Resveratrol and its derivative pterostilbene attenuate oxidative stress-induced intestinal injury by improving mitochondrial redox homeostasis and function via SIRT1 signaling

Resveratrol impinges on retrograde communication without inducing mitochondrial biogenesis in aged rat soleus muscle

The natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) might counteract the skeletal muscle age-related loss of muscle mass and strength/function partly acting on mitochondria. This work analysed the effects of a six-week administration of RSV (50 mg/kg/day) in the oxidative Soleus (Sol) skeletal muscle of old rats (27 months old). RSV effects on key mitochondrial biogenesis proteins led to un unchanged amount of SIRT1 protein and a marked decrease (60 %) in PGC-1α protein. In addition, Peroxyredoxin 3 (PRXIII) protein decreased by 50 %, which on overall suggested the absence of induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by RSV in old Sol. A novel direct correlation between PGC-1α and PRXIII proteins was demonstrated by correlation analysis in RSV and ad-libitum (AL) rats, supporting the reciprocally coordinated expression of the proteins. RSV supplementation led to an unexpected 50 % increase in the frequency of the oxidized base OH8dG in mtDNA. Furthermore, RSV supplementation induced a 50 % increase in the DRP1 protein of mitochondrial dynamics. In both rat groups an inverse correlation between PGC-1α and the frequency of OH8dG as well as an inverse correlation between PRXIII and the frequency of OH8dG were also found, suggestive of a relationship between oxidative damage to mtDNA and mitochondrial biogenesis activity. Such results may indicate that the antioxidant activity of RSV in aged Sol impinged on the oxidative fiber-specific, ROS-mediated, retrograde communication, thereby affecting the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α and PRXIII, reducing the compensatory responses to the age-related mitochondrial oxidative stress and decline.

Inflammation Can Be a High-Risk Factor for Mucosal Nonunion of MRONJ by Regulating SIRT1 Signaling When Treated with an Oncologic Dose of Zoledronate

Purpose

Zoledronate (ZA) stands as a highly effective antiresorptive agent known to trigger medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Its clinical dosages primarily encompass those used for oncologic and osteoporosis treatments. While inflammation is recognized as a potential disruptor of mucosal healing processes associated with ZA, prior research has overlooked the influence of varying ZA dosages on tissue adaptability. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms by which inflammation exacerbates ZA-induced MRONJ, particularly when inflammation acts as a risk factor, remains crucial.

Methods

Cell proliferation and migration of human oral keratinocytes (HOK) was analyzed after treatment with different doses of ZA and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to assess their possible effect on mucosal healing of extraction wounds. Mouse periodontitis models were established using LPS, and histological changes in extraction wounds were observed after the administration of oncologic dose ZA. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate mucosal healing.

Results

In vitro, LPS did not exacerbate the effects of osteoporosis therapeutic dose of ZA on the proliferation and migration of HOK cells, while aggravated these with the oncologic dose of ZA treatment by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via regulating SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, SIRT1 overexpression can alleviate this process. In vivo, local injection of LPS increased the nonunion of mucous membranes in MRONJ and decreased the expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and MnSOD.

Conclusion

Inflammation aggravates oncologic dose of ZA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via a SIRT1-dependent pathway, enhancing the risk of impaired mucosal healing in MRONJ. Our study implies that inflammation becomes a critical risk factor for MRONJ development at higher ZA concentrations. Elucidating the mechanisms of inflammation as a risk factor for mucosal non-healing in MRONJ could inform the development of SIRT1-targeted therapies.

Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care-clinically relevant 3PM innovation

Despite their subordination in humans, to a great extent, mitochondria maintain their independent status but tightly cooperate with the "host" on protecting the joint life quality and minimizing health risks. Under oxidative stress conditions, healthy mitochondria promptly increase mitophagy level to remove damaged "fellows" rejuvenating the mitochondrial population and sending fragments of mtDNA as SOS signals to all systems in the human body. As long as metabolic pathways are under systemic control and well-concerted together, adaptive mechanisms become triggered increasing systemic protection, activating antioxidant defense and repair machinery. Contextually, all attributes of mitochondrial patho-/physiology are instrumental for predictive medical approach and cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles in primary (to protect vulnerable individuals again the health-to-disease transition) and secondary (to protect affected individuals again disease progression) care. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds demonstrating health-promoting, illness-preventing, and other health-related benefits. Keeping in mind health-promoting properties of nutraceuticals along with their great therapeutic potential and safety profile, there is a permanently growing demand on the application of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals. Application of nutraceuticals is beneficial only if meeting needs at individual level. Therefore, health risk assessment and creation of individualized patient profiles are of pivotal importance followed by adapted nutraceutical sets meeting individual needs. Based on the scientific evidence available for mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals, this article presents examples of frequent medical conditions, which require protective measures targeted on mitochondria as a holistic approach following advanced concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary and secondary care.

Protective effect of crocin on peroxidation-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells

The antioxidant properties of crocin are attracting interest, yet the underlying mechanisms by which crocin mitigates oxidative stress-induced intestinal damage have not been determined. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of crocin on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and intestinal epithelial injury in intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress model in IPEC-J2 cells, crocin was added to assess its effects. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assays and flow cytometry. Additionally, oxidative stress markers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were quantified. We investigated, in which cell oxidation and apoptosis were measured at the gene and protein levels and employed transcriptome analysis to probe the mechanism of action and validate relevant pathways. The results showed that crocin ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS and MDA levels and by countering the reductions in CAT, total antioxidant capacity, and SOD. Crocin also attenuates the upregulation of key targets in the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, it effectively mitigated IPEC-J2 cell apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in cell cycle factor expression, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis pathway activity. In addition, crocin preserves the integrity of the intestinal barrier by protecting tight junction proteins against oxidative stress. Transcriptome sequencing analysis suggested that the mitochondrial pathway may be a crucial mechanism through which crocin exerts its protective effects. In summary, crocin decreases oxidative stress molecule formation, inhibits Nrf2 pathway activity, prevents apoptosis-induced damage, enhances oxidative stress resistance in IPEC-J2 cells, and maintains redox balance in the pig intestine.

Polystyrene nanoplastics exposure triggers spermatogenic cell senescence via the Sirt1/ROS axis

Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) have been reported to accumulate in the testes and constitute a new threat to reproductive health. However, the exact effects of PS-NPs exposure on testicular cells and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered with PS-NPs (80 nm) at different dosages (0, 10, and 40 mg/kg/day) for 60 days, and GC-1 cells were treated with PS-NPs in this study. Enlarged seminiferous tubule lumens and a loose and vacuolated layer of spermatogenic cells were observed in PS-NPs-exposed mice. Spermatogenic cells which may be one of the target cells for this reproductive damage, were decreased in the mice from PS-NPs group. PS-NPs caused spermatogenic cells to undergo senescence, manifested as elevated SA-β-galactosidase activity and activated senescence-related signaling p53-p21/Rb-p16 pathways, and induced cell cycle arrest. Mechanistically, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment suggested the key role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PS-NPs-induced spermatogenic cell senescence, and this result was confirmed by measuring ROS levels. Moreover, ROS inhibition partially attenuated the senescence phenotype of spermatogenic cells and DNA damage. Using the male health atlas (MHA) database, Sirt1 was filtrated as the critical molecule in the regulation of testicular senescence. PS-NPs induced overexpression of the main ROS generator Nox2, downregulated Sirt1, increased p53 and acetylated p53 in vivo and in vitro, whereas these disturbances were partially restored by pterostilbene. In addition, pterostilbene intervention significantly alleviated the PS-NPs-induced spermatogenic cell senescence and attenuated ROS burst. Collectively, our study reveals that PS-NPs exposure can trigger spermatogenic cell senescence mediated by p53-p21/Rb-p16 signaling by regulating the Sirt1/ROS axis. Importantly, pterostilbene intervention may be a promising strategy to alleviate this damage.

Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the AKT/TMEM175 pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a significant complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that lacks effective treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic mechanism by which resveratrol attenuates rheumatoid arthritis complicated with interstitial lung disease through the AKT/TMEM175 pathway.

METHODS

We established an arthritis model by combining chicken type II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Resveratrol treatment was administered via tube feeding for 10 days. Pathological changes in both the joints and lungs were evaluated using HE and Masson staining techniques. Protein expression of TGF-β1, AKT, and TMEM175 was examined in lung tissue. MRC-5 cells were stimulated using IL-1β in combination with TGF-β1 as an in vitro model of RA-ILD, and agonists of AKT, metabolic inhibitors, and SiRNA of TMEM175 were used to explore the regulation and mechanism of action of resveratrol RA-ILD.

RESULTS

Resveratrol mitigates fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in RA-ILD. Furthermore, resveratrol restored cellular autophagy. When combined with the in vitro model, it was further demonstrated that resveratrol could suppress TGF-β1 expression, and reduce AKT metamorphic activation, consequently inhibiting the opening of AKT/MEM175 ion channels. This, in turn, lowers lysosomal pH and enhances the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, ultimately ameliorating the progression of RA-ILD.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we demonstrated that resveratrol restores autophagic flux through the AKT/MEM175 pathway to attenuate inflammation as well as fibrosis in RA-ILD by combining in vivo and in vitro experiments. It further provides a theoretical basis for the selection of therapeutic targets for RA-ILD.

Pterostilbene nanoemulsion promotes Nrf2 signaling pathway to downregulate oxidative stress for treating Alzheimer's disease

Pterostilbene, a stilbene compound, demonstrates neuroprotective effects through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, pterostilbene exhibits low bioavailability. We developed a pterostilbene nanoemulsion with better release stability and particle size. Behavioral tests, including the Y maze, new object recognition, and water maze, revealed that the pterostilbene nanoemulsion demonstrated a more significant effect on improving learning and memory function than pterostilbene. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that pterostilbene nanoemulsion was more potent in safeguarding hippocampal neurons and inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress than pterostilbene. Further results from the Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that the enhanced efficacy of pterostilbene nanoemulsion may be attributed to its stronger promotion of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. Hence, enhanced drug delivery efficiency decreased dosage requirements and increased the bioavailability of pterostilbene, thereby potentially providing a safe, effective, and convenient treatment option for patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Nutritional strategies to reduce intestinal cell apoptosis by alleviating oxidative stress

The gut barrier is the first line of defense against harmful substances and pathogens in the intestinal tract. The balance of proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and its function. However, oxidative stress and inflammation can cause DNA damage and abnormal apoptosis of the IECs, leading to the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This, in turn, can directly or indirectly cause various acute and chronic intestinal diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing understanding of the vital role of dietary ingredients in gut health. Studies have shown that certain amino acids, fibers, vitamins, and polyphenols in the diet can protect IECs from excessive apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, and limit intestinal inflammation. This review aims to describe the molecular mechanism of apoptosis and its relationship with intestinal function, and to discuss the modulation of IECs' physiological function, the intestinal epithelial barrier, and gut health by various nutrients. The findings of this review may provide a theoretical basis for the use of nutritional interventions in clinical intestinal disease research and animal production, ultimately leading to improved human and animal intestinal health.

Unlocking the Potential of Pterostilbene: A Pharmaceutical Element for Aptamer-Based Nanomedicine

Natural compounds like pterostilbene (PTE) have gained recognition for their various biological activities and potential health benefits. However, challenges related to bioavailability and limited clinical efficacy have prompted efforts to strengthen their therapeutic potential. To meet these challenges, we herein rationally designed and successfully synthesized a pharmaceutical phosphoramidite that allows for the programmable incorporation of PTE into oligonucleotides. The resultant aptamer-PTE conjugate can selectively bind to cancer cells, leading to a specific internalization and drug release. Moreover, compared with free PTE, the conjugate exhibits superior cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Specifically, in a zebrafish xenograft model, the nanomedicine effectively inhibits tumor growth and neovascularization, highlighting its potential for targeted antitumor therapy. This approach presents a promising avenue for harnessing the therapeutic potential of natural compounds via a nanomedicine solution.

Pterostilbene attenuates heart failure by inhibiting myocardial ferroptosis through SIRT1/GSK-3β/GPX4 signaling pathway

Sustained myocardial injury due to hypertension and diabetes mellitus leads to production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient myocardial antioxidant capacity, increasing the risk of cardiomyocyte ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a nonapoptotic form of cell death driven by unrestricted lipid peroxidation. Dysfunction of the glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) antioxidant system also plays an important role in ferroptosis. Cardiomyocyte ferroptosis ultimately leads to myocardial deterioration, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and cardiac remodeling, resulting in structural and functional changes. Pterostilbene (PTS), a demethylated derivative of resveratrol, exhibits strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. In this study, we used in vitro experiments to explore ferroptosis induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) of primary cardiac myocytes (CMs) and in vivo experiments to prepare a transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac dysfunction mouse model. PTS can significantly ameliorate Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis in vitro and reduce cardiac remodeling, while improving cardiac function in mice after TAC in vivo. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that PTS exerts its protective effect through the SIRT1/GSK-3β/GPX4 pathway. After siRNA-mediated knockdown of SIRT1 or GPX4 in CMs, the protective effects of PTS on cardiomyocytes were abolished. This study provides important theoretical support for the potential of PTS to attenuate pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure and provides a preliminary exploration of the molecular pathways involved in its protective mechanism.

E-Stilbenes: General Chemical and Biological Aspects, Potential Pharmacological Activity Based on the Nrf2 Pathway

Stilbenes are phytoalexins, and their biosynthesis can occur through a natural route (shikimate precursor) or an alternative route (in microorganism cultures). The latter is a metabolic engineering strategy to enhance production due to stilbenes recognized pharmacological and medicinal potential. It is believed that in the human body, these potential activities can be modulated by the regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2 (Nrf2), which increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Given this, our review aims to critically analyze evidence regarding E-stilbenes in human metabolism and the Nrf2 activation pathway, with an emphasis on inflammatory and oxidative stress aspects related to the pathophysiology of chronic and metabolic diseases. In this comprehensive literature review, it can be observed that despite the broad number of stilbenes, those most frequently explored in clinical trials and preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) were resveratrol, piceatannol, pterostilbene, polydatin, stilbestrol, and pinosylvin. In some cases, depending on the dose/concentration and chemical nature of the stilbene, it was possible to identify activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, the use of some experimental models presented a challenge in comparing results. In view of the above, it can be suggested that E-stilbenes have a relationship with the Nrf2 pathway, whether directly or indirectly, through different biological pathways, and in different diseases or conditions that are mainly related to inflammation and oxidative stress.

Pterostilbene in the treatment of inflammatory and oncological diseases

Pterostilbene (PTS), a naturally occurring analog of resveratrol (RSV), has garnered significant attention due to its potential therapeutic effects in treating inflammatory and oncological diseases. This comprehensive review elucidates the pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of PTS. Various studies indicate that PTS exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumour properties, potentially making it a promising candidate for clinical applications. Its influence on regulatory pathways like NF-κB and PI3K/Akt underscores its diverse strategies in addressing diseases. Additionally, PTS showcases a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with better oral bioavailability compared to other stilbenoids, thus enhancing its therapeutic potential. Given these findings, there is an increased interest in incorporating PTS into treatment regimens for inflammatory and cancer-related conditions. However, more extensive clinical trials are imperative to establish its safety and efficacy in diverse patient populations.

Pterostilbene alleviates abdominal aortic aneurysm via inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis by activating the miR-146a-5p/TRAF6 axis

Pterostilbene (PTE), a natural stilbene found in blueberries and several varieties of grapes, has several pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. However, its role in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), which is a severe inflammatory vascular disease, remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of natural stilbene PTE on AAA formation and the underlying mechanism. Two AAA mouse models (Ang II-induced model and PPE-induced model) were used to examine the effect of PTE on AAA formation. We showed that PTE administration attenuated AAA formation in mice. Furthermore, we found that PTE significantly inhibited inflammatory responses in mouse aortas, as PTE suppressed macrophage pyroptosis and prevented macrophage infiltration in aortas, resulting in reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in aortas. We also observed similar results in LPS + ATP-treated Raw 264.7 cells (a macrophage cell line) and primary peritoneal macrophages in vitro. We showed that pretreatment with PTE restrained inflammatory responses in macrophages by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis. Mechanistically, miR-146a-5p and TRAF6 interventions in vivo and in vitro were used to investigate the role of the miR-146a-5p/TRAF6 axis in the beneficial effect of PTE on macrophage pyroptosis and AAA. We found that PTE inhibited macrophage pyroptosis by miR-146a-5p-mediated suppression of downstream TRAF6 expression. Moreover, miR-146a-5p knockout or TRAF6 overexpression abrogated the protective effect of PTE on macrophage pyroptosis and AAA formation. These findings suggest that miR-146a-5p/TRAF6 axis activation by PTE protects against macrophage pyroptosis and AAA formation. PTE might be a promising agent for preventing inflammatory vascular diseases, including AAA.

Natural Sirtuin1 Activators and Atherosclerosis: an Overview

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent findings investigating the impact of several natural sirtuin (SIRT) activators, particularly SIRT1, on atherosclerosis.

RECENT FINDINGS

Sirtuins that belong to a family of class III histone deacetylases are believed to be novel therapeutic targets to treat age-related and chronic diseases. SIRT expression is regulated by small molecules called SIRT-activating compounds that can be found in natural food products. SIRT1 may exert protective effects in atherosclerosis, which is said to be a major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Most of the evidence supporting the beneficial effects of these natural compounds comes from in vitro or animal-based studies, while there have been particularly few or inconsistent human-based studies evaluating their long-term impact in recent years. SIRT1 activation has been demonstrated to mitigate or prevent atherosclerosis through various mechanisms. However, further research is required to determine the optimal SIRT activator dosage and to establish a stronger correlation between health effects and the administration of bioactive compounds. Additionally, conducting more human clinical trials is necessary to ensure the safety of these compounds for preventing atherosclerosis development.

Resveratrol attenuates efavirenz-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice by inhibiting pregnane X receptor activation and decreasing inflammation

Efavirenz (EFV), a widely prescribed antiviral medication, has been implicated in dyslipidemia and can activate the pregnane X receptor (PXR), leading to hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia in mice. Resveratrol (RES) can ameliorate hepatic steatosis and functions as a partial PXR agonist, capable of mitigating PXR expression induced by other PXR agonists. Therefore, we hypothesized that RES could attenuate EFV-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia by downregulating PXR expression and suppressing inflammatory cytokine production. Here, we conducted an in vivo study involving 6-week-old male mice, which were divided into 4 groups for a 7-day intervention: control (carrier solution), EFV (80 mg/kg), RES (50 mg/kg), and RES + EFV groups. Serum and hepatic tissue samples were collected to assess cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Hepatic lipid accumulation was evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin and oil red O staining. Polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to quantify hepatic inflammatory factors, lipogenic gene, and PXR expression. Our results indicated that hepatic lipid droplet accumulation was reduced in the RES + EFV group compared with the EFV group. Similarly, the expressions of hepatic inflammatory factors were attenuated in the RES + EFV group relative to the EFV group. Furthermore, RES counteracted the upregulation of hepatic lipid-metabolizing enzymes induced by EFV at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Importantly, PXR expression was downregulated in the RES + EFV group compared with the EFV group. Conclusively, our findings suggest that RES effectively mitigates EFV-induced hepatic steatosis and hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting PXR activation and decreasing inflammation.

Pterostilbene attenuates microglial inflammation and brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in an OPA1-dependent manner

Microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory responses are critical processes in aggravating secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Pterostilbene (3', 5'-dimethoxy-resveratrol) features antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties and has been proven neuroprotective. In this study, we aimed to explore whether Pterostilbene could attenuate neuroinflammation after experimental ICH, as well as underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, a collagenase-induced ICH in mice was followed by intraperitoneal injection of Pterostilbene (10 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily. PTE-treated mice performed significantly better than vehicle-treated controls in the neurological behavior test after ICH. Furthermore, our results showed that Pterostilbene reduced lesion volume and neural apoptosis, and alleviated blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and brain edema. RNA sequencing and subsequent experiments showed that ICH-induced neuroinflammation and microglial proinflammatory activities were markedly suppressed by Pterostilbene treatment. With regard to the mechanisms, we identified that the anti-inflammatory effects of Pterostilbene relied on remodeling mitochondrial dynamics in microglia. Concretely, Pterostilbene reversed the downregulation of OPA1, promoted mitochondrial fusion, restored normal mitochondrial morphology, and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and superoxide in microglia after OxyHb treatment. Moreover, conditionally deleting microglial OPA1 in mice largely countered the effects of Pterostilbene on alleviating microglial inflammation, BBB damage, brain edema and neurological impairment following ICH. In summary, we provided the first evidence that Pterostilbene is a promising agent for alleviating neuroinflammation and brain injury after ICH in mice, and uncovered a novel regulatory relationship between Pterostilbene and OPA1-mediated mitochondrial fusion.

Sirtuins, resveratrol and the intertwining cellular pathways connecting them

Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent deacylases with numerous physiological and pathological implications, which lately became an attractive therapeutic target. Sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) could be useful in disease prevention and treatment. Despite its bioavailability issues, resveratrol exerts a myriad of beneficial effects, known as the "resveratrol paradox". Modulation of sirtuins' expression and activity may, in fact, underlie many of resveratrol revered actions; however, the cellular pathways affected by modulating the activity of each sirtuin isoform, in different physio-pathological conditions, are not fully known. The purpose of this review was to summarize recent reports concerning the effects of resveratrol on the activity of sirtuins in different experimental settings, focusing on in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies. Most reports concern SIRT1, however recent studies dive into the effects initiated via other isoforms. Numerous cellular signaling pathways were reported to be modulated by resveratrol in a sirtuin-dependent manner (increased phosphorylation of MAPKs, AKT, AMPK, RhoA, BDNF, decreased activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB, STAT3, upregulation of SIRT1/SREBP1c pathway, reduced β-amyloid via SIRT1-NF-κB-BACE1 signaling and counteracting mitochondrial damage by deacetylating PGC-1α). Thus, resveratrol may be the ideal candidate in the search for STACs as a tool for preventing and treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.

Systemic Metabolism and Mitochondria in the Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease: Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets

Elderly people over the age of 65 are those most likely to experience Alzheimer's disease (AD), and aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. Currently, there is no curative medication against AD and only several drugs have been approved by the FDA, but these drugs can only improve the symptoms of AD. Many preclinical and clinical trials have explored the impact of adjusting the whole-body and intracellular metabolism on the pathogenesis of AD. The most recent evidence suggests that mitochondria initiate an integrated stress response to environmental stress, which is beneficial for healthy aging and neuroprotection. There is also an increasing awareness of the differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to the metabolic level and microbiome. As the main participants in intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes and highlights these advances.

Effects and mechanism of perinatal nonylphenol exposure on cardiac function and myocardial mitochondria in neonatal rats

BACKGROUND

Nonylphenol (NP) is a common environmental endocrine disruptor that is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. However, the toxic effect of NP on mitochondria in the heart of offspring to exposed individuals remains exclusive.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether perinatal NP exposure causes mitochondrial damage in the hearts of offspring of exposed individuals and determine its mechanism of action through both animal and cell experiments.

METHODS AND RESULTS

For the in vivo experiment, pregnant rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (corn oil, C), low dose group (2.5 mg/kg/day, L-NP group), medium dose group (50 mg/kg/day, M-NP group), and high dose group (100 mg/kg/day, H-NP group), with 12 rats in each group. The NP concentration in the hearts of offspring at PND21 and PND90 increased with the increase of the NP dose. Perinatal NP exposure induced a gradual increase in systolic blood pressure in offspring at PND90. In the H-NP group, there was a high degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, myofibril breaks, inconspicuous or absent nuclei, and pink collagen deposition. At PND90, the membrane integrity of mitochondria in the H-NP group was disrupted, the cristae disorder was aggravated, and there was internal lysis with vacuolation. Compared to the control group, the mitochondrial membrane potential of offspring at PND21 and PND90 was decreased in each of the NP exposure groups. NP exposure decreased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex I (CI) and increased the activity of mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex IV (CIV) in the offspring. At PND21 and PND90, the mRNA and protein expression levels of cardiac mitochondrial PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM decreased with increasing NP dose in a dose-dependent manner. In the in vitro experiment, H9C2 cells were divided into the following four groups: the blank group, RSV group (15 μg/ml), RSV + NP group (15 μg/ml RSV + 120 mmol/L NP), and NP group (120 mmol/L). With increasing NP concentration, the cell survival rate gradually decreased. Compared to the control, the membrane potential was significantly decreased in the NP group; the protein expression levels of SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM in the NP group were significantly lower.

CONCLUSION

Perinatal NP exposure caused mitochondrial damage and dysfunction in the offspring of exposed individuals in a dose-dependent manner. This toxic effect may be related to NP-induced mitochondrial pathology in the offspring and the inhibition of both gene and protein expression involved in the PGC-1α/NRF-1/TFAM mitochondrial biogenesis signaling pathway following NP exposure.

In-Situ Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Containing Resveratrol-Loaded Nanoparticles as a Localized Drug Delivery Platform for Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED) is a dynamic and complex disease that can cause significant damage to the ocular surface and discomfort, compromising the patient's quality of life. Phytochemicals such as resveratrol have received increasing attention due to their ability to interfere with multiple pathways related to these diseases. However, the low bioavailability and the poor therapeutic response of resveratrol hinder its clinical applications. Cationic polymeric nanoparticles, in combination with in situ gelling polymers, could represent a promising strategy to prolong drug corneal residence time reducing the frequency of administration and increasing the therapeutic response. Eyedrop formulations, based on acetylated polyethyleneimine-modified polylactic-co-glicolyc acid- (PLGA-PEI) nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol (RSV-NPs) were dispersed into poloxamer 407 hydrogel and characterized in terms of pH, gelation time, rheological properties, in vitro drugs release, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of RSV were assessed in vitro by mimicking a DED condition through the exposition of epithelial corneal cells to a hyperosmotic state. This formulation exhibited sustained release of RSV for up to 3 days, exerting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on corneal epithelial cells. In addition, RSV reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by high osmotic pressure, leading to upregulated sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) expression, an essential regulator of mitochondrial function. These results suggest the potential of eyedrop formulation as a platform to overcome the rapid clearance of current solutions for treating various inflammation- and oxidative stress-related diseases such as DED.

Pterostilbene and Probiotic Complex in Chemoprevention of Putative Precursor Lesions for Colorectal Cancer in an Experimental Model of Intestinal Carcinogenesis with 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine

Dietary supplementation with pterostilbene (PS) and/or a probiotic (PRO) may ameliorate the intestinal microbiota in disease conditions. This study aims to evaluate PS and PRO for the chemoprevention of putative precursor lesions for colorectal cancer (CRC) in an experimental model of intestinal carcinogenesis with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (1,2-DMH). Sixty male Wistar rats were equally divided into five groups: Sham, 1,2-DMH, 1,2-DMH + PS, 1,2-DMH + PRO, and 1,2-DMH + PS + PRO. PRO (5 × 10⁷/mL) was offered in water, and PS (300 ppm) was provided in the diet ad libitum. 1,2-DMH (20 mg/kg/week) was administered for 15 consecutive weeks. In the 25th week, proctocolectomy was conducted. PRO alone and PRO combined with PS were the best intervention strategies to improve experimental 1,2-DMH-induced CRC regarding several parameters of carcinogenesis. Our findings may contribute to the development of novel preventive strategies for CRC and may help to identify novel modulators of colon carcinogenesis.

Role of Mitophagy in Regulating Intestinal Oxidative Damage

The mitochondrion is also a major site for maintaining redox homeostasis between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging. The quantity, quality, and functional integrity of mitochondria are crucial for regulating intracellular homeostasis and maintaining the normal physiological function of cells. The role of oxidative stress in human disease is well established, particularly in inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Oxidative stress could result from an imbalance between ROS and the antioxidative system. Mitochondria are both the main sites of production and the main target of ROS. It is a vicious cycle in which initial ROS-induced mitochondrial damage enhanced ROS production that, in turn, leads to further mitochondrial damage and eventually massive intestinal cell death. Oxidative damage can be significantly mitigated by mitophagy, which clears damaged mitochondria. In this review, we aimed to review the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitophagy and oxidative stress and their relationship in some intestinal diseases. We believe the reviews can provide new ideas and a scientific basis for researching antioxidants and preventing diseases related to oxidative damage.

Biological function of resveratrol and its application in animal production: a review

With the prohibition of antibiotics in feed, plant functional substances have been widely studied as feed additives. Resveratrol, a natural stilbene, and a non-flavonoid polyphenol found in plants, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory features. Resveratrol generated intense scientific and public interest, primarily due to its widely reported ability to prevent cancer, delay aging and alleviate related metabolic diseases. Recently, resveratrol has been studied and applied as a feed additive in animal production. This review focuses on the outline of the absorption and metabolism and biological functions of resveratrol and summarizes the application of dietary resveratrol in animal production up to the present, including pigs, poultry, and ruminants. In pigs, dietary resveratrol improved intestinal health, mitochondrial function, meat quality, and more. In poultry, studies have shown that dietary resveratrol improves growth performance and meat and egg quality and alleviates heat stress induced adverse effects. There are few studies on dietary resveratrol in ruminants; however previous studies have indicated that dietary resveratrol increases nutrient digestibility and reduces methane emissions in sheep. It is hoped that this review could provide a specific theoretical basis and research ideas for the research and application of resveratrol.

Pterostilbene Confers Protection against Diquat-Induced Intestinal Damage with Potential Regulation of Redox Status and Ferroptosis in Broiler Chickens

Oxidative stress causes damage to macromolecules, including proteins, DNA, and lipid, and has been recognized as a crucial driver of the onset and progression of several intestinal disorders. Pterostilbene, one of the natural antioxidants, has attracted considerable attention owing to its multiple biological activities. In the present study, we established an oxidative stress model in broiler chickens via injection with diquat to investigate whether pterostilbene could attenuate diquat-induced intestinal damage and reveal the underlying mechanisms. We found that diquat-induced decreases in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the level of reduced glutathione and the increase in hydrogen peroxide content in plasma and jejunum were significantly alleviated by pterostilbene (P < 0.05). Pterostilbene supplementation also decreased intestinal permeability and jejunal apoptosis rate, improved jejunal villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and promoted the transcription and translation of jejunal tight junction proteins occludin and zona occludens 1 in diquat-challenged broilers (P < 0.05). Furthermore, pterostilbene reversed diquat-induced mitochondrial injury in the jejunum, as indicated by the decreased reactive oxygen species level and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase 2 and mitochondrial respiratory complexes (P < 0.05). Importantly, administering pterostilbene maintained iron homeostasis, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and regulated the expression of the markers of ferroptosis in the jejunum of diquat-exposed broilers (P < 0.05). The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway in the jejunum of diquat-exposed broilers was also activated by pterostilbene (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study provides evidence that pterostilbene alleviates diquat-induced intestinal mucosa injury and barrier dysfunction by strengthening antioxidant capacity and regulating ferroptosis of broiler chickens.

NAD Supplement Alleviates Intestinal Barrier Injury Induced by Ethanol Via Protecting Epithelial Mitochondrial Function

BACKGROUND

The epithelial tight junction is an important intestinal barrier whose disruption can lead to the release of harmful intestinal substances into the circulation and cause damage to systemic injury. The maintenance of intestinal epithelial tight junctions is closely related to energy homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a NAD booster that can enhance mitochondrial biogenesis in liver. However, whether NR can prevent ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

METHODS

We applied the mouse NIAAA model (chronic plus binge ethanol feeding) and Caco-2 cells to explore the effects of NR on ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and the underlying mechanisms. NAD homeostasis and mitochondrial function were measured. In addition, knockdown of SirT1 in Caco-2 cells was further applied to explore the role of SirT1 in the protection of NR.

RESULTS

We found that ethanol increased intestinal permeability, increased the release of LPS into the circulation and destroyed the intestinal epithelial barrier structure in mice. NR supplementation attenuated intestinal barrier injury. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that NR attenuated ethanol-induced decreased intestinal tight junction protein expressions and maintained NAD homeostasis. In addition, NR supplementation activated SirT1 activity and increased deacetylation of PGC-1α, and reversed ethanol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial biogenesis. These effects were diminished with the knockdown of SirT1 in Caco-2 cells.

CONCLUSION

Boosting NAD by NR alleviates ethanol-induced intestinal epithelial barrier damage via protecting mitochondrial function in a SirT1-dependent manner.

Pterostilbene Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury through the SIRT1-Dependent Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

Neuroinflammatory injury, oxidative insults, and neuronal apoptosis are major causes of poor outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Pterostilbene (PTE), an analog of resveratrol, has been verified as a potent sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator. However, the beneficial actions of PTE on SAH-induced brain injury and whether PTE regulates SIRT1 signaling after SAH remain unknown. We first evaluated the dose-response influence of PTE on early brain impairment after SAH. In addition, EX527 was administered to suppress SIRT1 signaling. The results revealed that PTE significantly attenuated microglia activation, oxidative insults, neuronal damage, and early neurological deterioration. Mechanistically, PTE effectively enhanced SIRT1 expression and promoted nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation in nuclei. Furthermore, EX527 pretreatment distinctly repressed PTE-induced SIRT1 and Nrf2 activation and deteriorated these beneficial outcomes. In all, our study provides the evidence that PTE protects against SAH insults by activating SIRT1-dependent Nrf2 signaling pathway. PTE might be a therapeutic alternative for SAH.

Pterostilbene attenuates intrauterine growth retardation-induced colon inflammation in piglets by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy

Background

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are implicated in the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation; however, their roles in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)-induced colon inflammation are unclear. This study explored the protective effects of natural stilbene pterostilbene on colon inflammation using the IUGR piglets and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-treated human colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2) by targeting ER stress and autophagy.

Results

Both the IUGR colon and the TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells exhibited inflammatory responses, ER stress, and impaired autophagic flux (P < 0.05). The ER stress inducer tunicamycin and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine further augmented inflammatory responses and apoptosis in the TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05). Conversely, pterostilbene inhibited ER stress and restored autophagic flux in the IUGR colon and the TNF-α-treated cells (P < 0.05). Pterostilbene also prevented the release of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65, reduced intestinal permeability and cell apoptosis, and facilitated the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins in the IUGR colon and the TNF-α-treated cells (P < 0.05). Importantly, treatment with tunicamycin or autophagosome-lysosome binding inhibitor chloroquine blocked the positive effects of pterostilbene on inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and intestinal barrier function in the TNF-α-exposed Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Pterostilbene mitigates ER stress and promotes autophagic flux, thereby improving colon inflammation and barrier dysfunction in the IUGR piglets and the TNF-α-treated Caco-2 cells.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00780-6.

Pterostilbene attenuates intestinal epithelial barrier loss induced by high loading intensity of exercise

Mounting evidence suggested that high loading intensity of exercise might be detrimental to human health, especially the gastrointestinal tract. Pterostilbene (PTE), derived from grapes and blueberries, might reach a high concentration of intestinal contents. Our study aimed to evaluate PTE’s ability to prevent the loss of intestinal epithelial barrier in high loading intensity of exercise. The exercise model was established by the forced running of mice. An effective HPLC-UV method was developed to quantify PTE concentration in intestinal content. The mRNA changes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The structure of intestinal flora was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The PTE (100 mg/kg/d) could significantly attenuate exercise-induced intestinal epithelial barrier loss. Moreover, the HPLC-UV assay showed that the PTE concentration of intestinal content could last 12 h. Furthermore, the exercise increased the abundance of Alistipes, which was related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production but could not be reversed by PTE intervention. Besides, cell experiments showed that PTE could promote the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ) molecules in vitro. In conclusion, PTE has a significant interest in preventing exercise-induced intestinal damage.

Selenium-enriched Cardamine violifolia improves growth performance with potential regulation of intestinal health and antioxidant function in weaned pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different Selenium (Se) sources on growth performance, intestinal function and antioxidant status of weaned piglets. A total of 300 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups with 5 replicates of 12 pigs/pen. The control group was corn-soybean basal diet without any additional Se supplement. The experimental diets were supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of Se from sodium selenite (SS), Se-enriched yeast (SEY), Se-enriched Cardamine violifolia (SEC) and 0.3+0.3 mg/kg of Se from SEY and SEC, respectively. The trial lasted for 4 weeks. The results showed that diets supplementation with SEY, SEC or SEY+SEC could improve average daily gain and reduce feed/gain ratio during the entire study. Compared with the control group, SEC or SEY+SEC improved intestinal morphology, indicated by greater villus height and villus height/ crypt depth ratio. In addition, SEC or SEY+SEC also increased maltase and lactase activities as well as tight junction protein expression. Different Se sources decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum. In the jejunum, SEY or SEC reduced MDA concentration and increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) compared with the control group. Moreover, SEY+SEC increased the antioxidant parameters including SOD and T-AOC in the jejunum. Dietary SEY or SEC supplementation significantly increased the mRNA expression of selenoproteins including thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNRD1), selenoprotein I (SELENOI), selenoprotein S (SELENOS), and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) in the jejunum. In conclusion, organic Se sources, especially Cardamine violifolia, improve growth performance, potentially by regulating intestinal function, antioxidant capacity and selenoprotein expression in piglets.

Redox Properties of 3-Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and 3-Iodothyroacetic Acid (TA1)

3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) and 3-iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) are thyroid-hormone-related compounds endowed with pharmacological activity through mechanisms that remain elusive. Some evidence suggests that they may have redox features. We assessed the chemical activity of T1AM and TA1 at pro-oxidant conditions. Further, in the cell model consisting of brown adipocytes (BAs) differentiated for 6 days in the absence (M cells) or in the presence of 20 nM T1AM (M + T1AM cells), characterized by pro-oxidant metabolism, or TA1 (M + TA1 cells), we investigated the expression/activity levels of pro- and anti-oxidant proteins, including UCP-1, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), mitochondrial monoamine (MAO-A and MAO-B), semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent lipoperoxidation. T1AM and TA1 showed in-vitro antioxidant and superoxide scavenging properties, while only TA1 acted as a hydroxyl radical scavenger. M + T1AM cells showed higher lipoperoxidation levels and reduced SIRT1 expression and activity, similar MAO-A, but higher MAO-B activity in terms of M cells. Instead, the M + TA1 cells exhibited increased levels of SIRT1 protein and activity and significantly lower UCP-1, MAO-A, MAO-B, and SSAO in comparison with the M cells, and did not show signs of lipoperoxidation. Our results suggest that SIRT1 is the mediator of T1AM and TA1 pro-or anti-oxidant effects as a result of ROS intracellular levels, including the hydroxyl radical. Here, we provide evidence indicating that T1AM and TA1 administration impacts on the redox status of a biological system, a feature that indicates the novel mechanism of action of these two thyroid-hormone-related compounds.

Role of Thioredoxin-1 and its inducers in human health and diseases

Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a small redox-active protein normally found in mammalian cells that responds to the changing redox environment by contributing electrons or regulating related proteins. There is growing evidence that Trx-1 has multiple functions, including cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. To date, researchers have found that Trx-1 deficiency leads to severe damage in various disease models, such as atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, diabetes and tumors. Conversely, activation of Trx-1 has a protective effect against these diseases. Accordingly, a variety of Trx-1 inducers have been widely used in the clinic with significant therapeutic value. In this paper, we summarize the pathogenesis of Trx-1 involvement in the above-mentioned diseases and describe the protective effects of Trx-1 inducers on them.

Chrono-communication and cardiometabolic health: The intrinsic relationship and therapeutic nutritional promises

Circadian rhythm, an innate 24-h biological clock, regulates several mammalian physiological activities anticipating daily environmental variations and optimizing available energetic resources. The circadian machinery is a complex neuronal and endocrinological network primarily organized into a central clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and peripheral clocks. Several small molecules generate daily circadian fluctuations ensuring inter-organ communication and coordination between external stimuli, i.e., light, food, and exercise, and body metabolism. As an orchestra, this complex network can be out of tone. Circadian disruption is often associated with obesity development and, above all, with diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset. Moreover, accumulating data highlight a bidirectional relationship between circadian misalignment and cardiometabolic disease severity. Food intake abnormalities, especially timing and composition of meal, are crucial cause of circadian disruption, but evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has shown that food could represent a unique therapeutic approach to promote circadian resynchronization. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure of circadian system and discuss the role playing by different molecules [from leptin to ghrelin, incretins, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)] to guarantee circadian homeostasis. Based on the recent data, we discuss the innovative nutritional interventions aimed at circadian re-synchronization and, consequently, improvement of cardiometabolic health.