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Yin S, Niu L, Zhang J, Liu Y. Gardenia yellow pigment: Extraction methods, biological activities, current trends, and future prospects. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113981. [PMID: 38342530 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Food coloring plays a vital role in influencing consumers' food choices, imparting vibrant and appealing colors to various food and beverage products. Synthetic food colorants have been the most commonly used coloring agents in the food industry. However, concerns about potential health issues related to synthetic colorants, coupled with increasing consumer demands for food safety and health, have led food manufacturers to explore natural alternatives. Natural pigments not only offer a wide range of colors to food products but also exhibit beneficial bioactive properties. Gardenia yellow pigment is a water-soluble natural pigment with various biological activities, widely present in gardenia fruits. Therefore, this paper aims to delve into Gardenia Yellow Pigment, highlighting its significance as a food colorant. Firstly, a thorough understanding and exploration of various methods for obtaining gardenia yellow pigment. Subsequently, the potential functionality of gardenia yellow pigment was elaborated, especially its excellent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Finally, the widespread application trend of gardenia yellow pigment in the food industry was explored, as well as the challenges faced by the future development of gardenia yellow pigment in the field of food and health. Some feasible solutions were proposed, providing valuable references and insights for researchers, food industry professionals, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Liqiong Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Future Food (Bai Ma) Research Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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2
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Bohn T, de Lera AR, Landrier JF, Rühl R. Carotenoid metabolites, their tissue and blood concentrations in humans and further bioactivity via retinoid receptor-mediated signalling. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:498-511. [PMID: 36380523 DOI: 10.1017/s095442242200021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have emphasised the relation between carotenoid dietary intake and their circulating concentrations and beneficial health effects, such as lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases and cancer. However, there is dispute as to whether the attributed health benefits are due to native carotenoids or whether they are instead induced by their metabolites. Several categories of metabolites have been reported, most notably involving (a) modifications at the cyclohexenyl ring or the polyene chain, such as epoxides and geometric isomers, (b) excentric cleavage metabolites with alcohol-, aldehyde- or carboxylic acid-functional groups or (c) centric cleaved metabolites with additional hydroxyl, aldehyde or carboxyl functionalities, not counting their potential phase-II glucuronidated / sulphated derivatives. Of special interest are the apo-carotenoids, which originate in the intestine and other tissues from carotenoid cleavage by β-carotene oxygenases 1/2 in a symmetrical / non-symmetrical fashion. These are more water soluble and more electrophilic and, therefore, putative candidates for interactions with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf2, as well as ligands for RAR-RXR nuclear receptor interactions. In this review, we discuss in vivo detected apo-carotenoids, their reported tissue concentrations, and potential associated health effects, focusing exclusively on the human situation and based on quantified / semi-quantified carotenoid metabolites proven to be present in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Precision Health Department, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, rue Thomas Edison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, CINBIO and IBIV, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Ralph Rühl
- CISCAREX UG, Berlin, Germany
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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Eroglu A, Al'Abri IS, Kopec RE, Crook N, Bohn T. Carotenoids and Their Health Benefits as Derived via Their Interactions with Gut Microbiota. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:238-255. [PMID: 36775788 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids have been related to a number of health benefits. Their dietary intake and circulating levels have been associated with a reduced incidence of obesity, diabetes, certain types of cancer, and even lower total mortality. Their potential interaction with the gut microbiota (GM) has been generally overlooked but may be of relevance, as carotenoids largely bypass absorption in the small intestine and are passed on to the colon, where they appear to be in part degraded into unknown metabolites. These may include apo-carotenoids that may have biological effects because of higher aqueous solubility and higher electrophilicity that could better target transcription factors, i.e., NF-κB, PPARγ, and RAR/RXRs. If absorbed in the colon, they could have both local and systemic effects. Certain microbes that may be supplemented were also reported to produce carotenoids in the colon. Although some bactericidal aspects of carotenoids have been shown in vitro, a few studies have also demonstrated a prebiotic-like effect, resulting in bacterial shifts with health-associated properties. Also, stimulation of IgA could play a role in this respect. Carotenoids may further contribute to mucosal and gut barrier health, such as stabilizing tight junctions. This review highlights potential gut-related health-beneficial effects of carotenoids and emphasizes the current research gaps regarding carotenoid-GM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkerim Eroglu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina Research Campus, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
| | - Ibrahim S Al'Abri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathan Crook
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, rue 1 A-B, Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg.
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Han X, Zhang N, Luo L, Zhang Y, Wang M, Yin X, Zhang B, Fan J. A new strategy to strongly release sweet-enhancing volatiles from goji pomace using trivalent iron salts. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112659. [PMID: 37087246 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to fully utilize pomace volatiles have been obstructed by the lack of high-performance technologies to release free and bound volatiles. This study first established that ferric chloride (FeCl3) could strongly release the sweet-enhancing volatiles (SVs) from goji pomace, thus increasing the main aroma compounds [MACs; odor activity value (OAV) > 1] from 9 to 27. The underlying mechanism included the special hydrolysis to glycosides by ferric ions acting as Brønsted and Lewis acids, and the oxidation of β-carotene and β-ionone by electrophilic ferrite. The sweet fragrance could be reconstituted and simulated by the 27 MACs. Subsequent extraction and concentration increased MACs on average by 2.28-fold, and the extracted essence could be used as a green and safe sweet-enhancing sugar substitute for specific consumers. These study findings laid a foundation for understanding the relationship between metal salts and flavor chemistry, further providing an opportunity for the full utilization of resources.
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Borel P, Dangles O, Kopec RE. Fat-soluble vitamin and phytochemical metabolites: Production, gastrointestinal absorption, and health effects. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101220. [PMID: 36657621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which provide some fat-soluble vitamins and many phytochemicals, is associated with a lower risk of developing certain degenerative diseases. It is well accepted that not only the parent compounds, but also their derivatives formed upon enzymatic or nonenzymatic transformations, can produce protective biological effects. These derivatives can be formed during food storage, processing, or cooking. They can also be formed in the lumen of the upper digestive tract during digestion, or via metabolism by microbiota in the colon. This review compiles the known metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble phytochemicals (FSV and FSP) that have been identified in food and in the human digestive tract, or could potentially be present based on the known reactivity of the parent compounds in normal or pathological conditions, or following surgical interventions of the digestive tract or consumption of xenobiotics known to impair lipid absorption. It also covers the very limited data available on the bioavailability (absorption, intestinal mucosa metabolism) and summarizes their effects on health. Notably, despite great interest in identifying bioactive derivatives of FSV and FSP, studying their absorption, and probing their putative health effects, much research remains to be conducted to understand and capitalize on the potential of these molecules to preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Beta-Carotene Affects the Effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Isolated, Ischemic/Reperfused Rat Hearts: Potential Role of the Iron. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27093039. [PMID: 35566389 PMCID: PMC9101800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-carotene (BC) is a well-known antioxidant. However, increasing evidence shows that under severe oxidative conditions, BC can become pro-oxidant, an effect that may be enhanced in the presence of iron (II). In our earlier studies, we observed that despite increasing heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in the heart, the protective effects of BC have been lost when it was used at a high concentration. Since iron releases from heme as a consequence of HO-1 activity, we hypothesized that the application of an iron-chelator (IC) would reverse the lost cardiac protection associated with an elevated HO-1 level. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of desferrioxiamine (DFO) in isolated, ischemic/reperfused rat hearts after long-term treatment with vehicle or high-dose (HD) BC. Vehicle or 150 mg/bw kg daily doses of BC were administered to the rats for 4 weeks, and then their hearts were removed and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia (ISA) followed by 120 min of reperfusion (REP). During the experiments, cardiac function was registered, and at the end of the REP period, infarct size (IS) and HO-1 expression were measured. The results show that DFO treatment alone during REP significantly ameliorated postischemic cardiac function and decreased IS, although HO-1 expression was not increased significantly. In hearts isolated from BC-treated rats, no cardioprotective effects, despite an elevated HO-1 level, were observed, while DFO administration after ISA resulted in a mild improvement in heart function and IS. Our results suggest that iron could have a role whether BC exerts antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects in ISA/REP-injured hearts.
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Park J, Choi SJ. Influence of interfacial characteristics and antioxidant polarity on the chemical stability of β-carotene in emulsions prepared using non-ionic surfactant blends. Food Chem 2022; 369:130945. [PMID: 34469841 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of characteristics of the interfacial region and physical location of antioxidants on the chemical stability of β-carotene in emulsions, β-carotene-loaded emulsions were prepared with the blends of surfactants with different hydrophilic head sizes (ethylene oxide (EO) unit number). In addition, antioxidants having the different solubilities, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and lauryl gallate as lipophilic and amphiphilic antioxidants, respectively, were incorporated into emulsions. Decrease in the average EO unit number at interfacial region by surfactant blending did not affect the stability of β-carotene in emulsions at neutral pH but it had a positive effect on the β-carotene stability at acidic pH. Decrease in the average EO unit number at interfacial region reduced the ability of antioxidants, regardless of their polarity, to protect β-carotene in emulsions at neutral and acidic pH. TBHQ was more effective in retarding β-carotene degradation than lauryl gallate, independent of the interfacial composition and surfactant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea; Department of Nano Bio Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Liqin T, Haocheng L, Jing W, Yujuan X, Wenni T, Lu L, Yuanshan Y, Xian L, Manqin F. Study on ultrahigh-pressure extraction technology on properties of yellow extract from gardenia fruit. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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β-Carotene in the human body: metabolic bioactivation pathways - from digestion to tissue distribution and excretion. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:68-87. [PMID: 30747092 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene intake and tissue/blood concentrations have been associated with reduced incidence of several chronic diseases. Further bioactive carotenoid-metabolites can modulate the expression of specific genes mainly via the nuclear hormone receptors: retinoic acid receptor- and retinoid X receptor-mediated signalling. To better understand the metabolic conversion of β-carotene, inter-individual differences regarding β-carotene bioavailability and bioactivity are key steps that determine its further metabolism and bioactivation and mediated signalling. Major carotenoid metabolites, the retinoids, can be stored as esters or further oxidised and excreted via phase 2 metabolism pathways. In this review, we aim to highlight the major critical control points that determine the fate of β-carotene in the human body, with a special emphasis on β-carotene oxygenase 1. The hypothesis that higher dietary β-carotene intake and serum level results in higher β-carotene-mediated signalling is partly questioned. Alternative autoregulatory mechanisms in β-carotene / retinoid-mediated signalling are highlighted to better predict and optimise nutritional strategies involving β-carotene-related health beneficial mediated effects.
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Page D, Labadie C, Reling P, Bott R, Garcia C, Gaillard C, Fourmaux B, Bernoud-Hubac N, Goupy P, Georgé S, Caris-Veyrat C. Increased diffusivity of lycopene in hot break vs. cold break purees may be due to bioconversion of associated phospholipids rather than differential destruction of fruit tissues or cell structures. Food Chem 2019; 274:500-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Møller AH, Jahangiri A, Madsen B, Joernsgaard B, Vaerbak S, Hammershøj M, Dalsgaard TK. Effect of light, pH, metal ions and antioxidants on the colour stability of norbixin in aqueous solution. Int J Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hauer Møller
- Department of Food Science Aarhus University Blichers Alle 20 8830 Tjele Denmark
| | - Amita Jahangiri
- Department of Food Science Aarhus University Blichers Alle 20 8830 Tjele Denmark
| | - Bjoern Madsen
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colours A/S Hoejbakkegaard Alle 30 2630 Taastrup Denmark
| | - Bjarne Joernsgaard
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colours A/S Hoejbakkegaard Alle 30 2630 Taastrup Denmark
| | - Signe Vaerbak
- Chr. Hansen Natural Colours A/S Hoejbakkegaard Alle 30 2630 Taastrup Denmark
| | - Marianne Hammershøj
- Department of Food Science Aarhus University Blichers Alle 20 8830 Tjele Denmark
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Kopec RE, Caris-Veyrat C, Nowicki M, Gleize B, Carail M, Borel P. Production of asymmetric oxidative metabolites of [13C]-β-carotene during digestion in the gastrointestinal lumen of healthy men. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:803-813. [PMID: 30256893 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asymmetric β-apo-carotenoids (nonvitamin A-active metabolites) of provitamin A carotenoids have been observed in humans, but no study has investigated their formation during digestion. Objective The aim of this study was to follow the formation and absorption of asymmetric β-apo-carotenoids during digestion. Design Healthy men were intragastrically and intraduodenally intubated, and randomly assigned to consume a lipid-rich control meal (n = 3) or a lipid-rich test meal containing 20 mg [13C-10]-β-carotene (n = 7). Digesta samples were collected over 5 h, and blood collected over 7 h. The triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions of plasma were also isolated. Lipophilic extracts of digesta, plasma, and TRL were analyzed via a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method developed to identify [13C]-labeled β-apo-carotenals/carotenone, [13C]-β-apo-carotenols, and [13C]-β-apo-carotenoic acids. Results Relative to [13C]-β-carotene, [13C]-β-apo-carotenal levels remained ∼3 orders of magnitude lower throughout digestion (no [13C]-β-apo-carotenols, or [13C]-β-apo-carotenoic acids were observed). A mixed model determined relative influence of digesta type and time on digesta metabolite level. Increasing time significantly increased the model levels of digesta [13C]-β-apo-10',12',14',15-carotenal and [13C]-β-apo-13-carotenone (P < 0.05) and trended toward decreased [13C]-β-apo-8'-carotenal (P = 0.0876). Gastric digesta were associated with a significantly higher level of [13C]-β-apo-8'-carotenal (P = 0.0289), and lower levels of [13C]-β-apo-12',14',15-carotenal (P < 0.05), relative to duodenal digesta. Anticipated retinoids, but no asymmetric [13C]-β-apo-carotenals, [13C]-β-apo-carotenols, or [13C]-β-apo-carotenoic acids, were observed in the blood or TRL samples. Conclusions β-Carotene appears to be robust to digestion, with minor amounts of β-apo-carotenals/carotenone formed. Absence of asymmetric [13C]-β-apo-carotenals in plasma and TRL suggests lack of absorption, levels below the limit of detection, lack of stability, or further conversion during the digestive process to as-yet unidentified products. Lack of asymmetric [13C]-β-apo-carotenals in plasma also suggests a lack of postprandial intestinal BCO2 activity in healthy humans. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03492593.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kopec
- INRA UMR408, University of Avignon, Avignon, France.,Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Marion Nowicki
- INRA, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- INRA, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Song HY, Moon TW, Choi SJ. Storage Stability of β-Carotene in Model Beverage Emulsions: Implication of Interfacial Thickness. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Youn Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wha Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Seoul National University of Science and Technology; Seoul 01811 Republic of Korea
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Interaction of divalent minerals with liposoluble nutrients and phytochemicals during digestion and influences on their bioavailability – a review. Food Chem 2018; 252:285-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Csepanyi E, Czompa A, Szabados-Furjesi P, Lekli I, Balla J, Balla G, Tosaki A, Bak I. The Effects of Long-Term, Low- and High-Dose Beta-Carotene Treatment in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats: The Role of HO-1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041132. [PMID: 29642592 PMCID: PMC5979408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is a growing interest in compounds derived from plants as potential raw materials for drug development. One of the most studied compounds is beta-carotene (BC). Several clinical studies can be found investigating the cardiovascular effects of BC, however, all these results are controversial. There is an increasing body of evidence showing that besides the well-known antioxidant properties, under strong oxidative circumstances, BC could become prooxidant as well. In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term, low- and high-dose BC treatment in ischemic/reperfused (ISA/REP) hearts isolated from Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. The animals were treated with various daily doses of BC for 4 weeks and then hearts were isolated and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia (ISA) followed by 120 min of reperfusion (REP). Blood glucose levels were measured before, after two weeks, and at the end of the treatment. In isolated hearts, the myocardial function was registered. At the end of the reperfusion period, the infarct size (IS) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression were measured. The results showed that a low dose of BC treatment significantly improved postischemic recovery, which was reflected in a decreased IS. Interestingly, when BC was applied at high concentrations, the observed protective effects were lost. Although BC treatment increased HO-1 expression, we did not observe a better heart function and/or decreased IS in the high-dose-treated group. Glucose tolerance tests showed a concentration-independent decrease in blood glucose levels. Our results suggest that long-term, low-dose BC treatment could be effective in the treatment of type-2-diabetes and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Csepanyi
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Czompa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Peter Szabados-Furjesi
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Istvan Lekli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Jozsef Balla
- Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Hungarian of Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gyorgy Balla
- Hemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Research Group, Hungarian of Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Arpad Tosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Istvan Bak
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Kopec RE, Gleize B, Borel P, Desmarchelier C, Caris-Veyrat C. Are lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene lost through the digestive process? Food Funct 2017; 8:1494-1503. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of many carotenoids has been assessed, but little attention has been given to the metabolism of these antioxidant compounds during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Kopec
- INRA
- UMR408
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale
- F-84000 Avignon
- France
| | - Béatrice Gleize
- INRA
- UMR408
- Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale
- F-84000 Avignon
- France
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17
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Zhu J, Sun X, Chen X, Wang S, Wang D. Chemical cleavage of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida and formation of apo-fucoxanthinones and apo-fucoxanthinals identified using LC-DAD-APCI-MS/MS. Food Chem 2016; 211:365-73. [PMID: 27283644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant carotenoid in nature, fucoxanthin is susceptible to oxidation under some conditions, forming cleavage products that possibly exhibit both positive and negative health effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, to produce relatively high amounts of cleavage products, chemical oxidation of fucoxanthin was performed. Kinetic models for oxidation were probed and reaction products were identified. The results indicated that both potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HClO/ClO(-)) treatment fitted a first-order kinetic model, while oxidation promoted by hydroxyl radical (OH) followed second-order kinetics. With the help of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 14 apo-fucoxanthins were detected as predominant cleavage products, with structural and geometric isomers identified among them. Three apo-fucoxanthinones and eleven apo-fucoxanthinals, of which five were cis-apo-fucoxanthinals, were detected upon oxidation by the three oxidizing agents (KMnO4, HClO/ClO(-), and OH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Qingdao 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China.
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McClements DJ, Saliva-Trujillo L, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Zou L, Yao M, Xiao H. Boosting the bioavailability of hydrophobic nutrients, vitamins, and nutraceuticals in natural products using excipient emulsions. Food Res Int 2016; 88:140-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Enhancing nutraceutical bioavailability by controlling the composition and structure of gastrointestinal contents: Emulsion-based delivery and excipient systems. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Catalytic effect of free iron ions and heme-iron on chromophore oxidation of a polyene antibiotic amphotericin B. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Stutz H, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Analytical tools for the analysis of β-carotene and its degradation products. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:650-80. [PMID: 25867077 PMCID: PMC4487603 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. This has centered the attention on β-carotene dietary supplementation in healthcare as well as in the therapy of degenerative disorders and several cancer types. However, two intervention trials with β-carotene have revealed adverse effects on two proband groups, that is, cigarette smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Beside other causative reasons, the detrimental effects observed have been related to the oxidation products of β-carotene. Their generation originates in the polyene structure of β-carotene that is beneficial for radical scavenging, but is also prone to oxidation. Depending on the dominant degradation mechanism, bond cleavage might occur either randomly or at defined positions of the conjugated electron system, resulting in a diversity of cleavage products (CPs). Due to their instability and hydrophobicity, the handling of standards and real samples containing β-carotene and related CPs requires preventive measures during specimen preparation, analyte extraction, and final analysis, to avoid artificial degradation and to preserve the initial analyte portfolio. This review critically discusses different preparation strategies of standards and treatment solutions, and also addresses their protection from oxidation. Additionally, in vitro oxidation strategies for the generation of oxidative model compounds are surveyed. Extraction methods are discussed for volatile and non-volatile CPs individually. Gas chromatography (GC), (ultra)high performance liquid chromatography (U)HPLC, and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are reviewed as analytical tools for final analyte analysis. For identity confirmation of analytes, mass spectrometry (MS) is indispensable, and the appropriate ionization principles are comprehensively discussed. The final sections cover analysis of real samples and aspects of quality assurance, namely matrix effects and method validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Stutz
- Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - N. Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. M. Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Stability of bacterial carotenoids in the presence of iron in a model of the gastric compartment – Comparison with dietary reference carotenoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:89-100. [PMID: 25595845 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Nkhili E, Loonis M, Mihai S, El Hajji H, Dangles O. Reactivity of food phenols with iron and copper ions: binding, dioxygen activation and oxidation mechanisms. Food Funct 2014; 5:1186-202. [PMID: 24700074 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the affinity of common dietary phenols (gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and rutin) for iron and copper ions was quantitatively investigated in neutral phosphate buffer as well as the reactivity of the complexes toward dioxygen. Contrasting behaviors were observed: because of the competing phosphate ions, Fe(III) binding is much slower than Fe(II) binding, which is rapidly followed by autoxidation of Fe(II) into Fe(III). With both ions, O2 consumption and H2O2 production are modest and the phenolic ligands are only slowly oxidized. By contrast, metal-phenol binding is fast with both Cu(I) and Cu(II). With Cu(I), O2 consumption and H2O2 production are very significant and the phenolic ligands are rapidly oxidized into a complex mixture of oligomers. The corresponding mechanism with Cu(II) is hampered by the preliminary rate-determining step of Cu(II) reduction by the phenols. The consequences of these findings for the stability and antioxidant activity of plant phenols are discussed.
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