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Ferreira-Cravo M, Moreira DC, Hermes-Lima M. Glutathione Depletion Disrupts Redox Homeostasis in an Anoxia-Tolerant Invertebrate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1197. [PMID: 37371926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of endogenous antioxidants is a widespread phenomenon in animals that tolerate hypoxia/anoxia for extended periods. The identity of the mobilized antioxidant is often context-dependent and differs among species, tissues, and stresses. Thus, the contribution of individual antioxidants to the adaptation to oxygen deprivation remains elusive. This study investigated the role of glutathione (GSH) in the control of redox homeostasis under the stress of anoxia and reoxygenation in Helix aspersa, an animal model of anoxia tolerance. To do so, the total GSH (tGSH) pool was depleted with l-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO) before exposing snails to anoxia for 6 h. Then, the concentration of GSH, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and oxidative stress markers (TBARS and protein carbonyl) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, glutathione reductase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were measured in foot muscle and hepatopancreas. BSO alone induced tGSH depletion by 59-75%, but no other changes happened in other variables, except for foot GSSG. Anoxia elicited a 110-114% increase in glutathione peroxidase in the foot; no other changes occurred during anoxia. However, GSH depletion before anoxia increased the GSSG/tGSH ratio by 84-90% in both tissues, which returned to baseline levels during reoxygenation. Our findings indicate that glutathione is required to withstand the oxidative challenge induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation in land snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlize Ferreira-Cravo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
- Research Center in Morphology and Applied Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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Thomas C, Wurzer L, Malle E, Ristow M, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis as a Pleiotropic Effect of Commonly Used Drugs. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:905261. [PMID: 35821802 PMCID: PMC9261327 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.905261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated diseases represent a growing burden for global health systems in our aging society. Consequently, we urgently need innovative strategies to counteract these pathological disturbances. Overwhelming generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with age-related damage, leading to cellular dysfunction and, ultimately, diseases. However, low-dose ROS act as crucial signaling molecules and inducers of a vaccination-like response to boost antioxidant defense mechanisms, known as mitohormesis. Consequently, modulation of ROS homeostasis by nutrition, exercise, or pharmacological interventions is critical in aging. Numerous nutrients and approved drugs exhibit pleiotropic effects on ROS homeostasis. In the current review, we provide an overview of drugs affecting ROS generation and ROS detoxification and evaluate the potential of these effects to counteract the development and progression of age-related diseases. In case of inflammation-related dysfunctions, cardiovascular- and neurodegenerative diseases, it might be essential to strengthen antioxidant defense mechanisms in advance by low ROS level rises to boost the individual ROS defense mechanisms. In contrast, induction of overwhelming ROS production might be helpful to fight pathogens and kill cancer cells. While we outline the potential of ROS manipulation to counteract age-related dysfunction and diseases, we also raise the question about the proper intervention time and dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Thomas
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Lia Wurzer
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Ristow
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski,
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Hsa_circ_0087352 promotes the inflammatory response of macrophages in abdominal aortic aneurysm by adsorbing hsa-miR-149-5p. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Mani S, Swargiary G, Ralph SJ. Targeting the redox imbalance in mitochondria: A novel mode for cancer therapy. Mitochondrion 2021; 62:50-73. [PMID: 34758363 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels affect many aspects of cell behavior. During carcinogenesis, moderate ROS production modifies gene expression to alter cell function, elevating metabolic activity and ROS. To avoid extreme ROS-activated death, cancer cells increase antioxidative capacity, regulating sustained ROS levels that promote growth. Anticancer therapies are exploring inducing supranormal, cytotoxic oxidative stress levels either inhibiting antioxidative capacity or promoting excess ROS to selectively destroy cancer cells, triggering mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, or ferroptosis. This review exemplifies pro-oxidants (natural/synthetic/repurposed drugs) and their clinical significance as cancer therapies providing revolutionary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Mani
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India.
| | - Geeta Swargiary
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India
| | - Stephen J Ralph
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.
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Du Y, Demillard LJ, Ren J. Catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity: A critical element in the pathophysiology of stroke-induced heart injury. Life Sci 2021; 287:120106. [PMID: 34756930 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage provoke cardiac complications such as heart failure, neurogenic stress-related cardiomyopathy and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. With regards to the pathophysiology of stroke-induced heart injury, several mechanisms have been postulated to contribute to this complex interaction between brain and heart, including damage from gut dysbiosis, immune and systematic inflammatory responses, microvesicle- and microRNA-mediated vascular injury and damage from a surge of catecholamines. All these cerebrovascular diseases may trigger pronounced catecholamine surges through diverse ways, including stimulation of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, dysregulation of autonomic system, and secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Primary catecholamines involved in this pathophysiological response include norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine. Both are important neurotransmitters that connect the nervous system with the heart, leading to cardiac damage via myocardial ischemia, calcium (Ca2+) overload, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we will aim to summarize the molecular mechanisms behind catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity including Ca2+ overload, oxidative stress, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation. In addition, we will focus on how synchronization among these pathways evokes cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Laurie J Demillard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Activity of sEH and Oxidant Status during Systemic Bovine Coliform Mastitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050812. [PMID: 34065244 PMCID: PMC8161397 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coliform mastitis presents treatment challenges because of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a promising therapeutic target in conditions characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress but has not been evaluated in cattle. We compared sEH activity and oxidant status in healthy Holstein dairy cows to those with systemic coliform mastitis (n = 5/group) using complementary approaches. First, the activity of sEH on [3H]-trans-diphenyl-propene oxide (tDPPO) was assessed ex vivo using tissue homogenates (mammary, liver, and kidney). Second, the concentrations of sEH substrates and metabolites in plasma, milk, and urine were determined as an index of in vivo sEH activity. Oxidant status was assessed in serum and milk. Data were analyzed by non-parametric methods. Metabolism of tDPPO was greater in mammary tissues from cows with coliform mastitis compared to controls. In contrast, ratios of sEH substrates and metabolites predicted lower sEH activity in cows with coliform mastitis than controls. Milk oxidant status showed greater prooxidant levels in coliform mastitis cows. Cows with coliform mastitis exhibit increased sEH activity in mammary tissue; at the same time, milk oxidant status is increased. Future studies should characterize sEH activity and oxidant status patterns and explore therapies targeting sEH during coliform mastitis.
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Meeran MFN, Laham F, Azimullah S, Sharma C, Al Kaabi AJ, Tariq S, Adeghate E, Goyal SN, Ojha S. β-Caryophyllene, a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene attenuates β-adrenergic agonist-induced myocardial injury in a cannabinoid receptor-2 dependent and independent manner. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:348-366. [PMID: 33588052 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The downregulation of cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2R) have been reported in numerous diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The activation of CB2R has recently emerged as an important therapeutic target to mitigate myocardial injury. We examined whether CB2R activation can protect against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury (MI) in rats. In the present study, we investigated the cardioprotective effect of β-caryophyllene (BCP), a naturally occurring dietary cannabinoid in rat model of MI. Rats were pre- and co-treated with BCP (50 mg/kg, orally) twice daily for 10 days along with subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg) at an interval of 24 h for two days (9th and 10th days). AM630 (1 mg/kg), a CB2 receptor antagonist, was injected intraperitoneal as a pharmacological challenge prior to BCP treatment to reveal CB2R-mediated cardioprotective mechanisms of BCP. Desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling, receptor phosphorylation and recruitment of adapter β-arrestins were observed in ISO-induced MI in rats. ISO injections caused impaired cardiac function, elevated the levels of serum cardiac marker enzymes, and enhanced oxidative stress markers along with altered PI3K/Akt and NrF2/Keap1/HO-1 signaling pathways. ISO also promoted lysosomal dysfunction along with activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4-NFκB/MAPK signaling and triggered rise in proinflammatory cytokines. There was a concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction followed by the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated Hippo signaling and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis as well as altered autophagic flux/mTOR signaling in ISO-induced MI. Furthermore, ISO also triggered dyslipidemia evidenced by altered lipids, lipoproteins and lipid marker enzymes along with ionic homeostasis malfunction. However, treatment with BCP resulted in significant protective effects on all biochemical and molecular parameters analyzed. The cardioprotective effects were further strengthened by preservation of cardiomyocytes and cell organelles as observed in histopathological and ultrastructural studies. Interestingly, treatment with AM630, a CB2R antagonist was observed to abrogate the protective effects of BCP on the biochemical and molecular parameters except hyperlipidemia and ionic homeostasis in ISO-induced MI in rats. The present study findings demonstrate that BCP possess the potential to protect myocardium against ISO-induced MI in a CB2-dependent and independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Laham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Juma Al Kaabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Wang L, Xiong Q, Li P, Chen G, Tariq N, Wu C. The negative charge of the 343 site is essential for maintaining physiological functions of CXCR4. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:8. [PMID: 33485325 PMCID: PMC7825245 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent bacterial infections and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) usually caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4 gene. To date, a total of nine different mutations including eight truncation mutations and one missense mutation (E343K, CXCR4E343K) distributed in the C-terminus of CXCR4 have been identified in humans. Studies have clarified that the loss of phosphorylation sites in the C-terminus of truncated CXCR4 impairs the desensitization process, enhances the activation of G-protein, prolongs downstream signaling pathways and introduces over immune responses, thereby causing WHIM syndrome. So far, there is only one reported case of WHIM syndrome with a missense mutation, CXCR4E343K, which has a full length of C-terminus with entire phosphorylation sites, no change in all potential phosphorylation sites. The mechanism of the missense mutation (CXCR4E343K) causing WHIM syndrome is unknown. This study aimed to characterize the effect of mutation at the 343 site of CXCR4 causing the replacement of arginine/E with glutamic acid/K on the receptor signal transduction, and elucidate the mechanism underling CXCR4E343K causing WHIM in the reported family. RESULTS We completed a series of mutagenesis to generate different mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 tail, and established a series of HeLa cell lines stably expressing CXCR4WT or CXCR4E343D (glutamic acid/E replaced with aspartic acid/D) or CXCR4E343K (glutamic acid/E replaced with lysine/K) or CXCR4E343R (glutamic acid/E replaced with arginine/R) or CXCR4E343A (glutamic acid/E replaced with alanine/A) and then systematically analyzed functions of the CXCR4 mutants above. Results showed that the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343D had no functional changes with comparison that of wild type CXCR4. However, the cells overexpressing of CXCR4E343K or CXCR4E343R or CXCR4E343A had enhanced cell migration, prolonged the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, JNK1/2/3, aggravated activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway, introduced higher expression of TNFa and IL6, suggesting over immune response occurred in CXCR4 mutants with charge change at the 343 site of receptor tail, as a result, causing WHIM syndrome. Biochemical analysis of those mutations at the 343 site of CXCR4 above shows that CXCR4 mutants with no matter positive or neutral charge have aberrant signal pathways downstream of activated mutated CXCR4, only CXVR4 with negative charge residues at the site shows normal signal pathway post activation with stromal-derived factor (SDF1, also known as CXCL12). CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrated that the negative charge at the 343 site of CXCR4 plays an essential role in regulating the down-stream signal transduction of CXCR4 for physiological events, and residue charge changes, no matter positive or neutral introduce aberrant activities and functions of CXCR4, thus consequently lead to WHIM syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiuhong Xiong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Nayab Tariq
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China. .,Key laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Functional Redox Proteomics Reveal That Salvia miltiorrhiza Aqueous Extract Alleviates Adriamycin-Induced Cardiomyopathy via Inhibiting ROS-Dependent Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5136934. [PMID: 32963697 PMCID: PMC7501560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer agent adriamycin (ADR) has long been recognized to induce a dose-limiting cardiotoxicity, while Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a Chinese herb widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders and its aqueous extract (SMAE) has shown anticancer as well as antioxidant effects. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the synergistic effect and potent molecular mechanisms of SMAE with a focus on the cardioprotective benefit observed under ADR adoption. Histopathological analysis indicated that SMAE could substantially alleviate cardiomyopathy and cell apoptosis caused by ADR. Meanwhile, the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) oxyblots demonstrated that SMAE treatment could effectively reduce carbonylation of specific proteins associated with oxidative stress response and various metabolic pathways in the presence of ADR. SMAE application also showed protective efficacy against ADR-mediated H9c2 cell death in a dose-dependent manner without causing any cytotoxicity and significantly attenuated the reactive oxygen species production. Particularly, the simultaneous administration of ADR and SMAE could remarkably suppress the growth of breast cancer cells. We also noticed that there was a marked upregulation of detoxifying enzyme system in the presence of SMAE, and its exposure also contributed to an increase in Nrf2 and HO-1 content as well. SMAE also amended the ERK/p53/Bcl-xL/caspase-3 signaling pathways and the mitochondrial dysfunction, which eventually attribute to apoptotic cathepsin B/AIF cascades. Correspondingly, both the ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) could at least partially abolish the ADR-associated cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells. Collectively, these results support that ROS apoptosis-inducing molecule release is closely involved in ADR-induced cardiotoxicity while SMAE could prevent or mitigate the causative cardiomyopathy through controlling multiple targets without compromising the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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Mei Y, Liu B, Su H, Zhang H, Liu F, Ke Q, Sun X, Tan W. Isosteviol sodium protects the cardiomyocyte response associated with the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10866-10875. [PMID: 32757458 PMCID: PMC7521233 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte dysfunction is attributed to excess oxidative damage, but the molecular pathways involved in this process have not been completely elucidated. Evidence indicates that isosteviol sodium (STVNa) has cardioprotective effects. We therefore aimed to identify the effect of STVNa on cardiomyocytes, as well as the potential mechanisms involved in this process. We established two myocardial hypertrophy models by treating H9c2 cells with high glucose (HG) and isoprenaline (ISO). Our results showed that STVNa reduced H9c2 mitochondrial damage by attenuating oxidative damage and altering the morphology of mitochondria. The results also indicated that STVNa had a positive effect on HG- and ISO-induced damages via mitochondrial biogenesis. The protective effects of STVNa on cardiomyocytes were associated with the regulation of the SIRT1/PGC-1α signalling pathway. Importantly, the effects of STVNa involved different methods of regulation in the two models, which was confirmed by experiments using an inhibitor and activator of SIRT1. Together, the results provide the basis for using STVNa as a therapy for the prevention of cardiomyocyte dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mei
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Qingjin Ke
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
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Olagaray KE, Bradford BJ, Sordillo LM, Gandy JC, Mamedova LK, Swartz TH, Jackson TD, Persoon EK, Shugart CS, Youngs CR. Postpartum meloxicam administration alters plasma haptoglobin, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and oxylipid concentrations in postpartum ewes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32626575 PMCID: PMC7329520 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum inflammation is a natural and necessary response; however, a dysfunctional inflammatory response can be detrimental to animal productivity. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam) on ewe postpartum inflammatory response, ewe plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid and oxylipid concentrations, and lamb growth. Results After lambing, 36 Hampshire and Hampshire × Suffolk ewes were sequentially assigned within type of birth to control (n = 17) or meloxicam orally administered on d 1 and 4 of lactation (MEL; 90 mg, n = 19). Milk and blood samples were collected on d 1 (prior to treatment) and d 4. Milk glucose-6-phosphate was not affected by MEL. Plasma haptoglobin (Hp) concentrations were less for MEL ewes; control ewes with greater d 1 Hp concentrations had elevated Hp on d 4, but this was not the case for MEL-treated ewes. Treatment with MEL increased plasma arachidonic acid concentration by more than 4-fold in ewes rearing singles but decreased concentrations of 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, prostaglandin F2α, 8-iso-prostaglandin E2, and 8,9-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Nine oxylipids in plasma had interactions of treatment with d 1 Hp concentration, all of which revealed positive associations between d 1 Hp and d 4 oxylipid concentrations for CON, but neutral or negative relationships for MEL. MEL decreased 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:13-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio and tended to increase 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid:9-oxooctadecadienoic acid ratio (both dependent on d 1 values), indicating progressive metabolism of linoleic acid-derived oxylipids occurred by enzymatic oxidation after MEL treatment. Meloxicam reduced oxylipids generated across oxygenation pathways, potentially due to an improved redox state. Conclusions Postpartum MEL treatment of ewes decreased plasma concentrations of Hp and several oxylipids, with the greatest impact in ewes with biomarkers reflecting a greater inflammatory state before treatment. Anti-inflammatory strategies may help resolve excessive postpartum inflammation in some dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Olagaray
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Barry J Bradford
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 2265K Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225 USA
| | - Jeffery C Gandy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 2265K Anthony Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824-1225 USA
| | - Laman K Mamedova
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Turner H Swartz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 66506 USA
| | - Trey D Jackson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Emma K Persoon
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | | | - Curtis R Youngs
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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12
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Nagoor Meeran MF, Azimullah S, Laham F, Tariq S, Goyal SN, Adeghate E, Ojha S. α-Bisabolol protects against β-adrenergic agonist-induced myocardial infarction in rats by attenuating inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating autophagic flux. Food Funct 2020; 11:965-976. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that NLRP3 inflammasome activation, lysosomal dysfunction, and impaired autophagic flux play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction (MI).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Laham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences
- UAE University
- Al Ain
- United Arab Emirates
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Understanding of ROS-Inducing Strategy in Anticancer Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5381692. [PMID: 31929855 PMCID: PMC6939418 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5381692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of diverse cellular processes. Cancer cells have higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than normal cells as a result of hypermetabolism, but the redox balance is maintained in cancer cells due to their marked antioxidant capacity. Recently, anticancer therapies that induce oxidative stress by increasing ROS and/or inhibiting antioxidant processes have received significant attention. The acceleration of accumulative ROS disrupts redox homeostasis and causes severe damage in cancer cells. In this review, we describe ROS-inducing cancer therapy and the anticancer mechanism employed by prooxidative agents. To understand the comprehensive biological response to certain prooxidative anticancer drugs such as 2-methoxyestradiol, buthionine sulfoximine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, imexon, and motexafin gadolinium, we propose and visualize the drug-gene, drug-cell process, and drug-disease interactions involved in oxidative stress induction and antioxidant process inhibition as well as specific side effects of these drugs using pathway analysis with a big data-based text-mining approach. Our review will be helpful to improve the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs by providing information about biological changes that occur in response to prooxidants. For future directions, there is still a need for pharmacogenomic studies on prooxidative agents as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of the prooxidants and/or antioxidant-inhibitor agents for effective anticancer therapy through selective killing of cancer cells.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Sesamum indicum L.-A Review. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244426. [PMID: 31817084 PMCID: PMC6943436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of foodstuff as natural medicines has already been established through studies demonstrating the pharmacological activities that they exhibit. Knowing the nutritional and pharmacological significance of foods enables the understanding of their role against several diseases. Among the foods that can potentially be considered as medicine, is sesame or Sesamum indicum L., which is part of the Pedaliaceae family and is composed of its lignans such as sesamin, sesamol, sesaminol and sesamolin. Its lignans have been widely studied and are known to possess antiaging, anticancer, antidiabetes, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Modern chronic diseases, which can transform into clinical diseases, are potential targets of these lignans. The prime example of chronic diseases is rheumatic inflammatory diseases, which affect the support structures and the organs of the body and can also develop into malignancies. In line with this, studies emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of sesame have been discussed in this review.
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Zhang L, Wu C, Mu S, Xue W, Ma D. A chemotherapeutic self-sensibilized drug carrier delivering paclitaxel for the enhanced chemotherapy to human breast MDA-MB-231 cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:902-909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Yin MS, Zhang YC, Xu SH, Liu JJ, Sun XH, Liang C, Wang Y, Li J, Wang FW, Wang QL, Mu YL. Puerarin prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro by inhibition of inflammation. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2019; 21:476-493. [PMID: 29322879 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1405941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the chief diabetes mellitus complications. Inflammation factors may be one reason for the damage from DM. The purpose of this research is to study the potential protective effects of puerarin on DM and the possible mechanisms of action related to NF-κB signal pathway. Following administration of puerarin to the disease model rat, several changes were observed including the changes of serum biochemical index, improved diastolic dysfunction, and enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzymes activities, further NF-κB signaling activation. Puerarin showed cardio-protective effects on DCM by inhibiting inflammation, and it might be a potential candidate for the treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Shan Yin
- a Center for Drug Evaluation , Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100038 , China
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Yi-Chi Zhang
- c Department of Pharmacy , Jinan Children's Hospital , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Shu-Hong Xu
- d State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Xiao-Hui Sun
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Chen Liang
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Yan Wang
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Jie Li
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Fu-Wen Wang
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
| | - Qing-Li Wang
- a Center for Drug Evaluation , Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100038 , China
| | - Yan-Ling Mu
- b Key Laboratory for Rare Disease of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology , Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
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17
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Sexual dimorphism of acute doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in C57Bl/6 mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212486. [PMID: 30785938 PMCID: PMC6382134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been reported to cause nephrotoxicity in rodent models and to a lesser degree in cancer patients. Female rodents have been shown to be protected against several features of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of this sexual dimorphism are not fully elucidated. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the sex and time-dependent changes in pathological lesions as well as apoptotic and fibrotic markers in response to acute DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. We also determined the effect of acute DOX treatment on the renal expression of the sexually dimorphic enzyme, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), since inhibition of sEH has been shown to protect against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. Acute DOX-induced nephrotoxicity was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 20 mg/kg DOX to male and female adult C57Bl/6 mice. The kidneys were isolated 1, 3 and 6 days after DOX administration. Histopathology assessment, gene expression of the apoptotic marker, BAX, protein expression of the fibrotic marker, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and gene and protein expression of sEH were assessed. DOX administration caused more severe pathological lesions as well as higher induction of the apoptotic and fibrotic markers in kidneys of male than in female mice. Intriguingly, DOX inhibited sEH protein expression in kidneys of male mice sacrificed at 3 and 6 days following administration, suggesting that induction of sEH is not necessary for acute DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. However, DOX-induced inhibition of renal sEH in male mice may protect the kidney from further DOX-induced injury in a negative feedback mechanism. We also observed lower constitutive expressions of TGF-β and sEH in the kidney of female mice which may contribute, at least in part, to sexual dimorphism of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Xu D, Zhao Y, Weng X, Lu Y, Li W, Tang K, Chen W, Liu Z, Qi X, Zheng J, Fassett J, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Novel role of mitochondrial GTPases 1 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:105-116. [PMID: 30707992 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and translated on cytosolic/endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes, proteins encoded by mitochondrial DNA are translated on mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondrial GTPases 1 (MTG1) regulates mitochondrial ribosome assembly and translation, but its impact on cardiac adaptation to stress is unknown. Here, we found that MTG1 is dramatically elevated in hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy patients and in mice exposed to left ventricular pressure overload (AB). To examine the role of MTG1 in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, MTG1 loss/gain of function studies were performed in cultured cardiomyocytes and mice exposed to hypertrophic stress. MTG1 shRNA and adenoviral overexpression studies indicated that MTG1 expression attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in cultured cardiomyocytes, while MTG1 KO mice exhibited no observable cardiac phenotype under basal conditions. MTG1 deficiency significantly exacerbated AB-induced cardiac hypertrophy, expression of hypertrophic stress markers, fibrosis, and LV dysfunction in comparison to WT mice. Conversely, transgenic cardiac MTG1 expression attenuated AB-induced hypertrophy and LV dysfunction. Mechanistically, MTG1 preserved mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity during pressure overload, which further attenuated ROS generation. Moreover, we demonstrated that TAK1, P38 and JNK1/2 activity is downregulated in the MTG1 overexpression group. Importantly, dampening oxidative stress with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) lowered hypertrophy in MTG1 KO to WT levels. Collectively, our data indicate that MTG1 protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction by preserving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress and downstream TAK1 stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, USA
| | - Xinrui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jialing Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, China
| | - John Fassett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz 8020, Austria
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yawei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Generation and characterization of a paclitaxel-resistant human gastric carcinoma cell line. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:491-502. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Sun H, Lee P, Yan C, Gao N, Wang J, Fan X, Yu FS. Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase 2 Ameliorates Diabetic Keratopathy and Impaired Wound Healing in Mouse Corneas. Diabetes 2018; 67:1162-1172. [PMID: 29615440 PMCID: PMC5961414 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
EPHX2 (encoding soluble epoxide hydrolase [sEH]) converts biologically active epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic effectors, into the less biologically active metabolites, dihydroxyeicostrienoic acids. We sought to characterize the expression and the function of EPHX2 in diabetic corneas and during wound healing. The expression of EPHX2 at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as sEH enzymatic activity, was markedly upregulated in the tissues/cells, including corneal epithelial cells as well as the retina of human type 2 and mouse type 1 (streptozotocin [STZ] induced) and/or type 2 diabetes. Ephx2 depletion had no detectable effects on STZ-induced hyperglycemia but prevented the development of tear deficiency. Ephx2-/- mice showed an acceleration of hyperglycemia-delayed epithelium wound healing. Moreover, inhibition of sEH increased the rate of epithelium wound closure and restored hyperglycemia-suppressed STAT3 activation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in the diabetic corneas. Treatment of diabetic corneas with cobalt protoporphyrin, a well-known HO-1 inducer, restored wound-induced HO-1 upregulation and accelerated delayed wound healing. Finally, Ephx2 depletion enhanced sensory innervation and regeneration in diabetic corneas at 1 month after epithelial debridement. Our data suggest that increased sEH activity may be a contributing factor for diabetic corneal complications; targeting sEH pharmacologically or supplementing EETs may represent a new, adjunctive therapy for treating diabetic keratopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Sun
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Patrick Lee
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Chenxi Yan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Gao
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Jiemei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth Peoples' Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Shin Yu
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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21
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Shibu MA, Kuo CH, Chen BC, Ju DT, Chen RJ, Lai CH, Huang PJ, Viswanadha VP, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Oolong tea prevents cardiomyocyte loss against hypoxia by attenuating p-JNK mediated hypertrophy and enhancing P-IGF1R, p-akt, and p-Bad ser136 activity and by fortifying NRF2 antioxidation system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:220-233. [PMID: 29139225 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tea, the most widely consumed natural beverage has been associated with reduced mortality risk from cardiovascular disease. Oolong tea is a partially fermented tea containing high levels of catechins, their degree of oxidation varies between 20%-80% causing differences in their active metabolites. In this study we examined the effect of oolong tea extract (OTE) obtained by oxidation at low-temperature for short-time against hypoxic injury and found that oolong tea provides cyto-protective effects by suppressing the JNK mediated hypertrophic effects and by enhancing the innate antioxidant mechanisms in neonatal cardiomyocytes and in H9c2 cells. OTE effectively attenuates 24 h hypoxia-triggered cardiomyocyte loss by suppressing caspase-3-cleavage and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. OTE also enhances the IGFIR/p-Akt associated survival-mechanism involving the elevation of p-Badser136 in a dose-dependent manner to aid cellular adaptations against hypoxic challenge. The results show the effects and mechanism of Oolong tea to provide cardio-protective benefits during hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bih-Cheng Chen
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hung Lai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Force Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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22
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Hong HQ, Lu J, Fang XL, Zhang YH, Cai Y, Yuan J, Liu PQ, Ye JT. G3BP2 is involved in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy through activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:184-194. [PMID: 28816235 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RasGAP SH3 domain-binding proteins (G3BPs) are a family of RNA-binding proteins that can co-ordinate signal transduction and post-transcriptional gene regulation. G3BPs have been shown to be involved in mediating a great diversity of cellular processes such as cell survival, growth, proliferation and apoptosis. But the potential roles of G3BPs in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases remain to be clarified. In the present study, we provide the first evidence that suggests the participation of G3BP2 in cardiac hypertrophy. In cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs), treatment with isoproterenol (ISO, 0.1-100 μmol/L) significantly elevated the mRNA and protein levels of G3BP2. Similar results were observed in the hearts of rats subjected to 7D-injection of ISO, accompanied by obvious heart hypertrophy and elevated the expression of hypertrophy marker genes ANF, BNP and β-MHC in heart tissues. Overexpression of G3BP2 in NRCMs led to hypertrophic responses evidenced by increased cellular surface area and the expression of hypertrophy marker genes, whereas knockdown of G3BP2 significantly attenuated ISO-induced hypertrophy of NRCMs. We further showed that G3BP2 directly interacted with IκBα and promoted the aggregation of the NF-κB subunit p65 in the nucleus and increased NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. NF-κB inhibition with PDTC (50 μmol/L) or p65 knockdown significantly decreased the hypertrophic responses in NRCMs induced by ISO or G3BP2 overexpression. These results give new insight into the functions of G3BP2 and may help further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy.
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23
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Li J, Yuan YP, Xu SC, Zhang N, Xu CR, Wan CX, Ren J, Zeng XF, Tang QZ. Arctiin protects against cardiac hypertrophy through inhibiting MAPKs and AKT signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Sci 2017; 135:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Su H, Pistolozzi M, Shi X, Sun X, Tan W. Alterations in NO/ROS ratio and expression of Trx1 and Prdx2 in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1022-1028. [PMID: 29036266 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiac hypertrophy is a complicated process, which undergoes a transition from compensatory hypertrophy to heart failure, and the identification of new biomarkers and targets for this disease is greatly needed. Here we investigated the development of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in an in vitro experimental model. After the induction of hypertrophy with ISO treatment in H9c2 cells, cell surface area, cell viability, cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels were tested. Our data showed that the cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and NO/ROS balance varied during the development of cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells. It was also found that the expression of thioredoxin1 (Trx1) and peroxiredoxin2 (Prdx2) was decreased during the cardiac hypertrophy of H9c2 cells. These results suggest a critical role for Trx1 and Prdx2 in the cardiac hypertrophy of H9c2 cells and in the transition from compensated hypertrophy to de-compensated hypertrophy in H9c2 cells, and our findings may have important implications for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Marco Pistolozzi
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Shi J, Shan S, Li H, Song G, Li Z. Anti-inflammatory effects of millet bran derived-bound polyphenols in LPS-induced HT-29 cell via ROS/miR-149/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74582-74594. [PMID: 29088809 PMCID: PMC5650364 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory maladjustment has been acknowledged as one of the chief causations of inflammatory diseases and even cancers. Previous studies showed that plant-derived polyphenolic compounds were the most potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents among all natural compounds. The present study indicates that bound polyphenols of inner shell (BPIS) from foxtail millet bran can display anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-induced HT-29 cells and in nude mice. Mechanistically, BPIS restrained the level of various pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), and enhanced the expression level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) by blocking the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-p65 nuclear translocation. Further, we found the elevated miR-149 expression by BPIS-induced ROS accumulation, directly targeted the Akt expression to block NF-κB nuclear translocation. Taken together, these novel findings provide new insights into the development of BPIS as an anti-inflammatory agent via the signaling cascade of ROS/miR-149/Akt/NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Shi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Shuhua Shan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hanqing Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guisheng Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.,College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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26
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Kuhn MJ, Mavangira V, Gandy JC, Zhang C, Jones AD, Sordillo LM. Differences in the Oxylipid Profiles of Bovine Milk and Plasma at Different Stages of Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4980-4988. [PMID: 28570057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is caused by a bacterial infection of the mammary gland, which reduces both milk quality and quantity produced for human consumption. The incidence and severity of bovine mastitis are greatest during the periparturient period that results from dysfunctional inflammatory responses and causes damage to milk synthesizing tissues. Oxylipids are potent fatty acid-derived mediators that control the onset and resolution of the inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to investigate how oxylipid profiles change in bovine milk at different stages of the lactation cycle. Results showed significantly lower concentrations of both milk polyunsaturated fatty acid content and total oxylipid biosynthesis during early lactation when compared to mid- or late-lactation. The only oxylipid that was higher during early lactation was 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), which is often associated with inflammatory-based diseases. Milk oxylipid profiles during the different stages of lactation differed from plasma profiles. As such, plasma fatty acid and oxylipid concentrations are not a proxy for local changes in the mammary gland during the lactation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kuhn
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824, United States
| | - Vengai Mavangira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824, United States
| | - Jeffery C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824, United States
| | | | | | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824, United States
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27
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Liu CT, Liu MY. Daily sesame oil supplementation attenuates local renin-angiotensin system via inhibiting MAPK activation and oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Shirriff CS, Heikkila JJ. Characterization of cadmium chloride-induced BiP accumulation in Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:117-128. [PMID: 27746171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can result in the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded protein in the ER lumen, which can trigger the unfolded protein response (UPR) resulting in the activation of various genes including immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP; also known as glucose-regulated protein 78 or HSPA5). BiP, an ER heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family member, binds to unfolded protein, inhibits their aggregation and re-folds them in an ATP-dependent manner. While cadmium, an environmental contaminant, was shown to induce the accumulation of HSP70 in vertebrate cells, less information is available regarding the effect of this metal on BiP accumulation or function. In this study, cadmium chloride treatment of Xenopus laevis A6 kidney epithelial cells induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in BiP, HSP70 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) accumulation. Exposure of cells to a relatively low cadmium concentration at a mild heat shock temperature of 30°C greatly enhanced BiP and HSP70 accumulation compared to cadmium at 22°C. Treatment of cells with the glutathione synthesis inhibitor, buthionine sulfoximine, enhanced cadmium-induced BiP and HSP70 accumulation. Immunocytochemistry revealed that cadmium-induced BiP accumulation occurred in a punctate pattern in the perinuclear region. In some cells treated with cadmium chloride or the proteasomal inhibitor, MG132, large BiP complexes were observed that co-localized with aggregated protein or aggresome-like structures. These BiP/aggresome-like structures were also observed in cells treated simultaneously with cadmium at 30°C or in the presence of buthionine sulfoximine. In amphibians, the association of BiP with unfolded protein and its possible role in aggresome function may be vital in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S Shirriff
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Mao HP, Wang XY, Gao YH, Chang YX, Chen L, Niu ZC, Ai JQ, Gao XM. Danhong injection attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by regulating p38 and NF-κb pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 186:20-29. [PMID: 26970569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Danhong injection (DHI), derived from Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Labiatae, Danshen in Chinese) and Flos Carthami (Carthamus tinctorius L., Compositae, Salvia militiorrhiza Bunge), is an extensively-used Chinese material standardized clinical product for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is an adaptive response of cardiomyocytes. Long-lasting cardiac hypertrophy results in the loss of compensation by cardiomyocytes which could ultimately develop into heart failure. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect and exact mechanisms of DHI on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced CH. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9c2 cells and male Wistar rats were stimulated by ISO in the present study to establish CH models in vitro and in vivo. CCk-8 assay, Western blot, real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Echocardiography were used in the present study. RESULTS DHI significantly attenuated ISO-induced CH of H9c2 cells (p<0.01). DHI decreased ISO-induced atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) elevation both at the mRNA and protein levels (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Western blot showed that DHI down-regulated the phosphorylation of p38. Furthermore, we found that DHI inhibited the nuclear translocation and activation of NF-κb. Echocardiography from ISO-induced CH rats showed that DHI significantly decreased left ventricle (LV) mass, the thickness of the LV end-systolic posterior wall (LVPWs), and the LV end-diastolic posterior wall (LVPWd) elevated by ISO (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that DHI might exert anti-cardiac hypertrophic effects by regulating p38 and NF-κb pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ping Mao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xing-Ye Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yun Hang Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zi-Chang Niu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ju-Qing Ai
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulae, and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Mancilla H, Maldonado R, Cereceda K, Villarroel-Espíndola F, Montes de Oca M, Angulo C, Castro MA, Slebe JC, Vera JC, Lavandero S, Concha II. Glutathione Depletion Induces Spermatogonial Cell Autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:2283-92. [PMID: 25833220 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and survival of male germ cells depend on the antioxidant capacity of the seminiferous tubule. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the antioxidant defenses of the spermatogenic epithelium. Autophagy can act as a pro-survival response during oxidative stress or nutrient deficiency. In this work, we evaluated whether autophagy is involved in spermatogonia-type germ cell survival during severe GSH deficiency. We showed that the disruption of GSH metabolism with l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) decreased reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG) glutathione content, and GSH/GSSG ratio in germ cells, without altering reactive oxygen species production and cell viability, evaluated by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence and exclusion of propidium iodide assays, respectively. Autophagy was assessed by processing the endogenous protein LC3I and observing its sub-cellular distribution. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis showed a consistent increase in LC3II and accumulation of autophagic vesicles under GSH-depletion conditions. This condition did not show changes in the level of phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or the ATP content. A loss in S-glutathionylated protein pattern was also observed. However, inhibition of autophagy resulted in decreased ATP content and increased caspase-3/7 activity in GSH-depleted germ cells. These findings suggest that GSH deficiency triggers an AMPK-independent induction of autophagy in germ cells as an adaptive stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Mancilla
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Maldonado
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Karina Cereceda
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Angulo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maite A Castro
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Slebe
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C Vera
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) & Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ilona I Concha
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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