated that reactive nitrogen species (e.g., peroxynitrite) and reactive oxygen species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) stoichiometrically react with polyphenolic boronates and Mito-polphenolic boronates, forming polyphenols and Mito-polyphenols as major products. Previous reports suggest that both Mito-MGN and Mito-HNK activate cytotoxic T cells and inhibit immunosuppressive immune cells. We propose that Mito-polyphenolic boronate-based prodrugs may be used to inhibit tumor proliferation and mitigate oxidant formation in the tumor microenvironment, thereby generating Mito-polyphenols in situ, as well as showing activity in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Abstract
Significance: Reactive sulfur and nitrogen species such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO•) are ubiquitous cellular signaling molecules that play central roles in physiology and pathophysiology. A deeper understanding of these signaling pathways will offer new opportunities for therapeutic treatments and disease management. Recent Advances: Chemiluminescence methods have been fundamental in detecting and measuring biological reactive sulfur and nitrogen species, and new approaches are emerging for imaging these analytes in living intact specimens. Ozone-based and luminol-based chemiluminescence methods have been optimized for quantitative analysis of hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide in biological samples and tissue homogenates, and caged luciferin and 1,2-dioxetanes are emerging as a versatile approach for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells and animal models. Critical Issues: This review article will cover the major chemiluminescence approaches for detecting, measuring, and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in biological systems, including a brief history of the development of the most established approaches and highlights of the opportunities provided by emerging approaches. Future Directions: Emerging chemiluminescence approaches offer new opportunities for monitoring and imaging reactive sulfur and nitrogen species in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Widespread adoption and translation of these approaches, however, requires an emphasis on rigorous quantitative methods, reproducibility, and effective technology transfer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 337-353.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Yujin Lisa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
| | - Alexander Ryan Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA.,Center for Drug Discovery, Design, and Delivery (CD), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas USA
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Han GS, Domaille DW. Connecting the Dynamics and Reactivity of Arylboronic Acids to Emergent and Stimuli-Responsive Material Properties. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6263-6278. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, arylboronic acid-functionalized biomaterials have been used in a variety of sensing and stimuli-responsive scaffolds. Their diverse applications result from the diverse reactivity of arylboronic acids,...
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Kinetic Study on the Reactivity of Azanone (HNO) toward Cyclic C-Nucleophiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312982. [PMID: 34884784 PMCID: PMC8657990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Azanone (HNO) is an elusive electrophilic reactive nitrogen species of growing pharmacological and biological significance. Here, we present a comparative kinetic study of HNO reactivity toward selected cyclic C-nucleophiles under aqueous conditions at pH 7.4. We applied the competition kinetics method, which is based on the use of a fluorescein-derived boronate probe FlBA and two parallel HNO reactions: with the studied scavenger or with O2 (k = 1.8 × 104 M−1s−1). We determined the second-order rate constants of HNO reactions with 13 structurally diverse C-nucleophiles (k = 33–20,000 M−1s−1). The results show that the reactivity of HNO toward C-nucleophiles depends strongly on the structure of the scavenger. The data are supported with quantum mechanical calculations. A comprehensive discussion of the HNO reaction with C-nucleophiles is provided.
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Grzelakowska A, Zielonka M, Dębowska K, Modrzejewska J, Szala M, Sikora A, Zielonka J, Podsiadły R. Two-photon fluorescent probe for cellular peroxynitrite: Fluorescence detection, imaging, and identification of peroxynitrite-specific products. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:24-35. [PMID: 33862158 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new naphthalene-based boronate probe, NAB-BE, for the fluorescence-based detection of inflammatory oxidants, including peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, and hydrogen peroxide, is reported. The chemical reactivity and fluorescence properties of the probe and the products are described. The major, phenolic oxidation product, NAB-OH, is formed in case of all three oxidants tested. This product shows green fluorescence, with a maximum at 512 nm, and can be excited either at 340 nm or in the near infrared region (745 nm) for two-photon fluorescence imaging. Peroxynitrite is the fastest of the oxidants tested and, in addition to the phenolic product, leads to the formation of a nitrated product, NAB-NO2, which can serve as a fingerprint for peroxynitrite. The probe was applied to detect peroxynitrite in activated macrophages using fluorimetry and two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and both NAB-OH and NAB-NO2 products were detected in cell extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The combined use of fluorometric high-throughput analyses, fluorescence imaging, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based product identification and quantitation is proposed for most comprehensive and rigorous characterization of oxidants in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Grzelakowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Julia Modrzejewska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marcin Szala
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
| | - Radosław Podsiadły
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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Petersen OH, Gerasimenko JV, Gerasimenko OV, Gryshchenko O, Peng S. The roles of calcium and ATP in the physiology and pathology of the exocrine pancreas. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1691-1744. [PMID: 33949875 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the roles of calcium ions and ATP in the control of the normal functions of the different cell types in the exocrine pancreas as well as the roles of these molecules in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Repetitive rises in the local cytosolic calcium ion concentration in the apical part of the acinar cells not only activate exocytosis but also, via an increase in the intramitochondrial calcium ion concentration, stimulate the ATP formation that is needed to fuel the energy-requiring secretion process. However, intracellular calcium overload, resulting in a global sustained elevation of the cytosolic calcium ion concentration, has the opposite effect of decreasing mitochondrial ATP production, and this initiates processes that lead to necrosis. In the last few years it has become possible to image calcium signaling events simultaneously in acinar, stellate, and immune cells in intact lobules of the exocrine pancreas. This has disclosed processes by which these cells interact with each other, particularly in relation to the initiation and development of acute pancreatitis. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease, several promising therapeutic intervention sites have been identified. This provides hope that we may soon be able to effectively treat this often fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole H Petersen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Alsawaftah N, Farooq A, Dhou S, Majdalawieh AF. Bioluminescence Imaging Applications in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:307-326. [PMID: 32746363 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2020.2995124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an optical preclinical imaging modality, is an invaluable imaging modality due to its low-cost, high throughput, fast acquisition times, and functional imaging capabilities. BLI is being extensively used in the field of cancer imaging, especially with the recent developments in genetic-engineering, stem cell, and gene therapy treatments. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the principles, developments, and current status of BLI in cancer research. This paper covers the fundamental BLI concepts including BLI reporters and enzyme-substrate systems, data acquisition, and image characteristics. It reviews the studies discussing the use of BLI in cancer research such as imaging tumor-characteristic phenomena including tumorigenesis, metastasis, cancer metabolism, apoptosis, hypoxia, and angiogenesis, and response to cancer therapy treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy. The key advantages and disadvantages of BLI compared to other common imaging modalities are also discussed.
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Zhan Z, Dai Y, Li Q, Lv Y. Small molecule-based bioluminescence and chemiluminescence probes for sensing and imaging of reactive species. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Sikora A, Zielonka J, Dębowska K, Michalski R, Smulik-Izydorczyk R, Pięta J, Podsiadły R, Artelska A, Pierzchała K, Kalyanaraman B. Boronate-Based Probes for Biological Oxidants: A Novel Class of Molecular Tools for Redox Biology. Front Chem 2020; 8:580899. [PMID: 33102447 PMCID: PMC7545953 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Boronate-based molecular probes are emerging as one of the most effective tools for detection and quantitation of peroxynitrite and hydroperoxides. This review discusses the chemical reactivity of boronate compounds in the context of their use for detection of biological oxidants, and presents examples of the practical use of those probes in selected chemical, enzymatic, and biological systems. The particular reactivity of boronates toward nucleophilic oxidants makes them a distinct class of probes for redox biology studies. We focus on the recent progress in the design and application of boronate-based probes in redox studies and perspectives for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sikora
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Smulik-Izydorczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Pięta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Podsiadły
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzchała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Cheng D, Gong X, Wu Q, Yuan J, Lv Y, Yuan L, Zhang X. High-Selectivity Fluorescent Reporter toward Peroxynitrite in a Coexisting Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and Drug-Induced Liver Diseases Model. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11396-11404. [PMID: 32683859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a highly reactive species, is profoundly involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Change of the ONOO- level usually indicates an abnormal body function. Thus, it is desired to develop a highly reliable ONOO- assay to elucidate its roles in a related disease environment. In this work, we have constructed a ratiometric molecule fluorescent probe RTFP toward ONOO- with high specificity by the combination strategy of probe screening and a rational design method. RTFP displayed excellent detection sensitivity (detection limit: 4.1 nM) and produced a highly ratiometric emission signal (130-fold). Leveraging this probe, we showed the change of ONOO- content in the free-fatty-acid-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and acetaminophen-induced drug-induced liver injury (DILI) cellular model and for the first time disclosed the involved mechanism of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme in NAFLD with a DILI pathological environment. Furthermore, RTFP also was utilized to visualize ONOO- fluctuation of living liver tissues in a high-fat-diet-caused NAFLD model. We expected that this probe may help the study of liver injury in the exploration of mechanism and signal path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiangyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yun Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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Hiller NDJ, do Amaral e Silva NA, Tavares TA, Faria RX, Eberlin MN, de Luna Martins D. Arylboronic Acids and their Myriad of Applications Beyond Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi de Jesus Hiller
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Nayane Abreu do Amaral e Silva
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Thais Apolinário Tavares
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz; Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-360 Brasil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- Mackenzie Presbyterian University; School of Engineering; Rua da Consolação, 930 SP 01302-907 São Paulo Brasil
| | - Daniela de Luna Martins
- Instituto de Química; Laboratório de Catálise e Síntese (Lab CSI); Laboratório 413; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Outeiro de São João Batista s/n; Campus do Valonguinho, Centro Niterói RJ 24020-141 Brasil
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13
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Cheng G, Pan J, Podsiadly R, Zielonka J, Garces AM, Dias Duarte Machado LG, Bennett B, McAllister D, Dwinell MB, You M, Kalyanaraman B. Increased formation of reactive oxygen species during tumor growth: Ex vivo low-temperature EPR and in vivo bioluminescence analyses. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:167-174. [PMID: 31874251 PMCID: PMC6948008 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide or hydrogen peroxide generated at low levels can exert a tumor-promoting role via a redox-signaling mechanism. Reports also suggest that both tumorigenesis and tumor growth are associated with enhanced ROS formation. However, whether ROS levels or ROS-derived oxidative marker levels increase during tumor growth remains unknown. In this study, in vivo bioluminescence imaging with a boronate-based pro-luciferin probe was used to assess ROS formation. Additionally, probe-free cryogenic electron paramagnetic resonance was used to quantify a characteristic aconitase [3Fe4S]+ center that arises in the tumor tissue of mouse xenografts from the reaction of the native [4Fe4S]2+ cluster with superoxide. Results indicated that tumor growth is accompanied by increased ROS formation, and revealed differences in oxidant formation in the inner and outer sections of tumor tissue, respectively, demonstrating redox heterogeneity. Studies using luciferin and pro-luciferin probes enabled the assessment of tumor size, ROS formation, and bioenergetic status (e.g., ATP) in luciferase-transfected mice tumor xenografts. Probe-free ex vivo low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance can also be translated to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Jing Pan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Radoslaw Podsiadly
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Alexander M Garces
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, 1420 West Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States
| | | | - Brian Bennett
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, 1420 West Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, WI 53233, United States
| | - Donna McAllister
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Ming You
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Center for Disease Prevention Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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14
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Prolo C, Rios N, Piacenza L, Álvarez MN, Radi R. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:59-68. [PMID: 29454880 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a significant advance in understanding the biochemistry of peroxynitrite, an endogenously-produced oxidant and nucleophile. Its relevance as a mediator in several pathologic states and the aging process together with its transient character and low steady-state concentration, motivated the development of a variety of techniques for its unambiguous detection and estimation. Among these, fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches have represented important tools with enhanced sensitivity but usual limited specificity. In this review, we analyze selected examples of molecular probes that permit the detection of peroxynitrite by fluorescence and chemiluminescence, disclosing their mechanism of reaction with either peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite-derived radicals. Indeed, probes have been divided into 1) redox probes that yield products by a free radical mechanism, and 2) electrophilic probes that evolve to products secondary to the nucleophilic attack by peroxynitrite. Overall, boronate-based compounds are emerging as preferred probes for the sensitive and specific detection and quantitation. Moreover, novel strategies involving genetically-modified fluorescent proteins with the incorporation of unnatural amino acids have been recently described as peroxynitrite sensors. This review analyzes the most commonly used fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection and provides some guidelines for appropriate experimental design and data interpretation, including how to estimate peroxynitrite formation rates in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Small-molecule luminescent probes for the detection of cellular oxidizing and nitrating species. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:3-22. [PMID: 29567392 PMCID: PMC6146080 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in both pathogenic cellular damage events and physiological cellular redox signaling and regulation. To unravel the biological role of ROS, it is very important to be able to detect and identify the species involved. In this review, we introduce the reader to the methods of detection of ROS using luminescent (fluorescent, chemiluminescent, and bioluminescent) probes and discuss typical limitations of those probes. We review the most widely used probes, state-of-the-art assays, and the new, promising approaches for rigorous detection and identification of superoxide radical anion, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. The combination of real-time monitoring of the dynamics of ROS in cells and the identification of the specific products formed from the probes will reveal the role of specific types of ROS in cellular function and dysfunction. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involving ROS may help with the development of new therapeutics for several diseases involving dysregulated cellular redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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16
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Chung TH, Wu YP, Chew CY, Lam CH, Tan KT. Imaging and Quantification of Secreted Peroxynitrite at the Cell Surface by a Streptavidin-Biotin-Controlled Binding Probe. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2584-2590. [PMID: 30352141 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect and image secreted peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) along the extracellular surface of a single cell is biologically significant, as ONOO- generally exerts its function for host defense and signal transductions at the plasma membrane. However, as a result of the short lifetime and fast diffusion rate of small ONOO- , precise determination of the ONOO- level at the cell surface remains a challenging task. In this paper, the use of a membrane-anchored streptavidin-biotin-controlled binding probe (CBP), ONOO-CBP, to determine quantitatively the ONOO- level at the cell surface and to investigate the effect of different stimulants on the production of ONOO- along the plasma membrane of macrophages is reported. Our results revealed that the combination of NO synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activators was highly effective in inducing ONOO- secretion, achieving more than a 25-fold increase in ONOO- relative to untreated cells. After 1 h of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) stimulation, the amount of ONOO- secreted by RAW264.7 macrophages was similar to the condition treated with 25 μm 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1), which was estimated to release about 20 μm of ONOO- into Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) in 1 h. This novel approach should open up new opportunities to image various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species secreted at the plasma membrane that cannot be simply achieved by conventional analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chee Ying Chew
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chak Hin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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17
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful effector of redox signaling. It is able to oxidize cysteine residues, metal ion centers, and lipids. Understanding H2O2-mediated signaling requires, to some extent, measurement of H2O2 level. Recent Advances: Chemically and genetically encoded fluorescent probes for the detection of H2O2 are currently the most sensitive and popular. Novel probes are constantly being developed, with the latest progress particular with boronates and genetically encoded probes. CRITICAL ISSUES All currently available probes display limitations in terms of sensitivity, local and temporal resolution, and specificity in the detection of low H2O2 concentrations. In this review, we discuss the power of fluorescent probes and the systems in which they have been successfully employed. Moreover, we recommend approaches for overcoming probe limitations and for the avoidance of artifacts. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Constant improvements will lead to the generation of probes that are not only more sensitive but also specifically tailored to individual cellular compartments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 585-602.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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Ma Q, Shao H, Feng Y, Zhang L, Li P, Hu X, Ma Z, Lou H, Zeng X, Luo G. A new bioluminescent imaging technology for studying oxidative stress in the testis and its impacts on fertility. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:51-60. [PMID: 29803806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive oxidative stress (OS) leads to cellular dysfunctions and cell death and constitutes a major cause of male infertility. However, the etiologies of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male infertility is not fully understood. One major limitation is the lack of an in vivo imaging system that can be used to effectively study the impact of excessive ROS in the testis. Recently, we discovered that the hepatocellular carcinoma reporter (HCR) mice previously generated in our laboratory also expressed luciferase in the spermatids of the testis. The goal of the current study is to use the HCR mice to detect OS in the testis and to investigate the potential use of this new system in studying OS-induced male infertility. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed in HCR mice that were treated with peroxy caged luciferin-1 (PCL-1), an OS reporter, to establish a new mouse model for in vivo monitoring of the OS status inside the male reproductive tract. Subsequently, the effect of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose on the OS inside the testis and male fertility were determined. Lastly, APAP was co-administered with glutathione, an antioxidant reagent, to test if the HCR mice can serve as a model for the effective and rapid assessment of the potency of individual agents in modifying the OS inside the mouse testis. RESULTS The OS level in the testis in the HCR mice was readily detected by BLI. The use of this new model led to the discovery that APAP caused a sudden rise of OS in the testis and was a potent toxicant for the male reproductive system. Moreover, administration of glutathione was effective in preventing the APAP-induced elevation of OS and in ameliorating all of the OS-induced anomalies in the testis. CONCLUSIONS The HCR mice represent an excellent model for monitoring OS change in the mouse testis by real time BLI. APAP is a potent male reproductive toxicant and APAP-treated mice represent a valid model for OS-induced male infertility. This model can be used to study OS-induced damage in male reproductive tract and in assessing the effects of therapeutic agents on the relative levels of OS and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Haozhen Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Shandong Stroke Association, Affiliated Hospitals of Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Pengshou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Zhitao Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xianwei Zeng
- Shandong Stroke Association, Affiliated Hospitals of Weifang Medical College, Shandong, China.
| | - Guangbin Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Translational Oncology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang, 100029 Beijing, China; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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19
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Liao Y, Xu L, Ou S, Edwards H, Luedtke D, Ge Y, Qin Z. H 2O 2/Peroxynitrite-Activated Hydroxamic Acid HDAC Inhibitor Prodrugs Show Antileukemic Activities against AML Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:635-640. [PMID: 30034592 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) results in abundant endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in AML cells and in disease-relevant microenvironments. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) prodrug approach was designed accordingly by masking the hydroxamic acid zinc binding group with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/peroxynitrite (PNT)-sensitive, self-immolative aryl boronic acid moiety. Model prodrugs 5-82 and 5-23 were activated in AML cells to release cytotoxic HDACis, evidenced by inducing acetylation markers and reducing viability of AML cells. Intracellular activation and antileukemic activities of prodrug were increased or decreased by ROS/PNT inducers and scavengers, respectively. Prodrugs 5-82 and 5-23 also enhanced the potency of chemotherapy drug cytarabine, supporting the potentials of this prodrug class in combinatorial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Siyu Ou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Holly Edwards
- Department of Oncology and the Molecular Therapeutics Program of the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Daniel Luedtke
- Department of Oncology and the Molecular Therapeutics Program of the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Yubin Ge
- Department of Oncology and the Molecular Therapeutics Program of the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhihui Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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20
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Wu YP, Chew CY, Li TN, Chung TH, Chang EH, Lam CH, Tan KT. Target-activated streptavidin-biotin controlled binding probe. Chem Sci 2017; 9:770-776. [PMID: 29629147 PMCID: PMC5872805 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Target-activated chemical probes are important tools in basic biological research and medical diagnosis for monitoring enzyme activities and reactive small molecules. Based on the fluorescence turn-on mechanism, they can be divided into two classes: dye-based fluorescent probes and caged-luciferin. In this paper, we introduce a new type of chemical probe in which the fluorescence turn-on is based on controlled streptavidin-biotin binding. Compared to conventional probes, the streptavidin-biotin controlled binding probe has several advantages, such as minimal background at its "OFF" state, multiple signal amplification steps, and unlimited selection of the optimal dyes for detection. To expand the scope, a new synthetic method was developed, through which a wider range of analyte recognition groups can be easily introduced to construct the binding probe. This probe design was successfully applied to image and study secreted peroxynitrite (ONOO-) at the cell surface of macrophages where information on ONOO- is difficult to obtain. As the signals are generated upon the binding of streptavidin to the biotin probe, this highly versatile design can not only be used in fluorescence detection but can also be applied in various other detection modes, such as electrochemical and enzyme-amplified luminescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Peng Wu
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Chee Ying Chew
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Tian-Neng Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology , Department of Life Science , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - En-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Chak Hin Lam
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan , Republic of China .
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Kalyanaraman B, Hardy M, Podsiadly R, Cheng G, Zielonka J. Recent developments in detection of superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide: Opportunities, challenges, and implications in redox signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 617:38-47. [PMID: 27590268 PMCID: PMC5318280 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, some of the recent developments in probes and assay techniques specific for superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are discussed. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in O2- and H2O2 detection due to syntheses of new redox probes, better understanding of their chemistry, and development of specific and sensitive assays. For superoxide detection, hydroethidine (HE) is the most suitable probe, as the product, 2-hydroxyethidium, is specific for O2-. In addition, HE-derived dimeric products are specific for one-electron oxidants. As red-fluorescent ethidium is always formed from HE intracellularly, chromatographic techniques are required for detecting 2-hydroxyethidium. HE analogs, Mito-SOX and hydropropidine, exhibit the same reaction chemistry with O2- and one-electron oxidants. Thus, mitochondrial superoxide can be unequivocally detected using HPLC-based methods and not by fluorescence microscopy. Aromatic boronate-based probes react quantitatively with H2O2, forming a phenolic product. However, peroxynitrite and hypochlorite react more rapidly with boronates, forming the same product. Using ROS-specific probes and HPLC assays, it is possible to screen chemical libraries to discover specific inhibitors of NADPH oxidases. We hope that rigorous detection of O2- and H2O2 in different cellular compartments will improve our understanding of their role in redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Radoslaw Podsiadly
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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22
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Zielonka J, Podsiadły R, Zielonka M, Hardy M, Kalyanaraman B. On the use of peroxy-caged luciferin (PCL-1) probe for bioluminescent detection of inflammatory oxidants in vitro and in vivo - Identification of reaction intermediates and oxidant-specific minor products. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:32-42. [PMID: 27458121 PMCID: PMC5107150 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxy-caged luciferin (PCL-1) probe was first used to image hydrogen peroxide in living systems (Van de Bittner et al., 2010 [9]). Recently this probe was shown to react with peroxynitrite more potently than with hydrogen peroxide (Sieracki et al., 2013 [11]) and was suggested to be a more suitable probe for detecting peroxynitrite under in vivo conditions. In this work, we investigated in detail the products formed from the reaction between PCL-1 and hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, and peroxynitrite. HPLC analysis showed that hydrogen peroxide reacts slowly with PCL-1, forming luciferin as the only product. Hypochlorite reaction with PCL-1 yielded significantly less luciferin, as hypochlorite oxidized luciferin to form a chlorinated luciferin. Reaction between PCL-1 and peroxynitrite consists of a major and minor pathway. The major pathway results in luciferin and the minor pathway produces a radical-mediated nitrated luciferin. Radical intermediate was characterized by spin trapping. We conclude that monitoring of chlorinated and nitrated products in addition to bioluminescence in vivo will help identify the nature of oxidant responsible for bioluminescence derived from PCL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Radosław Podsiadły
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Monika Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France.
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
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Ribou AC. Synthetic Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species Detection and Quantification: A Critical Review of Current Methods. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:520-33. [PMID: 27225539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox reactions play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes, highlighting the importance of quantifying and localizing intracellular redox-active components. Most research has focused on direct investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intensity-based fluorescent methods are very sensitive and easy to use, but they lack specificity and can produce artifacts. In this article, we focus on synthetic sensors, describing experimental pitfalls associated with their use. We also present alternative methods for the detection of free radicals. RECENT ADVANCES New approaches have been developed to overcome the main artifact of intensity-based methods: spurious changes in fluorescence intensity caused by oxidation. These new approaches are based on analytical measurements of the oxidized sensors or techniques that are not susceptible to oxidation, such as electron spin resonance and fluorescence lifetime-based methods. Regardless of the approach, the need for detection of ROS on the subcellular level, especially in the mitochondria, has motivated the development of new probes. CRITICAL ISSUES Flow cytometry systems and confocal microscopes are now available to the majority of biologists, and commercially available probes are, therefore, more widely used. The fact that these new applications are cited in thousands of publications makes these sensors even more attractive. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The field of ROS detection by synthetic sensors continues to expand, bringing needed additional research to the development of robust techniques that are applicable both in vitro and in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 520-533.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile Ribou
- Institute of Modeling and Analysis in Geo-Environmental and Health (IMAGES_ESPACE-DEV), University of Perpignan Via Domitia , Perpignan, France
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24
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Kalyanaraman B, Hardy M, Zielonka J. A Critical Review of Methodologies to Detect Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Stimulated by NADPH Oxidase Enzymes: Implications in Pesticide Toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:193-201. [PMID: 27774407 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, potential fluorescent probe applications for detecting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated from NADPH oxidases (e.g., Nox2) and nitric oxide synthase enzymes are discussed in the context of pesticide toxicology. Identification of the specific marker products derived from the interaction between ROS/RNS and the fluorescent probes (e.g., hydroethidine and coumarin boronate) is critical. Due to the complex nature of reactions between the probes and ROS/RNS, we suggest avoiding the use of fluorescence microscopy for detecting oxidizing/nitrating species. We also critically examined the viability of using radiolabeling or positron emission tomography (PET) for ROS/RNS detection. Although these techniques differ in sensitivity and detection modalities, the chemical mechanism governing the reaction between these probes and ROS/RNS should remain the same. To unequivocally detect superoxide with these probes (i.e., radiolabeled and PET-labeled hydroethidine analogs), the products should be isolated and characterized by LC-MS/MS or HPLC using an appropriate standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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25
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Dębowska K, Dębski D, Michałowski B, Dybala-Defratyka A, Wójcik T, Michalski R, Jakubowska M, Selmi A, Smulik R, Piotrowski Ł, Adamus J, Marcinek A, Chlopicki S, Sikora A. Characterization of Fluorescein-Based Monoboronate Probe and Its Application to the Detection of Peroxynitrite in Endothelial Cells Treated with Doxorubicin. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:735-46. [PMID: 27081868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Boronate probes have emerged recently as a versatile tool for the detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Here, we present the characterization of a fluorescein-based monoboronate probe, a 4-(pinacol boronate)benzyl derivative of fluorescein methyl ester (FBBE), that proved to be useful to detect peroxynitrite in cell culture experiments. The reactivity of FBBE toward peroxynitrite as well hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and tyrosyl hydroperoxide was determined. Second-order rate constants of the reactions of FBBE with peroxynitrite, HOCl, and H2O2 at pH 7.4 were equal to (2.8 ± 0.2) × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), (8.6 ± 0.5) × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1), and (0.96 ± 0.03) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The presence of glutathione completely blocked the oxidation of the probe by HOCl and significantly inhibited its oxidation by H2O2 and tyrosyl hydroperoxide but not by peroxynitrite. The oxidative conversion of the probe was also studied in the systems generating singlet oxygen, superoxide radical anion, and nitric oxide in the presence and absence of glutathione. Spectroscopic characterization of FBBE and its oxidation product has been also performed. The differences in the reactivity pattern were supported by DFT quantum mechanical calculations. Finally, the FBBE probe was used to study the oxidative stress in endothelial cells (Ea.hy926) incubated with doxorubicin, a quinone anthracycline antibiotic. In endothelial cells pretreated with doxorubicin, FBBE was oxidized, and this effect was reversed by PEG-SOD and L-NAME but not by catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dębowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Dawid Dębski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Michałowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Wójcik
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jakubowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Selmi
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Smulik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Piotrowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamus
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College , Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Lodz, Poland
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26
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Debowska K, Debski D, Hardy M, Jakubowska M, Kalyanaraman B, Marcinek A, Michalski R, Michalowski B, Ouari O, Sikora A, Smulik R, Zielonka J. Toward selective detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with the use of fluorogenic probes--Limitations, progress, and perspectives. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:756-64. [PMID: 26321278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 40 years, there has been tremendous progress in understanding the biological reactions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is widely accepted that the generation of ROS and RNS is involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. To understand the role of ROS and RNS in a variety of pathologies, the specific detection of ROS and RNS is fundamental. Unfortunately, the intracellular detection and quantitation of ROS and RNS remains a challenge. In this short review, we have focused on the mechanistic and quantitative aspects of their detection with the use of selected fluorogenic probes. The challenges, limitations and perspectives of these methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Debowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dawid Debski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, SREP, Centre de Saint Jérôme, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Malgorzata Jakubowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Bartosz Michalowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, SREP, Centre de Saint Jérôme, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Renata Smulik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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27
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Ashton TD, Jolliffe KA, Pfeffer FM. Luminescent probes for the bioimaging of small anionic species in vitro and in vivo. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4547-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00372a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines recent developments in the use of fluorescent/luminescent probes for the bioimaging of anionic species. Images in cover art reproduced with permission from ref. 290 and 306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent D. Ashton
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
| | - Katrina A. Jolliffe
- School of Chemistry
- School of Chemistry (F11)
- The University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Frederick M. Pfeffer
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences
- Deakin University
- Waurn Ponds
- Australia
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28
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Liu X, Dumitrescu E, Andreescu S. Electrochemical Biosensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1200.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Eduard Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699-5810
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29
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Smulik R, Dębski D, Zielonka J, Michałowski B, Adamus J, Marcinek A, Kalyanaraman B, Sikora A. Nitroxyl (HNO) reacts with molecular oxygen and forms peroxynitrite at physiological pH. Biological Implications. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35570-81. [PMID: 25378389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.597740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxyl (HNO), the protonated one-electron reduction product of NO, remains an enigmatic reactive nitrogen species. Its chemical reactivity and biological activity are still not completely understood. HNO donors show biological effects different from NO donors. Although HNO reactivity with molecular oxygen is described in the literature, the product of this reaction has not yet been unambiguously identified. Here we report that the decomposition of HNO donors under aerobic conditions in aqueous solutions at physiological pH leads to the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) as a major intermediate. We have specifically detected and quantified ONOO(-) with the aid of boronate probes, e.g. coumarin-7-boronic acid or 4-boronobenzyl derivative of fluorescein methyl ester. In addition to the major phenolic products, peroxynitrite-specific minor products of oxidation of boronate probes were detected under these conditions. Using the competition kinetics method and a set of HNO scavengers, the value of the second order rate constant of the HNO reaction with oxygen (k = 1.8 × 10(4) m(-1) s(-1)) was determined. The rate constant (k = 2 × 10(4) m(-1) s(-1)) was also determined using kinetic simulations. The kinetic parameters of the reactions of HNO with selected thiols, including cysteine, dithiothreitol, N-acetylcysteine, captopril, bovine and human serum albumins, and hydrogen sulfide, are reported. Biological and cardiovascular implications of nitroxyl reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Smulik
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
| | - Dawid Dębski
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Bartosz Michałowski
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
| | - Jan Adamus
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- the Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Adam Sikora
- From the Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland and
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30
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Lacina K, Skládal P, James TD. Boronic acids for sensing and other applications - a mini-review of papers published in 2013. Chem Cent J 2014; 8:60. [PMID: 25371705 PMCID: PMC4218984 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-014-0060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Boronic acids are increasingly utilised in diverse areas of research. Including the interactions of boronic acids with diols and strong Lewis bases as fluoride or cyanide anions, which leads to their utility in various sensing applications. The sensing applications can be homogeneous assays or heterogeneous detection. Detection can be at the interface of the sensing material or within the bulk sample. Furthermore, the key interaction of boronic acids with diols allows utilisation in various areas ranging from biological labelling, protein manipulation and modification, separation and the development of therapeutics. All the above uses and applications are covered by this mini-review of papers published during 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Lacina
- />CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
| | - Petr Skládal
- />CEITEC, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- />Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tony D James
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY UK
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31
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Peteu SF, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nitro-oxidative species in vivo biosensing: Challenges and advances with focus on peroxynitrite quantification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 58:359-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Bonini MG, Consolaro MEL, Hart PC, Mao M, de Abreu ALP, Master AM. Redox control of enzymatic functions: The electronics of life's circuitry. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:167-181. [PMID: 24668617 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The field of redox biology has changed tremendously over the past 20 years. Formerly regarded as bi-products of the aerobic metabolism exclusively involved in tissue damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are now recognized as active participants of cell signaling events in health and in disease. In this sense, ROS and the more recently defined reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are, just like hormones and second messengers, acting as fundamental orchestrators of cell signaling pathways. The chemical modification of enzymes by ROS and RNS (that result in functional enzymatic alterations) accounts for a considerable fraction of the transient and persistent perturbations imposed by variations in oxidant levels. Upregulation of ROS and RNS in response to stress is a common cellular response that foments adaptation to a variety of physiologic alterations (hypoxia, hyperoxia, starvation, and cytokine production). Frequently, these are beneficial and increase the organisms' resistance against subsequent acute stress (preconditioning). Differently, the sustained ROS/RNS-dependent rerouting of signaling produces irreversible alterations in cellular functioning, often leading to pathogenic events. Thus, the duration and reversibility of protein oxidations define whether complex organisms remain "electronically" healthy. Among the 20 essential amino acids, four are particularly susceptible to oxidation: cysteine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Here, we will critically review the mechanisms, implications, and repair systems involved in the redox modifications of these residues in proteins while analyzing well-characterized prototypic examples. Occasionally, we will discuss potential consequences of amino acid oxidation and speculate on the biologic necessity for such events in the context of adaptative redox signaling. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(3):167-181, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Marcia E L Consolaro
- Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Peter C Hart
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mao Mao
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andre Luelsdorf Pimenta de Abreu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Programa de Biociencias Aplicadas a Farmacia (PBF), Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Alyssa M Master
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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