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Dogan DY, Urzica EI, Hornung I, Kastl P, Oguama D, Fette FM, Nguyen LH, Rosenbauer F, Zacharowski K, Klingmüller U, Gradhand E, von Knethen A, Popp R, Fleming I, Schrader L, Steinbicker AU. Hemojuvelin-mediated hepcidin induction requires both bone morphogenetic protein type I receptors ALK2 and ALK3. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2870-2879. [PMID: 38588481 PMCID: PMC11169963 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hemojuvelin (HJV) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of the repulsive guidance molecule family acting as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor to induce the hepatic iron regulatory protein hepcidin. Hepcidin causes ubiquitination and degradation of the sole known iron exporter ferroportin, thereby limiting iron availability. The detailed signaling mechanism of HJV in vivo has yet to be investigated. In the current manuscript, we used an established model of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated liver-specific overexpression of HJV in murine models of hepatocyte-specific deficiency of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 or Alk3. In control mice, HJV overexpression increased hepatic Hamp messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, soluble HJV (sHJV), splenic iron content (SIC), as well as phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic protein (pSMAD1/5/8) levels. In contrast, in Alk2fl/fl;Alb-Cre and Alk3fl/fl;Alb-Cre mice, which present with moderate and severe iron overload, respectively, the administration of AAV-HJV induced HJV and sHJV. However, it did not rescue the iron overload phenotypes of those mice. Serum iron levels were induced in Alk2fl/fl;Alb-Cre mice after HJV overexpression. In phosphate-buffered saline-injected Alk3fl/fl;Alb-Cre mice, serum iron levels and the expression of duodenal ferroportin remained high, whereas Hamp mRNA levels were decreased to 1% to 5% of the levels detected in controls. This was reduced even further by AAV-HJV overexpression. SIC remained low in mice with hepatocyte-specific Alk2 or Alk3 deficiency, reflecting disturbed iron homeostasis with high serum iron levels and transferrin saturation and an inability to induce hepcidin by HJV overexpression. The data indicate that ALK2 and ALK3 are both required in vivo for the HJV-mediated induction of hepcidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Y. Dogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen I. Urzica
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabelle Hornung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Kastl
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Oguama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franca M. Fette
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lien H. Nguyen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Rosenbauer
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elise Gradhand
- Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Schrader
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andrea U. Steinbicker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Guerra A, Parhiz H, Rivella S. Novel potential therapeutics to modify iron metabolism and red cell synthesis in diseases associated with defective erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2023; 108:2582-2593. [PMID: 37345473 PMCID: PMC10542825 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions, iron metabolism is carefully regulated to sustain normal cellular functions and the production of hemoglobin in erythroid cells. Perturbation to the erythropoiesis-iron metabolism axis can result in iron imbalances and cause anemia or organ toxicity. Various congenital and acquired diseases associated with abnormal red cell production are characterized by aberrant iron absorption. Several recent studies have shown that improvements in red blood cell production also ameliorate iron metabolism and vice versa. Many therapeutics are now under development with the potential to improve a variety of hematologic diseases, from β-thalassemia and iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia to anemia of inflammation and polycythemia vera. This review summarizes selected mechanisms related to red cell production and iron metabolism and describes potential therapeutics and their current uses. We also consider the potential application of the discussed therapeutics on various diseases, alone or in combination. The vast repertoire of drugs under development offers new opportunities to improve the clinical care of patients suffering from congenital or acquired red blood cell disorders with limited or no treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaliris Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hamideh Parhiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA; RNA Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA; RNA Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology affinity group (CAMB), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics-CHOP; Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
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3
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Silvestri L, Pettinato M, Furiosi V, Bavuso Volpe L, Nai A, Pagani A. Managing the Dual Nature of Iron to Preserve Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043995. [PMID: 36835406 PMCID: PMC9961779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of its peculiar redox properties, iron is an essential element in living organisms, being involved in crucial biochemical processes such as oxygen transport, energy production, DNA metabolism, and many others. However, its propensity to accept or donate electrons makes it potentially highly toxic when present in excess and inadequately buffered, as it can generate reactive oxygen species. For this reason, several mechanisms evolved to prevent both iron overload and iron deficiency. At the cellular level, iron regulatory proteins, sensors of intracellular iron levels, and post-transcriptional modifications regulate the expression and translation of genes encoding proteins that modulate the uptake, storage, utilization, and export of iron. At the systemic level, the liver controls body iron levels by producing hepcidin, a peptide hormone that reduces the amount of iron entering the bloodstream by blocking the function of ferroportin, the sole iron exporter in mammals. The regulation of hepcidin occurs through the integration of multiple signals, primarily iron, inflammation and infection, and erythropoiesis. These signals modulate hepcidin levels by accessory proteins such as the hemochromatosis proteins hemojuvelin, HFE, and transferrin receptor 2, the serine protease TMPRSS6, the proinflammatory cytokine IL6, and the erythroid regulator Erythroferrone. The deregulation of the hepcidin/ferroportin axis is the central pathogenic mechanism of diseases characterized by iron overload, such as hemochromatosis and iron-loading anemias, or by iron deficiency, such as IRIDA and anemia of inflammation. Understanding the basic mechanisms involved in the regulation of hepcidin will help in identifying new therapeutic targets to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Silvestri
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0226436889; Fax: +39-0226434723
| | - Mariateresa Pettinato
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Furiosi
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Bavuso Volpe
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Nai
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Pagani
- Regulation of Iron Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Baschant U, Altamura S, Steele-Perkins P, Muckenthaler MU, Spasić MV, Hofbauer LC, Steinbicker AU, Rauner M. Iron effects versus metabolic alterations in hereditary hemochromatosis driven bone loss. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:652-663. [PMID: 35871125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disorder in which mutations affect systemic iron homeostasis. Most subtypes of HH result in low hepcidin levels and iron overload. Accumulation of iron in various tissues can lead to widespread organ damage and to various complications, including liver cirrhosis, arthritis, and diabetes. Osteoporosis is another frequent complication of HH, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Currently, it is unknown whether iron overload in HH directly damages bone or whether complications associated with HH, such as liver cirrhosis or hypogonadism, affect bone secondarily. This review summarizes current knowledge of bone metabolism in HH and highlights possible implications of metabolic dysfunction in HH-driven bone loss. We further discuss therapeutic considerations managing osteoporosis in HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Steele-Perkins
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Fisher AL, Babitt JL. Coordination of iron homeostasis by bone morphogenetic proteins: Current understanding and unanswered questions. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:26-46. [PMID: 33993583 PMCID: PMC8594283 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance the iron requirement for erythropoiesis and other vital cellular functions, while preventing cellular injury from iron excess. The liver hormone hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron balance by controlling the degradation and function of the sole known mammalian iron exporter ferroportin. Liver hepcidin expression is coordinately regulated by several signals that indicate the need for more or less iron, including plasma and tissue iron levels, inflammation, and erythropoietic drive. Most of these signals regulate hepcidin expression by modulating the activity of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD pathway, which controls hepcidin transcription. Genetic disorders of iron overload and iron deficiency have identified several hepatocyte membrane proteins that play a critical role in mediating the BMP-SMAD and hepcidin regulatory response to iron. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which serum and tissue iron levels are sensed to regulate BMP ligand production and promote the physical and/or functional interaction of these proteins to modulate SMAD signaling and hepcidin expression remain uncertain. This critical commentary will focus on the current understanding and key unanswered questions regarding how the liver senses iron levels to regulate BMP-SMAD signaling and thereby hepcidin expression to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Corresponding author: Jodie L Babitt, Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Mailing address: 185 Cambridge St., CPZN-8208, Boston, MA 02114. Telephone: +1 (617) 643-3181.
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6
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Cate RL. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Signal Transduction involved in Müllerian Duct Regression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:905324. [PMID: 35721723 PMCID: PMC9201060 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.905324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over seventy years ago it was proposed that the fetal testis produces a hormone distinct from testosterone that is required for complete male sexual development. At the time the hormone had not yet been identified but was invoked by Alfred Jost to explain why the Müllerian duct, which develops into the female reproductive tract, regresses in the male fetus. That hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and its specific receptor, AMHR2, have now been extensively characterized and belong to the transforming growth factor-β families of protein ligands and receptors involved in growth and differentiation. Much is now known about the downstream events set in motion after AMH engages AMHR2 at the surface of specific Müllerian duct cells and initiates a cascade of molecular interactions that ultimately terminate in the nucleus as activated transcription factors. The signals generated by the AMH signaling pathway are then integrated with signals coming from other pathways and culminate in a complex gene regulatory program that redirects cellular functions and fates and leads to Müllerian duct regression.
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High-throughput measurements of bone morphogenetic protein/bone morphogenetic protein receptor interactions using biolayer interferometry. Biointerphases 2021; 16:031001. [PMID: 34241280 PMCID: PMC7614001 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are an important family of growth factors playing a role in a large number of physiological and pathological processes, including bone homeostasis, tissue regeneration, and cancers. In vivo, BMPs bind successively to both BMP receptors (BMPRs) of type I and type II, and a promiscuity has been reported. In this study, we used biolayer interferometry to perform parallel real-time biosensing and to deduce the kinetic parameters (ka, kd) and the equilibrium constant (KD) for a large range of BMP/BMPR combinations in similar experimental conditions. We selected four members of the BMP family (BMP-2, 4, 7, 9) known for their physiological relevance and studied their interactions with five type-I BMP receptors (ALK1, 2, 3, 5, 6) and three type-II BMP receptors (BMPR-II, ACTR-IIA, ACTR-IIB). We reveal that BMP-2 and BMP-4 behave differently, especially regarding their kinetic interactions and affinities with the type-II BMPR. We found that BMP-7 has a higher affinity for the type-II BMPR receptor ACTR-IIA and a tenfold lower affinity with the type-I receptors. While BMP-9 has a high and similar affinity for all type-II receptors, it can interact with ALK5 and ALK2, in addition to ALK1. Interestingly, we also found that all BMPs can interact with ALK5. The interaction between BMPs and both type-I and type-II receptors in a ternary complex did not reveal further cooperativity. Our work provides a synthetic view of the interactions of these BMPs with their receptors and paves the way for future studies on their cell-type and receptor specific signaling pathways.
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8
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Choi W, Lee HW, Pak B, Han O, Kim M, Jin SW. Transcriptomic analysis identifies novel targets for individual bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptors in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21386. [PMID: 33565137 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002071r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling regulates diverse biological processes. Upon ligand binding, BMP receptors (BMPRs) phosphorylate SMAD1/5 and other noncanonical downstream effectors to induce transcription of downstream targets. However, the precise role of individual BMP receptors in this process remains largely unknown due to the complexity of downstream signaling and the innate promiscuity of ligand-receptor interaction. To delineate unique downstream effectors of individual BMPR1s, we analyzed the transcriptome of human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) expressing three distinct constitutively active BMPR1s of which expression was detected in endothelial cells (ECs). From our analyses, we identified a number of novel downstream targets of BMPR1s in ECs. More importantly, we found that each BMPR1 possesses a distinctive set of downstream effectors, suggesting that each BMPR1 is likely to retain unique function in ECs. Taken together, our analyses suggest that each BMPR1 regulates downstream targets non-redundantly in ECs to create context-dependent outcomes of the BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosoung Choi
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Woo Lee
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Boryeong Pak
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Orjin Han
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Won Jin
- Cell Logistics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Yale Cardiovascular Research Center and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Traeger L, Schnittker J, Dogan DY, Oguama D, Kuhlmann T, Muckenthaler MU, Krijt J, Urzica EI, Steinbicker AU. HFE and ALK3 act in the same signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:501-505. [PMID: 32861780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin deficiency leads to iron overload by increased dietary iron uptake and iron release from storage cells. The most frequent mutation in Hfe leads to reduced hepcidin expression and thereby causes iron overload. Recent findings suggested that HFE activates hepcidin expression predominantly via the BMP type I receptor ALK3. Here, we investigated whether HFE exclusively utilizes ALK3 or other signaling mechanisms also. We generated mice with double deficiency of Hfe and hepatocyte-specific Alk3 and compared the iron overload phenotypes of these double knockout mice to single hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficient or Hfe knockout mice. Double Hfe-/-/hepatic Alk3fl/fl;Alb-Cre knockouts develop a similar iron overload phenotype compared to single hepatocyte-specific Alk3 deficient mice hallmarked by serum iron levels, tissue iron content and hepcidin levels of similar grades. HFE protein levels were increased in Alk3fl/fl;Alb-Cre mice compared to Alk3fl/fl mice, which was caused by iron overload - and not by Alk3 deficiency. The data provide evidence by genetic means that 1. HFE exclusively uses the BMP type I receptor ALK3 to induce hepcidin expression and 2. HFE protein expression is induced by iron overload, which further emphasizes the iron sensing function of HFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Traeger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - J Schnittker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - D Y Dogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - D Oguama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - T Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - M U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Molecular Medicine Partnership (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - J Krijt
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - E I Urzica
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - A U Steinbicker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Altamura S, Marques O, Colucci S, Mertens C, Alikhanyan K, Muckenthaler MU. Regulation of iron homeostasis: Lessons from mouse models. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 75:100872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Xiao X, Alfaro-Magallanes VM, Babitt JL. Bone morphogenic proteins in iron homeostasis. Bone 2020; 138:115495. [PMID: 32585319 PMCID: PMC7453787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating hepcidin, which is the master hormone governing systemic iron homeostasis. Hepcidin is produced by the liver and acts on the iron exporter ferroportin to control iron absorption from the diet and iron release from body stores, thereby providing adequate iron for red blood cell production, while limiting the toxic effects of excess iron. BMP6 and BMP2 ligands produced by liver endothelial cells bind to BMP receptors and the coreceptor hemojuvelin (HJV) on hepatocytes to activate SMAD1/5/8 signaling, which directly upregulates hepcidin transcription. Most major signals that influence hepcidin production, including iron, erythropoietic drive, and inflammation, intersect with the BMP-SMAD pathway to regulate hepcidin transcription. Mutation or inactivation of BMP ligands, BMP receptors, HJV, SMADs or other proteins that modulate the BMP-SMAD pathway result in hepcidin dysregulation, leading to iron-related disorders, such as hemochromatosis and iron refractory iron deficiency anemia. Pharmacologic modulators of the BMP-SMAD pathway have shown efficacy in pre-clinical models to regulate hepcidin expression and treat iron-related disorders. This review will discuss recent insights into the role of the BMP-SMAD pathway in regulating hepcidin to control systemic iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Víctor M Alfaro-Magallanes
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Olsen OE, Hella H, Elsaadi S, Jacobi C, Martinez-Hackert E, Holien T. Activins as Dual Specificity TGF-β Family Molecules: SMAD-Activation via Activin- and BMP-Type 1 Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040519. [PMID: 32235336 PMCID: PMC7225989 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activins belong to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of multifunctional cytokines and signal via the activin receptors ALK4 or ALK7 to activate the SMAD2/3 pathway. In some cases, activins also signal via the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor ALK2, causing activation of the SMAD1/5/8 pathway. In this study, we aimed to dissect how activin A and activin B homodimers, and activin AB and AC heterodimers activate the two main SMAD branches. We compared the activin-induced signaling dynamics of ALK4/7-SMAD2/3 and ALK2-SMAD1/5 in a multiple myeloma cell line. Signaling via the ALK2-SMAD1/5 pathway exhibited greater differences between ligands than signaling via ALK4/ALK7-SMAD2/3. Interestingly, activin B and activin AB very potently activated SMAD1/5, resembling the activation commonly seen with BMPs. As SMAD1/5 was also activated by activins in other cell types, we propose that dual specificity is a general mechanism for activin ligands. In addition, we found that the antagonist follistatin inhibited signaling by all the tested activins, whereas the antagonist cerberus specifically inhibited activin B. Taken together, we propose that activins may be considered dual specificity TGF-β family members, critically affecting how activins may be considered and targeted clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddrun Elise Olsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hanne Hella
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Samah Elsaadi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carsten Jacobi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Musculoskeletal Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik Martinez-Hackert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Toril Holien
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU – Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-924-21-162
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13
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Wang CY, Xu Y, Traeger L, Dogan DY, Xiao X, Steinbicker AU, Babitt JL. Erythroferrone lowers hepcidin by sequestering BMP2/6 heterodimer from binding to the BMP type I receptor ALK3. Blood 2020; 135:453-456. [PMID: 31800957 PMCID: PMC7005366 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors dissect the transcriptional regulatory pathway by which the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is suppressed by erythroferrone in response to erythropoietin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa Traeger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; and
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deniz Y Dogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; and
| | - Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; and
| | - Jodie L Babitt
- Division of Nephrology, Program in Membrane Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) together with the Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) form the largest subgroup of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)β family and represent secreted growth factors, which play an essential role in many aspects of cell communication in higher organisms. As morphogens they exert crucial functions during embryonal development, but are also involved in tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the adult organism. Their involvement in maintenance and repair processes of various tissues and organs made these growth factors highly interesting targets for novel pharmaceutical applications in regenerative medicine. A hallmark of the TGFβ protein family is that all of the more than 30 growth factors identified to date signal by binding and hetero-oligomerization of a very limited set of transmembrane serine-threonine kinase receptors, which can be classified into two subgroups termed type I and type II. Only seven type I and five type II receptors exist for all 30plus TGFβ members suggesting a pronounced ligand-receptor promiscuity. Indeed, many TGFβ ligands can bind the same type I or type II receptor and a particular receptor of either subtype can usually interact with and bind various TGFβ ligands. The possible consequence of this ligand-receptor promiscuity is further aggravated by the finding that canonical TGFβ signaling of all family members seemingly results in the activation of just two distinct signaling pathways, that is either SMAD2/3 or SMAD1/5/8 activation. While this would implicate that different ligands can assemble seemingly identical receptor complexes that activate just either one of two distinct pathways, in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the different TGFβ members exert quite distinct biological functions with high specificity. This discrepancy indicates that our current view of TGFβ signaling initiation just by hetero-oligomerization of two receptor subtypes and transduction via two main pathways in an on-off switch manner is too simplified. Hence, the signals generated by the various TGFβ members are either quantitatively interpreted using the subtle differences in their receptor-binding properties leading to ligand-specific modulation of the downstream signaling cascade or additional components participating in the signaling activation complex allow diversification of the encoded signal in a ligand-dependent manner at all cellular levels. In this review we focus on signal specification of TGFβ members, particularly of BMPs and GDFs addressing the role of binding affinities, specificities, and kinetics of individual ligand-receptor interactions for the assembly of specific receptor complexes with potentially distinct signaling properties.
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15
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Müller JC, Horstmann M, Traeger L, Steinbicker AU, Sperling M, Karst U. μXRF and LA-ICP-TQMS for quantitative bioimaging of iron in organ samples of a hemochromatosis model. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:166-175. [PMID: 30732878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder of the iron metabolism. Iron accumulation in various organs, especially in liver and pancreas leads to diseases and may cause organ failure. In this study, methods for elemental bioimaging by means of quantitative micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (μXRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TQMS) were developed and applied to investigate the pathophysiological development of iron accumulation in murine tissue based on animals with an iron-overload phenotype caused by a hepatocyte-specific genetic mutation. The use of an external calibration with matrix-matched gelatin standards enables the quantification of iron by means of μXRF without the typically used fundamental parameters method or Monte Carlo simulation, which becomes more imprecise when analyzing thin tissue sections. A fast, non-destructive screening of the iron concentration and distribution with a spatial resolution of 25 μm in liver samples of iron-overload mice was developed. For improved limits of detection and higher spatial resolution down to 4 μm, LA-ICP-TQMS was used with oxygen as reaction gas. By monitoring the mass shift of 56Fe to 56Fe16O, a limit of detection of 0.5 μg/g was obtained. With this method, liver and pancreas samples of iron-overload mice as well as control mice were successfully analyzed. The high spatial resolution enabled the analysis of the iron distribution in different liver lobules. Compared to the established Prussian blue staining, both developed methods proved to be superior due to the possibility of direct iron quantification in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer-Christin Müller
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian Horstmann
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Traeger
- University of Münster, University Hospital Münster, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea U Steinbicker
- University of Münster, University Hospital Münster, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sperling
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany; European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis (EVISA), Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT By compiling findings from recent studies, this review will garner novel insight on the dynamic and complex role of BMP signaling in diseases of inflammation, highlighting the specific roles played by both individual ligands and endogenous antagonists. Ultimately, this summary will help inform the high therapeutic value of targeting this pathway for modulating diseases of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of
Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt
University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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