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Mg-supplementation attenuated lipogenic and oxidative/nitrosative gene expression caused by Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) in HIV-1-transgenic rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210107. [PMID: 30668566 PMCID: PMC6342322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined if HIV-1 expression in transgenic (HIV-1-Tg) rats enhanced hepatic genomic changes related to oxidative/nitrosative stress and lipogenesis during cART-treatment, and assessed effects of Mg-supplementation. A clinically used cART (atazanavir-ritonavir+Truvada) was given orally to control and HIV-1-Tg rats (18 weeks) with normal or 6-fold dietary-Mg. Oxidative/nitrosative and lipogenic genes were determined by real-time RT-PCR. cART induced a 4-fold upregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) in HIV-1-Tg-rats, but not in controls; Tg rats displayed a 2.5-fold higher expression. Both were completely prevented by Mg-supplementation. Nrf2 (Nuclear erythroid-derived factor 2), a master transcription factor controlling redox homeostasis, was down-regulated 50% in HIV-Tg rats, and reduced further to 25% in Tg+cART-rats. Two downstream antioxidant genes, heme oxygenase-1(HmOX1) and Glutathione-S-transferase(GST), were elevated in HIV-Tg alone but were suppressed by cART treatment. Decreased Nrf2 in Tg±cART were normalized by Mg-supplementation along with the reversal of altered HmOX1 and GST expression. Concomitantly, iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) was upregulated 2-fold in Tg+cART rats, which was reversed by Mg-supplementation. In parallel, cART-treatment led to substantial increases in plasma 8-isoprostane, nitrotyrosine, and RBC-GSSG (oxidized glutathione) levels in HIV-1-Tg rats; all indices of oxidative/nitrosative stress were suppressed by Mg-supplementation. Both plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels were elevated in Tg+cART rats, but were lowered by Mg-supplementation. Thus, the synergistic effects of cART and HIV-1 expression on lipogenic and oxidative/nitrosative effects were revealed at the genomic and biochemical levels. Down-regulation of Nrf2 in the Tg+cART rats suggested their antioxidant response was severely compromised; these abnormal metabolic and oxidative stress effects were effectively attenuated by Mg-supplementation at the genomic level.
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Combination ART-Induced Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Neurogenic Inflammation and Cardiac Dysfunction in HIV-1 Transgenic (Tg) Rats: Protection by Mg. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082409. [PMID: 30111743 PMCID: PMC6121319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic effects of a combination antiretroviral therapy (cART = tenofovir/emtricitatine + atazanavir/ritonavir) on systemic and cardiac oxidative stress/injury in HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats and protection by Mg-supplementation were assessed. cART (low doses) elicited no significant effects in normal rats, but induced time-dependent oxidative/nitrosative stresses: 2.64-fold increased plasma 8-isoprostane, 2.0-fold higher RBC oxidized glutathione (GSSG), 3.2-fold increased plasma 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), and 3-fold elevated basal neutrophil superoxide activity in Tg rats. Increased NT staining occurred within cART-treated HIV-Tg hearts, and significant decreases in cardiac systolic and diastolic contractile function occurred at 12 and 18 weeks. HIV-1 expression alone caused modest levels of oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction. Significantly, cART caused up to 24% decreases in circulating Mg in HIV-1-Tg rats, associated with elevated renal NT staining, increased creatinine and urea levels, and elevated plasma substance P levels. Strikingly, Mg-supplementation (6-fold) suppressed all oxidative/nitrosative stress indices in the blood, heart and kidney and substantially attenuated contractile dysfunction (>75%) of cART-treated Tg rats. In conclusion, cART caused significant renal and cardiac oxidative/nitrosative stress/injury in Tg-rats, leading to renal Mg wasting and hypomagnesemia, triggering substance P-dependent neurogenic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. These events were effectively attenuated by Mg-supplementation likely due to its substance P-suppressing and Mg’s intrinsic anti-peroxidative/anti-calcium properties.
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Chiarello DI, Marín R, Proverbio F, Coronado P, Toledo F, Salsoso R, Gutiérrez J, Sobrevia L. Mechanisms of the effect of magnesium salts in preeclampsia. Placenta 2018; 69:134-139. [PMID: 29716747 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous pregnancy-specific syndrome associated with abnormal trophoblast invasion and endothelial dysfunction. Magnesium (Mg2+) level may be normal or decreased in women with preeclampsia. However, the use of Mg2+ salts, such as Mg2+ sulphate, are useful in reducing the pathophysiological consequences of preeclampsia with severe features and eclampsia. Although the mechanism of action of this Mg2+ salt is not well understood, the available evidence suggests a beneficial effect of Mg2+ for the mother and foetus. The mechanisms include a lower level of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endoglin, blockage of brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, decreased inflammation mediators, activation of nitric oxide synthases, blockage of arginases, and reduced free radicals level. The maintenance of Mg2+ homeostasis in pregnancy is crucial for an appropriate pregnancy progression. Oral Mg2+ salts can be used for this purpose which could result in mitigating the deleterious consequences of this syndrome to the mother, foetus, and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia I Chiarello
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Reinaldo Marín
- Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry (CBB), Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), AP 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Fulgencio Proverbio
- Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry (CBB), Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), AP 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Paula Coronado
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Fernando Toledo
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3780000, Chile
| | - Rocio Salsoso
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory (CSDL), School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia.
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Ikee R. Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and magnesium in chronic kidney disease: growing interest in magnesium-related interventions. RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41100-017-0142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Morais JBS, Severo JS, Santos LRD, de Sousa Melo SR, de Oliveira Santos R, de Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, do Nascimento Marreiro D. Role of Magnesium in Oxidative Stress in Individuals with Obesity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:20-26. [PMID: 27444303 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered an endocrine organ that promotes excessive production of reactive oxygen species when in excess, thus contributing to lipid peroxidation. Magnesium deficiency contributes to the development of oxidative stress in obese individuals, as this mineral plays a role as an antioxidant, participates as a cofactor of several enzymes, maintains cell membrane stability and mitigates the effects of oxidative stress. The objective of this review is to bring together updated information on the participation of magnesium in the oxidative stress present in obesity. We conducted a search of articles published in the PubMed, SciELO and LILACS databases, using the keywords 'magnesium', 'oxidative stress', 'malondialdehyde', 'superoxide dismutase', 'glutathione peroxidase', 'reactive oxygen species', 'inflammation' and 'obesity'. The studies show that obese subjects have low serum concentrations of magnesium, as well as high concentrations of oxidative stress marker in these individuals. Furthermore, it is evident that the adequate intake of magnesium contributes to its appropriate homeostasis in the body. Thus, this review of current research can help define the need for intervention with supplementation of this mineral for the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Loanne Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Stéfany Rodrigues de Sousa Melo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Raisa de Oliveira Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil
| | - Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Ininga, 665, Hugo Napoleão st., Ed. Palazzo Reale, Apt°. 2001, Jóquei, Teresina, Piauí, 64048-320, Brazil.
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Palchetti CZ, Szejnfeld VL, de Menezes Succi RC, Patin RV, Teixeira PF, Machado DM, Oliveira FLC. Impaired bone mineral accrual in prepubertal HIV-infected children: a cohort study. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:623-30. [PMID: 26477385 PMCID: PMC9425359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate bone mass accrual and determine the influence of clinical, anthropometric, dietary and biochemical parameters on bone mass. METHODS A cohort study including 35 prepubertal HIV-infected children, between 7 and 12 years, attended at a referral center. At time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2), patients were assessed according to clinical, anthropometric, dietary, biochemical parameters and bone mineral density (BMD). At T2, patients were divided into prepubertal and pubertal. RESULTS Despite the increase in bone mass absolute values, there was no improvement in lumbar spine BMD (LSBMD) Z-score (p=0.512) and worsening in total body BMD (TBMD) Z-score (p=0.040). Pubertal patients (n=19) showed higher bone mineral content (BMC) (p=0.001), TBMD (p=0.006) and LSBMD (p=0.002) compared to prepubertal patients. After multivariate linear regression analysis, the predictors of bone mass in T1 were age, BMI and HA Z-scores for BMC; BMI Z-score, adequate serum magnesium concentration and dietary calcium intake for TBMD; adequate serum concentration of magnesium, BMI and HA Z-scores for LSBMD. In T2, age, total body fat and lean body mass (kg) for BMC; BMI Z-score and puberty for TBMD; dietary fat intake, BMI Z-score for BMD and puberty for LSBMD. CONCLUSION HIV-infected children have compromised bone mass and the presence of puberty seems to provide suitability of these parameters. Adequate intake of calcium and fat appears to be protective for proper bone mass accumulation factor, as well as monitoring nutritional status and serum magnesium concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Zanin Palchetti
- Division of Nutrology, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Szejnfeld
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia de Menezes Succi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rose Vega Patin
- Division of Nutrology, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fonseca Teixeira
- Division of Nutrology, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Machado
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Luisa Ceragioli Oliveira
- Division of Nutrology, Department of Pediatrics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Butrous G. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension: considerations for pulmonary vascular diseases in the developing world. Circulation 2015; 131:1361-70. [PMID: 25869003 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.006978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazwan Butrous
- From School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; and Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute, Canterbury, UK.
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