1
|
Couturier A, Chaumette B, Kebir O, Iftimovici A, Krebs E, He Q, Jiao C, Krebs MO, Scoriels L, Frajerman A. The impact of BDNF on the cognitive functions of ultra-high risk patients: An exploratory study. Schizophr Res 2023; 262:211-213. [PMID: 36481244 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Couturier
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; AP-HP, GHU AP-HP Nord, DMU ESPRIT, service de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Oussama Kebir
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Anton Iftimovici
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Emma Krebs
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Qin He
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Chuan Jiao
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Linda Scoriels
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, F-75674 Paris, France
| | - Ariel Frajerman
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, F-75014 Paris, France; MOODS Team, INSERM, CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France; Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de Bicêtre, Mood Center Paris Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Hôpital de Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma V, Singh TG, Kaur A, Mannan A, Dhiman S. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Novel Dynamically Regulated Therapeutic Modulator in Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:317-339. [PMID: 36308619 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB) play an active role in numerous areas of the adult brain, where they regulate the neuronal activity, function, and survival. Upregulation and downregulation of BDNF expression are critical for the physiology of neuronal circuits and functioning in the brain. Loss of BDNF function has been reported in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the BDNF gene structure, transport, secretion, expression and functions in the brain. This article also implicates BDNF in several brain-related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, epilepsy and bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sonia Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Liu H, Jiang S, Su L, Lu Y, Chen Z, Li X, Li X, Wang X, Xiu M, Zhang X. Sex-Specific Association between Antioxidant Defense System and Therapeutic Response to Risperidone in Schizophrenia: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1793-1803. [PMID: 34766896 PMCID: PMC9881066 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111123918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are various differences in response to different antipsychotics and antioxidant defense systems (ADS) by sex. Previous studies have shown that several ADS enzymes are closely related to the treatment response of patients with antipsychotics-naïve first-episode (ANFE) schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the main goal of this study was to assess the sex difference in the relationship between changes in ADS enzyme activities and risperidone response. METHODS The plasma activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured in 218 patients and 125 healthy controls. Patients were treated with risperidone for 3 months, and we measured PANSS for psychopathological symptoms and ADS biomarkers at baseline and at the end of 3 months of treatment. We compared sex-specific group differences between 50 non-responders and 168 responders at baseline and at the end of the three months of treatment. RESULTS We found that female patients responded better to risperidone treatment than male patients. At baseline and 3-month follow-up, there were no significant sex differences in TAS levels and three ADS enzyme activities. Interestingly, only in female patients, after 12 weeks of risperidone treatment, the GPx activity of responders was higher than that of non-responders. CONCLUSION These results indicate that after treatment with risperidone, changes in GPx activity were associated with treatment response, suggesting that changes in GPx may be a predictor of response to risperidone treatment in female patients with ANFE schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Hua Liu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China;
| | - Shuling Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Linyi Central Hospital, Shandong, China;
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Zhenli Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Xirong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, China;
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; E-mail: ; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; E-mail: ; Linyin Road, Qixing District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China; E-mail:
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Beijing, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; E-mail: ; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; E-mail: ; Linyin Road, Qixing District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China; E-mail:
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Address correspondence to these authors at the CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; E-mail: ; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; E-mail: ; Linyin Road, Qixing District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Semenova NV, Rychkova LV, Darenskaya MA, Kolesnikov SI, Nikitina OA, Petrova AG, Vyrupaeva EV, Kolesnikova LI. Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Male and Female Patients of Different Age with Moderate COVID-19. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:51-53. [PMID: 35622260 PMCID: PMC9136822 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study involved 271 patients (132 men and 139 women) with moderate COVID-19. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes was measured spectrophotometrically. In total group of patients (divided into age groups of 18-35, 36-45, 46-60, and 61-90 years), higher SOD activity was found in the 18-35 age group in comparison with the groups 46-60 years (p<0.01) and 61-90 years (p<0.05). Then, the groups were additionally divided by sex. In men, no differences in enzyme activity were found between the age groups. In women of early reproductive age, SOD activity was higher than in groups 36-45, 46-60, and 61-90 years. The sex differences consisted in higher SOD activity in women aged 18-35 years in comparison with men of this age. These data should be taken into account when choosing the tactics of therapy for patients with moderate COVID-19 course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Semenova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia.
| | - L V Rychkova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - M A Darenskaya
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - S I Kolesnikov
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - O A Nikitina
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - A G Petrova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - E V Vyrupaeva
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - L I Kolesnikova
- Research Center for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rhein Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in an APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Relieving Oxidative Stress through Activating the SIRT1/PGC-1 α Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2524832. [PMID: 35360200 PMCID: PMC8964225 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2524832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, antioxidant therapy has been considered an effective strategy for the treatment of AD. Our previous work discovered that rhein relieved mitochondrial oxidative stress in β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomer-induced primary neurons by improving the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1α-) regulated mitochondrial biogenesis. While encouraging results have been provided, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of rhein on AD are yet to be elucidated in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of rhein on an APP/PS1 transgenic (APP/PS1) mouse model of AD and explored its antioxidant mechanisms. As a result, rhein significantly reduced Aβ burden and neuroinflammation and eventually ameliorated cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, rhein reversed oxidative stress in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and protected neurons from oxidative stress-associated apoptosis. Further study revealed that rhein promoted mitochondrial biogenesis against oxidative stress by upregulating SIRT1 and its downstream PGC-1α as well as nuclear respiratory factor 1. Improved mitochondrial biogenesis not only increased the activity of superoxide dismutase to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also repaired mitochondria by mitochondrial fusion to inhibit the production of ROS from the electron transport chain. Notably, the exposure of rhein in the brain analyzed by tissue distribution study indicated that rhein could permeate into the brain to exert its therapeutic effects. In conclusion, these findings drive rhein to serve as a promising therapeutic antioxidant for the treatment of AD. Our research highlights the therapeutic efficacy for AD through regulating mitochondrial biogenesis via the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu X, Chen D, Xiu M, Li S, Zhang XY. Serum BDNF levels, glycolipid metabolism in deficit schizophrenia: A case-control study. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 69:103003. [PMID: 34999534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have compared serum BDNF and glycolipid profiles in patients with deficit schizophrenia (DS) and non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS). We aimed to compare BDNF and glycolipid profiles between DS and NDS patients and healthy controls, and to investigate the relationship between BDNF, glycolipid profiles in DS and NDS patients. METHODS A total of 591 patients with chronic schizophrenia (SZ) and 238 healthy controls participated in this study. According to Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome Scale, SZ patients were divided into DS (n = 158) and NDS (n = 273) patients. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Serum BDNF levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS BDNF levels were significantly lower in SZ patients than those in healthy controls (7.81 ± 2.98 ng/ml vs. 11.96 ± 2.29 ng/ml, P < 0.01). Furthermore, BDNF levels were lower in DS group than those in NDS group (P = 0.007, OR = 0.846, 95% CI = 0.750-0.955). Lower triglyceride levels were also an independent predictor for DS patients (P = 0.007, OR = 0.846, 95% CI = 0.750-0.955). Serum BDNF levels were negatively associated with the severity of deficit syndrome in SZ patients (β = -1.151, t = -2.559, P = 0.011). In DS group, triglycerides were associated with PANSS negative subscore (β = -0.262, t = -2.994, P = 0.003) and depressive factor subscore (β = 0.282, t = 2.146, P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Serum BDNF and triglycerides may be informative biomarkers of DS in SZ patients. The differences in glycolipid metabolism patterns between DS and NDS patients indicate that deficit syndrome is an independent endophenotype of SZ patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dachun Chen
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Meihong Xiu
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University HuiLongGuan Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dombi ZB, Szendi I, Burnet PWJ. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Cognitive Dysfunction in the Schizophrenia-Bipolar Spectrum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:827322. [PMID: 35686181 PMCID: PMC9170985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a core feature of disorders on the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum, i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and schizoaffective disorder. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed to be a biomarker of cognitive impairment in these disorders as it plays a critical role in neuroplasticity and proposed to mediate some of the psychotropic effects of medication. However, despite numerous studies investigating the association between circulating BDNF and these disorders, no solid conclusions have been drawn regarding its involvement in cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES The current systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine blood BDNF levels and cognitive dysfunction in patients on the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum as well as to evaluate whether circulating BDNF measurements can act as a biomarker for cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Studies were identified by searching Embase and Medline databases for English language articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 January and 2021 June according to the PRISMA guidelines. A total of 815 articles were identified of which 32 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review - reporting on comparisons between blood BDNF levels and cognitive functions of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder patients versus healthy controls (no studies involving schizoaffective patients were specifically obtained for the time being). Twenty-four of these studies (19 with schizophrenia and 5 with bipolar disorder patients) were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Our findings indicated that circulating BDNF levels were significantly reduced in patients experiencing an acute episode of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls. Cognitive function was also found to be significantly worse in patients, however, correlations between BDNF levels and cognitive impairment were not always detected. Interventions, especially pharmacotherapy seemed to improve certain aspects of cognition and increase circulating BDNF levels. CONCLUSION Circulating BDNF alone does not seem to be a valid biomarker of cognitive dysfunction in patients with disorders on the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum, owing to several confounding factors. Changes of the circulating levels of BDNF should be evaluated in a wider context of other stress-, immune-, and inflammatory-related factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia B Dombi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Medical Division, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szendi
- Department of Psychiatry, Kiskunhalas Semmelweis Hospital, Kiskunhalas, Hungary.,Department of Software Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nieto RR, Carrasco A, Corral S, Castillo R, Gaspar PA, Bustamante ML, Silva H. BDNF as a Biomarker of Cognition in Schizophrenia/Psychosis: An Updated Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:662407. [PMID: 34220575 PMCID: PMC8242210 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.662407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has been linked to cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, which has been documented in previous reviews by several authors. However, a trend has recently emerged in this field moving from studying schizophrenia as a disease to studying psychosis as a group. This review article focuses on recent BDNF studies in relation to cognition in human subjects during different stages of the psychotic process, including subjects at high risk of developing psychosis, patients at their first episode of psychosis, and patients with chronic schizophrenia. We aim to provide an update of BDNF as a biomarker of cognitive function on human subjects with schizophrenia or earlier stages of psychosis, covering new trends, controversies, current research gaps, and suggest potential future developments in the field. We found that most of current research regarding BDNF and cognitive symptoms in psychosis is done around schizophrenia as a disease. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the study of the relationship between BDNF and cognitive symptoms to psychotic illnesses of different stages and origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Nieto
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Carrasco
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Corral
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Castillo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A Gaspar
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Leonor Bustamante
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernan Silva
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|