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Freire JMS, Farias ND, Hégaret H, da Silva PM. Morphological and functional characterization of the oyster Crassostrea gasar circulating hemocytes: Cell types and phagocytosis activity. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100089. [PMID: 36941832 PMCID: PMC10023951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes are the circulating cells of the hemolymph of oysters and are responsible for numerous physiological functions, including immune defense. The oyster Crassostrea gasar is a native species inhabiting mangrove habitat and is of great commercial interest, cultured throughout the Brazilian coast, mainly in the north and northeast. Despite its commercial importance, little is known about its immunological aspects and defense cells, the hemocytes. This work aimed to morphologically characterize hemocytes of the oyster C. gasar and to study one of the main cellular defense response, phagocytosis, using light microscopy and flow cytometry. The results showed the presence of six hemocyte populations in C. gasar hemolymph. These comprise of large and small granulocytes, large and small hyalinocytes, blast-like cells and a rare type classified as vesicular or serous hemocytes. Hyalinocytes were highly abundant and the most heterogeneous cell population, while small granulocytes, along with vesicular hemocytes were the less abundant population. Hemocytes of C. gasar oysters demonstrated capabilities to phagocytose three different types of particles tested: zymosan A, latex particles and Escherichia coli, indicating a broad defense capacity. The zymosan A were the most engulfed particles, followed by beads, mainly phagocytized by granulocytes, the most phagocytic cells, and finally E. coli, which were the least phagocytized. This study is the first characterization of C. gasar oyster hemocytes and will support future studies that aim to understand the participation of different hemocyte types in defense responses against pathogens and/or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesarela Merabe Silva Freire
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Natanael Dantas Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin LEMAR-UMR6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Place Copernic, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba – Campus I, 58051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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2
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Tong J, Guan X, Jiang S, Sun L. A saposin domain-containing protein of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis: Antimicrobial activity and mechanism. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104633. [PMID: 36610645 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin is a precursor that can be processed into four different saposins, designated as A, B, C, and D, which have multiple functions in mammals, including neuroprotection and immune modulation. The immune function of saposin in teleost remains largely unknown. In the present study, a saposin (SAP) domain-containing protein was identified in half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis and named CsSDP. CsSDP harbors one SAP A domain and two SAP B domains. When expressed in HEK293T cells, CsSDP was specifically localized in the lysosome. When overexpressed in Escherichia coli, CsSDP markedly inhibited bacterial growth, and the inhibitory effect depended on two specific regions in the SAP A and SAP B domains. Two polypeptides (P32 and P30) derived from the above SAP A and B domains could bind to and inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The ultrastructural analysis revealed that P32 and P30 killed target bacteria by disrupting the bacterial cell wall and inducing substantial release of cytoplasmic contents. These results shed new lights on the immune function of saposin domain-containing protein in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China; CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolu Guan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
| | - Li Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Nan X, Hao S, Zhao K, Guo Y, Wang Q, Li W. AKT regulates hemocyte proliferation via glucose metabolism in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:247-255. [PMID: 35738489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Threonine-serine protein kinase (AKT) plays an important role in the regulation of essential biological processes such as cell metabolism and cell proliferation in several organisms. Eriocheir sinensis is a widely distributed crab that is exposed to complex and diverse biological environments and various diseases. We aimed to elucidate the immune function of AKT and the underlying mechanism in E. sinensis. In this study, we performed bioinformatics analysis of E. sinensis AKT (EsAkt) and found that the AKT protein was highly conserved across species. qRT-PCR showed high AKT expression in the liver and muscle tissues, and low expression in hemocytes. After stimulation with gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus or gram-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus, E. sinensis AKT (EsAkt) was significantly up-regulated in hemocytes. Further, knockout of the EsAkt gene weakened cell glucose metabolism and inhibited cell proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that EsAkt plays a key role in regulating hemocyte glucose metabolism and cell proliferation in Eriocheir sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Xingyu Nan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuqi Hao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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de la Ballina NR, Maresca F, Cao A, Villalba A. Bivalve Haemocyte Subpopulations: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826255. [PMID: 35464425 PMCID: PMC9024128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs stand out for their ecological success and their key role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, while also constituting a very valuable commercial resource. Both ecological success and production of bivalves depend on their effective immune defence function, in which haemocytes play a central role acting as both the undertaker of the cellular immunity and supplier of the humoral immunity. Bivalves have different types of haemocytes, which perform different functions. Hence, identification of cell subpopulations and their functional characterisation in immune responses is essential to fully understand the immune system in bivalves. Nowadays, there is not a unified nomenclature that applies to all bivalves. Characterisation of bivalve haemocyte subpopulations is often combined with 1) other multiple parameter assays to determine differences between cell types in immune-related physiological activities, such as phagocytosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis; and 2) immune response to different stressors such as pathogens, temperature, acidification and pollution. This review summarises the major and most recent findings in classification and functional characterisation of the main haemocyte types of bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R. de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Francesco Maresca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Sines, Portugal
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentziako Itsas Estazioa (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Villalba,
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Zgouridou A, Tripidaki E, Giantsis IA, Theodorou JA, Kalaitzidou M, Raitsos DE, Lattos A, Mavropoulou AM, Sofianos S, Karagiannis D, Chaligiannis I, Anestis A, Papadakis N, Feidantsis K, Mintza D, Staikou A, Michaelidis B. The current situation and potential effects of climate change on the microbial load of marine bivalves of the Greek coastlines: an integrative review. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1012-1034. [PMID: 34499795 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Global warming affects the aquatic ecosystems, accelerating pathogenic microorganisms' and toxic microalgae's growth and spread in marine habitats, and in bivalve molluscs. New parasite invasions are directly linked to oceanic warming. Consumption of pathogen-infected molluscs impacts human health at different rates, depending, inter alia, on the bacteria taxa. It is therefore necessary to monitor microbiological and chemical contamination of food. Many global cases of poisoning from bivalve consumption can be traced back to Mediterranean regions. This article aims to examine the marine bivalve's infestation rate within the scope of climate change, as well as to evaluate the risk posed by climate change to bivalve welfare and public health. Biological and climatic data literature review was performed from international scientific sources, Greek authorities and State organizations. Focusing on Greek aquaculture and bivalve fisheries, high-risk index pathogenic parasites and microalgae were observed during summer months, particularly in Thermaikos Gulf. Considering the climate models that predict further temperature increases, it seems that marine organisms will be subjected in the long term to higher temperatures. Due to the positive linkage between temperature and microbial load, the marine areas most affected by this phenomenon are characterized as 'high risk' for consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Zgouridou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Eirini Tripidaki
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Giantsis
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, 53100, Greece
| | - John A Theodorou
- Department Animal Production Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Maria Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and Other Water Toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dionysios E Raitsos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Apostolia-Maria Mavropoulou
- Department of Physics, Section of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sarantis Sofianos
- Department of Physics, Section of Environmental Physics and Meteorology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karagiannis
- National Reference Laboratory for Mollusc Diseases, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Thessaloniki, 54627, Greece
| | - Ilias Chaligiannis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.,Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 570 01, Thermi, Greece
| | - Andreas Anestis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social - Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos Papadakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social - Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Dionysia Mintza
- Department of Fishery Products, Milk and Other Food of Animal Origin, Ministry of Rural Development and Food of Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Staikou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
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Estrada N, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Palacios A, Ascencio F, Guzmán-Villanueva L, Contreras RG. In vitro Evaluation of Programmed Cell Death in the Immune System of Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas by the Effect of Marine Toxins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634497. [PMID: 33868255 PMCID: PMC8047078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an essential process for the immune system's development and homeostasis, enabling the remotion of infected or unnecessary cells. There are several PCD's types, depending on the molecular mechanisms, such as non-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory. Hemocytes are the main component of cellular immunity in bivalve mollusks. Numerous infectious microorganisms produce toxins that impair hemocytes functions, but there is little knowledge on the role of PCD in these cells. This study aims to evaluate in vitro whether marine toxins induce a particular type of PCD in hemocytes of the bivalve mollusk Crassostrea gigas during 4 h at 25°C. Hemocytes were incubated with two types of marine toxins: non-proteinaceous toxins from microalgae (saxitoxin, STX; gonyautoxins 2 and 3, GTX2/3; okadaic acid/dynophysistoxin-1, OA/DTX-1; brevetoxins 2 and 3, PbTx-2,-3; brevetoxin 2, PbTx-2), and proteinaceous extracts from bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vp; V. campbellii, Vc). Also, we used the apoptosis inducers, staurosporine (STP), and camptothecin (CPT). STP, CPT, STX, and GTX 2/3, provoked high hemocyte mortality characterized by apoptosis hallmarks such as phosphatidylserine translocation into the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, exacerbated chromatin condensation, DNA oligonucleosomal fragments, and variation in gene expression levels of apoptotic caspases 2, 3, 7, and 8. The mixture of PbTx-2,-3 also showed many apoptosis features; however, they did not show apoptotic DNA oligonucleosomal fragments. Likewise, PbTx-2, OA/DTX-1, and proteinaceous extracts from bacteria Vp, and Vc, induced a minor degree of cell death with high gene expression of the pro-inflammatory initiator caspase-1, which could indicate a process of pyroptosis-like PCD. Hemocytes could carry out both PCD types simultaneously. Therefore, marine toxins trigger PCD's signaling pathways in C. gigas hemocytes, depending on the toxin's nature, which appears to be highly conserved both structurally and functionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Estrada
- Programa Cátedras CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxinas Marinas y Aminoácidos, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Palacios
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Laura Guzmán-Villanueva
- Programa Cátedras CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), La Paz, Mexico
| | - Rubén G. Contreras
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
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Song H, Guo X, Sun L, Wang Q, Han F, Wang H, Wray GA, Davidson P, Wang Q, Hu Z, Zhou C, Yu Z, Yang M, Feng J, Shi P, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang T. The hard clam genome reveals massive expansion and diversification of inhibitors of apoptosis in Bivalvia. BMC Biol 2021; 19:15. [PMID: 33487168 PMCID: PMC7831173 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are critical regulators of programmed cell death that are essential for development, oncogenesis, and immune and stress responses. However, available knowledge regarding IAP is largely biased toward humans and model species, while the distribution, function, and evolutionary novelties of this gene family remain poorly understood in many taxa, including Mollusca, the second most speciose phylum of Metazoa. RESULTS Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of an economically significant bivalve, the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria, which reveals an unexpected and dramatic expansion of the IAP gene family to 159 members, the largest IAP gene repertoire observed in any metazoan. Comparative genome analysis reveals that this massive expansion is characteristic of bivalves more generally. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of molluscan IAP genes indicates that most originated in early metazoans and greatly expanded in Bivalvia through both lineage-specific tandem duplication and retroposition, with 37.1% of hard clam IAPs located on a single chromosome. The expanded IAPs have been subjected to frequent domain shuffling, which has in turn shaped their architectural diversity. Further, we observed that extant IAPs exhibit dynamic and orchestrated expression patterns among tissues and in response to different environmental stressors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that sophisticated regulation of apoptosis enabled by the massive expansion and diversification of IAPs has been crucial for the evolutionary success of hard clam and other molluscan lineages, allowing them to cope with local environmental stresses. This study broadens our understanding of IAP proteins and expression diversity and provides novel resources for studying molluscan biology and IAP function and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ximing Guo
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ, USA
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianghui Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengming Han
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | | | - Qing Wang
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenglin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meijie Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Pu Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Marine Ranching, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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8
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Romero A, Aranguren R, Moreira R, Novoa B, Figueras A. Integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach for assessing the invasiveness of bivalve alien species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19879. [PMID: 31882949 PMCID: PMC6934813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions started when humans moved species beyond their normal geographic limits. Bivalves are the most notoriously invasive species in subtidal aquatic environments. Next-generation sequencing technologies are applied to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the invasion. The ecological immunology focuses on the role of immunity in invasion, and its magnitude could help to predict the invasiveness of alien species. A remarkable case of invasion has been reported in the Ría de Vigo (Spain) by the black pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis. In Galicia, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is the predominant cultured bivalve species. Can we predict the invasiveness of alien bivalve species by analyzing their immune response? Can X. securis represent a risk for the autochthonous mussel? We evaluated the suitability of the immune-related hypotheses in our model by using an integrated transcriptomic and functional immunological approach. Our analysis suggests lower immune capabilities in X. securis compared to M. galloprovincialis, probably due to the relocation of energetic resources from the immune response to vital physiological processes to cope with salinity stress. This multidisciplinary approach will help us understand how the immune response can be influenced by the adaptive process and how this immune response can influence the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Raquel Aranguren
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rebeca Moreira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
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9
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Boroda AV, Kipryushina YO, Odintsova NA. Chemical modulation of apoptosis in molluscan cell cultures. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:905-916. [PMID: 31230213 PMCID: PMC6717236 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the alterations that occur in larval molluscan cells after administration of apoptotic inducers and inhibitors used in mammalian cells in response to cold stress. This is the first report on apoptosis modulation in molluscan cells assessed by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial activity, general caspase activation, and membrane integrity of control molluscan cells were compared to those processes in frozen-thawed molluscan cells, primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and human colon tumor cells prior to treatment and after incubation with apoptotic inducers or inhibitors. We tested three apoptotic inducers (staurosporine, camptothecin, and mitomycin C, routinely used for the chemical induction of apoptosis in different mammalian cells) and found that only staurosporine resulted in an evident apoptotic increase in molluscan cell cultures: 9.06% early apoptotic cells in comparison with 5.63% in control frozen-thawed cells and 20.6% late apoptotic cells in comparison with 10.68% in controls. Camptothecin did not significantly induce molluscan cell apoptosis but did cause a slight increase in the number of active cells after thawing. Mitomycin C produced similar results, but its effect was less pronounced. In addition, we hypothesize that the use of the apoptotic inhibitors could reduce apoptosis, which is significant after cryopreservation in molluscan cells; however, our attempts failed. Development in this direction is important for understanding the mechanisms of marine organisms' cold susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Victorovich Boroda
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky St, Vladivostok, Primorsky krai, 690041, Russia.
| | - Yulia Olegovna Kipryushina
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky St, Vladivostok, Primorsky krai, 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nelly Adolphovna Odintsova
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevsky St, Vladivostok, Primorsky krai, 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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10
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Liu J, Zhao Y. Morphological and functional characterization of clam Ruditapes philippinarum haemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:136-146. [PMID: 30099140 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clam Ruditapes philippinarum is one of the most important commercial aquaculture species in China. The haemocytes play vital roles in internal defense of the calm. In this investigation, classification and immune functions of R. philippinarum haemocytes were identified. The haemocyte density was (8.28 ± 1.42) × 106/mL and two major haemocyte types basophilic hyalinocytes and eosinophilic granulocytes were recognized based on the presence or absence of granules and staining affinities of their cytoplasm. Granulocytes were the most common cell type (73.08 ± 3.23%). The hyalinocytes and granulocytes could be divided into eight subtypes respectively according to N/C ratio as well as the nucleus shape and number by light microscope. Fourteen types of granules were identified and the multivesicular body and R-body were first found in bivalve, moreover, transmission electron microscope observation was consistent with the results from light microscope. Also eight different external forms of haemocytes could be identified by scanning electron microscope. Both granulocytes and hyalinocytes showed the abilities of phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which were higher in granulocytes than that in hyalinocytes. The phagocytic rate of the total haemocytes and the granulocytes was about 45.06% and 40.74% respectively. The ROS production of the total haemocytes and granulocytes was 58.7% and 51.19% respectively. Although the hyalinocytes showed less ability in phagocytosis and ROS production, they played important roles in agglutination. This investigation provided a fundamental knowledge for future study of the immune function of haemocytes in clam R. philippinarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agriculture University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
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11
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Grandiosa R, Mérien F, Young T, Van Nguyen T, Gutierrez N, Kitundu E, Alfaro AC. Multi-strain probiotics enhance immune responsiveness and alters metabolic profiles in the New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:330-338. [PMID: 30125709 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether dietary administration of a multi-strain probiotic (Exiguobacterium JHEb1, Vibrio JH1 and Enterococcus JHLDc) lead to enhanced immune responsiveness in juvenile New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). Two groups of abalone were fed (1% body weight per day) over a four-month period with different diets. The control diet consisted of a standard commercial pellet feed (AbMax 16), whereas the treatment diet was additionally enriched with the probiotic mix. At the end of the experiment, probiotic-fed animals showed improved growth compared with control-fed abalone in length (32.3% vs 22.3%), width (31.9% vs 20.7%) and wet weight (109.6% vs 72.8%), respectively. Haemolymph sampling was conducted at the beginning of the experiment and after 2 and 4 months. Haemolymph samples were analysed for total haemocyte count (THC) and viability, presence of apoptotic cells and production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Compared with control abalone, probiotic-fed abalone had significantly higher THC (1.9 × 106 vs 5.6 × 105 cells), higher viability (90.8% vs 75.6%), higher percentage of ROS-positive cells (19.4% vs 0.5%) and higher numbers of non-apoptotic cells (88.0% vs 78.0%), respectively. These results indicate that the probiotic-enriched diet enhanced the immunostimulatory mechanisms, with a simultaneous low-level up-regulation of ROS production as a priming mechanism of the antibacterial defence system. Metabolomics-based profiling of foot muscle tissue additionally revealed that probiotic-fed abalone differentially expressed 17 unique metabolites, including amino acids, fatty acids and TCA cycle related compounds. These data suggest that the probiotic-supplemented diet can also alter central carbon metabolic processes, which may improve the survival, as well as the growth of abalone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roffi Grandiosa
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Mérien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Noemi Gutierrez
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Kitundu
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Castro JM, Bianchi VA, Pascual MM, Almeida C, Venturino A, Luquet CM. Immune and biochemical responses in hemolymph and gills of the Patagonian freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis, against two microbiological challenges: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Molecular and cellular characterization of apoptosis in flat oyster a key mechanisms at the heart of host-parasite interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12494. [PMID: 30131502 PMCID: PMC6104086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bonamia ostreae has been associated with the decline of flat oyster Ostrea edulis populations in some European countries. This obligatory intracellular parasite persists and multiplies into hemocytes. Previous in vitro experiments showed that apoptosis is activated in hemocytes between 1 h and 4 h of contact with the parasite. The flat oyster uses the apoptosis pathway to defend against B. ostreae. However, the parasite might be also able to modulate this response in order to survive in its host. In order to investigate this hypothesis the apoptotic response of the host was evaluated using flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and by measuring the response of genes involved in the apoptotic pathway after 4 h. In parallel, the parasite response was investigated by measuring the expression of B. ostreae genes involved in different biological functions including cell cycle and cell death. Obtained results allow describing molecular apoptotic pathways in O. edulis and confirm that apoptosis is early activated in hemocytes after a contact with B. ostreae. Interestingly, at cellular and molecular levels this process appeared downregulated after 44 h of contact. Concurrently, parasite gene expression appeared reduced suggesting that the parasite could inhibit its own metabolism to escape the immune response.
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14
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Vieira GC, da Silva PM, Barracco MA, Hering AF, Albuquerque MCPD, Coelho JDR, Schmidt ÉC, Bouzon ZL, Rosa RD, Perazzolo LM. Morphological and functional characterization of the hemocytes from the pearl oyster Pteria hirundo and their immune responses against Vibrio infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:750-758. [PMID: 28923525 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyte populations of the pearl oyster Pteria hirundo were characterized at morphological, ultrastructural and functional levels. Three main hemocyte populations were identified: hyalinocytes, granulocytes and blast-like cells. Hyalinocytes were the most abundant population (88.2%) characterized by the presence of few or no granules in the cytoplasm and composed by two subpopulations, large and small hyalinocytes. Comparatively, granulocytes represented 2.2% of the hemocyte population and were characterized by the presence of numerous large electron-lucid granules in the cytoplasm. Finally, the blast-like cells (9.5%) were the smallest hemocytes, showing spherical shape and a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio. Hemocytes exhibited a significant phagocytic capacity for inert particles (38.5%) and showed to be able to produce microbicidal molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) (ex vivo assays). The immune role of hemocytes was further investigated in the P. hirundo defense against the Gram-negative Vibrio alginolyticus. A significant decrease in the total number of hemocytes was observed at 24 h following injection of V. alginolyticus or sterile seawater (injury control) when compared to naïve (unchallenged) animals, indicating the migration of circulating hemocytes to the sites of infection and tissue damage. Bacterial agglutination was only observed against Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio) but not against to marine Gram-positive-bacteria. Besides, an increase in the agglutination titer was observed against V. alginolyticus only in animals previously infected with this same bacterial strain. These results suggest that agglutinins or lectin-like molecules may have been produced in response to this particular microorganism promoting a specific recognition. The ultrastructural and functional characterization of P. hirundo hemocytes constitutes a new important piece of the molluscan immunity puzzle that can also contribute for the improvement of bivalve production sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziela Cleuza Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Margherita Anna Barracco
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Augusto Ferrari Hering
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline da Rosa Coelho
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Éder Carlos Schmidt
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Zenilda Laurita Bouzon
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane Maria Perazzolo
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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15
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Donaghy L, Hong HK, Park KI, Nobuhisa K, Youn SH, Kang CK, Choi KS. Flow cytometric characterization of hemocytes of the solitary ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:289-299. [PMID: 28476671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Internal defense of ascidians relies, at least partially, on cells circulating in body fluids and infiltrating in tissues, referred to as hemocytes, although structure and composition of ascidian hemocytes still remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated hemocyte types and their functions of the solitary ascidian Halocynthia roretzi using flow cytometry. Based on morphology, cellular activities and intracellular parameters from the flow cytometry, we identified eight hemocyte types including, three granulocytes (Gr-1, Gr-2, and Gr-3), 4 hyalinocytes (Hy-1, Hy-1', Hy-2, and Hy-3) and lymphocyte-like (Ly-like) cells. The granulocyte Gr-1 accounted for 30% of the total circulating hemocytes and exhibited highest density of lysosomes and oxidative activity. Gr-1 was deeply involved in phagocytosis and degradation of foreign material. Hyalinocytes consist of two main populations, Hy-1 and Hy-2, and each accounted for 30% of the circulating hemocyte. Hy-1 displayed lysosomal content, an inducible oxidative activity, and no proteases, while Hy-2 expressed highest density of intracellular proteases, no lysosomes and a low oxidative activity. It was believed that Hy-2 may represent an important link between cellular and humoral immune reactions. Hy-1 did not show phagocytosis activity. Hy-3 and the Ly-like cells presented a similar profile except for their size and complexity, and Hy-3 may represent an intermediate differentiation/maturation step between Ly-like cells and other hemocyte populations. This first characterization of the hemocyte populations of H. roretzi provides a solid basis to investigate further their respective roles and functions in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Donaghy
- School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University 102, Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Hong
- School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University 102, Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Kajino Nobuhisa
- School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University 102, Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Youn
- Fishery and Ocean Information Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Kang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Choi
- School of Marine Biomedical Science (BK21 PLUS), Jeju National University 102, Jejudaehakno, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Evariste L, Auffret M, Audonnet S, Geffard A, David E, Brousseau P, Fournier M, Betoulle S. Functional features of hemocyte subpopulations of the invasive mollusk species Dreissena polymorpha. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:144-154. [PMID: 27374433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dreissena polymorpha is a mussel species that invaded many lotic and lentic inland waters in Western Europe and North America. Its positive or negative interactions with biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems are numerous, making this bivalve the subject of numerous studies in ecology, ecophysiology and ecotoxicology. In these contexts, the functional characterization of the zebra mussel hemocytes is of particular interest, as hemocytes are central cells involved in vital functions (immunity, growth, reproduction) of molluscan physiology. Dreissena polymorpha circulating hemocytes populations were characterized by a combination of structural and functional analysis. Assessments were performed during two contrasted physiological periods for mussels (gametogenesis and spawning). Three hemocyte types were identified as hyalinocytes and blast-like cells for agranular hemocytes and one granulocyte population. Flow cytometry analysis of hemocytes functionalities indicated that blast-like cells had low oxidative and mitochondrial activities and low lysosomal content. Hyalinocytes and granulocytes are fully equipped to perform innate immune response. Hyalinocytes exhibit higher oxidative activity than granulocytes. Such observation is not common since numerous studies show that granulocytes are usually cells that have the highest cellular activities. This result demonstrates the significant functional variability of hemocyte subpopulations. Moreover, our findings reveal that spawning period of Dreissena polymorpha was associated with an increase of hyalinocyte percentage in relation to low levels of biological activities in hemocytes. This reduction in hemocyte activity would reflect the important physiological changes associated with the spawning period of this invasive species known for its high reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauris Evariste
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR_I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France; INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Michel Auffret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, LEMAR UMR CNRS 6539, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URCACyt - Plateau technique de cytométrie en flux, Pôle Santé, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR_I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Elise David
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR_I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Pauline Brousseau
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Michel Fournier
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR_I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH SEBIO Unité Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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17
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Grandiosa R, Mérien F, Pillay K, Alfaro A. Innovative application of classic and newer techniques for the characterization of haemocytes in the New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:175-184. [PMID: 26672903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemocytes play an important role in innate immune responses within invertebrate organisms. However, identification and quantification of different types of haemocytes can be extremely challenging, and has led to numerous inconsistencies and misinterpretations within the literature. As a step to rectify this issue, we present a comprehensive and detailed approach to characterize haemocytes using a combination of classical (cytochemical and phagocytosis assays with optical microscopy) and novel (flow cytometry with Sysmex XN-1000 and Muse(®) Cell analyser) techniques. The Sysmex XN-1000 is an innovative fluorescent flow cytometric analyser that can effectively detect, identify and count haemocytes, while the Muse(®) Cell analyser provides accurate and rapid haemocyte cell counts and viability. To illustrate this approach, we present the first report on morphological and functional features of New Zealand black-footed abalone (Haliotis iris) haemocyte cells. Two types of haemocytes were identified in this study, including type I (monocyte-like) and type II (lymphocyte-like) cells. Granular cells, which have been reported in other molluscan species, were not detected in H. iris. Cell types were categorized based on shape, size, internal structures and function. The lymphocyte-like haemocytes were the most abundant hemocytes in the haemolymph samples, and they had large nuclei and basic cytoplasms. Monocyte-like cells generally were larger cells compared to lymphocyte-like cells, and had low nucleus-cytoplasm ratios. Monocyte-like cells showed higher phagocytic activity when encountering Zymosan A particles compared to lymphocyte-like cells. The present study provides a comprehensive and accurate new approach to identify and quantify haemocyte cells for future comparative studies on the immune system of abalone and other molluscan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roffi Grandiosa
- Institute for Applied Ecology, School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Mérien
- AUT-Roche Diagnostics Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Krish Pillay
- Anatomical Pathology Services, Community Laboratories, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Alfaro
- Institute for Applied Ecology, School of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Gervais O, Renault T, Arzul I. Induction of apoptosis by UV in the flat oyster, Ostrea edulis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:232-242. [PMID: 26057459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a fundamental feature in the development of many organisms and tissue systems. It is also a mechanism of host defense against environmental stress factors or pathogens by contributing to the elimination of infected cells. Hemocytes play a key role in defense mechanisms in invertebrates and previous studies have shown that physical or chemical stress can increase apoptosis in hemocytes in mollusks. However this phenomenon has rarely been investigated in bivalves especially in the flat oyster Ostrea edulis. The apoptotic response of hemocytes from flat oysters, O. edulis, was investigated after exposure to UV and dexamethasone, two agents known to induce apoptosis in vertebrates. Flow cytometry and microscopy were combined to demonstrate that apoptosis occurs in flat oyster hemocytes. Investigated parameters like intracytoplasmic calcium activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and phosphatidyl-serine externalization were significantly modulated in cells exposed to UV whereas dexamethasone only induced an increase of DNA fragmentation. Morphological changes were also observed on UV-treated cells using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Our results confirm the apoptotic effect of UV on hemocytes of O. edulis and suggest that apoptosis is an important mechanism developed by the flat oyster against stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Gervais
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Unité Santé Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Tristan Renault
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Unité Santé Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (Ifremer), Unité Santé Génétique et Microbiologie des Mollusques (SG2M), Laboratoire Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins (LGPMM), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France.
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19
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Gestal C, Castellanos-Martínez S. Understanding the cephalopod immune system based on functional and molecular evidence. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:120-130. [PMID: 25982402 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cephalopods have the most advanced circulatory and nervous system among the mollusks. Recently, they have been included in the European directive which state that suffering and pain should be minimized in cephalopods used in experimentation. The knowledge about cephalopod welfare is still limited and several gaps are yet to be filled, especially in reference to pathogens, pathologies and immune response of these mollusks. In light of the requirements of the normative, in addition to the ecologic and economic importance of cephalopods, in this review we update the work published to date concerning cephalopod immune system. Significant advances have been reached in relation to the characterization of haemocytes and defensive mechanisms comprising cellular and humoral factors mainly, but not limited, in species of high economic value like Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. Moreover, the improvement of molecular approaches has helped to discover several immune-related genes/proteins. These immune genes/proteins include antimicrobial peptides, phenoloxidases, antioxidant enzymes, serine protease inhibitor, lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor, Toll-like receptors, lectins, even clusters of differentiation among others. Most of them have been found in haemocytes but also in gills and digestive gland, and the characterization as well as their precise role in the immune response of cephalopods is still pending to be elucidated. The assessment of immune parameters in cephalopods exposed to contaminants is just starting, but the negative impact of some pollutants on the immune response of the common octopus has been reported. This review summarizes the current status of our knowledge about the cephalopod immune system that seems to be far from simply. On the contrary, the advances gained to date point out a complex innate immunity in cephalopods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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20
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Prado-Alvarez M, Lynch SA, Kane A, Darmody G, Pardo BG, Martínez P, Cotterill J, Wontner-Smith T, Culloty SC. Oral immunostimulation of the oyster Ostrea edulis: Impacts on the parasite Bonamia ostreae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:43-51. [PMID: 25652290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds were orally administered to the native European oyster Ostrea edulis to evaluate the immune response and the progression of infection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia ostreae. The immunostimulants lipopolysaccharide and zymosan directly administrated to the water column induced an increase in lysozyme activity and the percentage of granulocytes in naïve oysters over a period of 7 days. In another set of experiments, zymosan and curdlan were microencapsulated in alginate and also administered to the water column to naïve and B. ostreae infected O. edulis. Oyster mortality, prevalence and intensity of infection and several immune parameters were evaluated up to 28 days post-administration. Lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production and the expression of galectin, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase increased after 24 h in both infected and uninfected oysters. Zymosan immunostimulated oysters displayed a decrease in the prevalence of B. ostreae infection not attributed to mortalities but which could be associated to the enhanced ability of immunostimulants to evoke an enhanced immune response in the oysters and reduce infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prado-Alvarez
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland.
| | - S A Lynch
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - A Kane
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Darmody
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - B G Pardo
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Martínez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - J Cotterill
- The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - T Wontner-Smith
- The Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - S C Culloty
- Aquaculture & Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Science, University College Cork, The Cooperage, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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21
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Li S, Liu Y, Liu C, Huang J, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Morphology and classification of hemocytes in Pinctada fucata and their responses to ocean acidification and warming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:194-202. [PMID: 25882634 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes play important roles in the innate immune response and biomineralization of bivalve mollusks. However, the hemocytes in pearl oysters are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the morphology and classification of hemocytes in the pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata. Three types of hemocytes were successfully obtained by light microscopy, electron microscopy and flow cytometry methods: small hyalinocytes, large hyalinocytes and granulocytes. The small hyalinocytes are the major hemocyte population. Morphological analyses indicated that these hemocytes have species-specific characterizations. In addition, we assessed the potential effects of ocean acidification (OA) and ocean warming (OW) on the immune parameters and calcium homeostasis of the hemocytes. OA and OW (31 °C) altered pH value of hemolymph, increased the total hemocyte count, total protein content, and percentage of large hyalinocytes and granulocytes, while it decreased the neutral red uptake ability, suggesting active stress responses of P. fucata to these stressors. Exposure to OW (25 °C) resulted in no significant differences, indicating an excellent immune defense to heat stress at this level. The outflow of calcium from hemocytes to hemolymph was also determined, implying the potential impact of OA and OW on hemocyte-mediated biomineralization. This study, therefore, provides insight into the classification and characterization of hemocyte in the pearl oyster, P. fucata, and also reveals the immune responses of hemocytes to OA and OW, which are helpful for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of global climate change on pearl oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Li
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjia Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingliang Huang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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22
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Qu T, Zhang L, Wang W, Huang B, Li Y, Zhu Q, Li L, Zhang G. Characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in Crassostrea gigas clarifies its role in apoptosis and immune defense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:74-78. [PMID: 25720977 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins maintain a balance between cell proliferation and cell death by inhibiting caspase activity and facilitating immune responses. In this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific expansion and tandem duplication of IAPs in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. We then investigated a representative oyster-specific XIAP-like gene (CgIAP2) to understand how it regulates initiator caspase. Cloning of full-length CgIAP2 from oyster cDNA uncovered a deduced protein containing two BIR domains and a RING domain. Homolog comparison demonstrated that CgIAP2 clustered into the invertebrate branch. We found that CgIAP2 was likely involved in apoptosis inhibition and immune defense, based on high mRNA expression in the gills and labial palps, as well as increased mRNA expression after bacterial challenge. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that the BIR2 domain was necessary and sufficient to mediate interaction between CgIAP2 and Cgcaspase-2, providing direct evidence that CgIAP2 participates in apoptosis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiang Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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23
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Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Rocchetta I, Nahabedian DE, Conforti V, Luquet CM. Long-term feeding with Euglena gracilis cells modulates immune responses, oxidative balance and metabolic condition in Diplodon chilensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) exposed to living Escherichia coli. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:367-378. [PMID: 25463294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the modulating effect of long-term feeding with lyophilized Euglena gracilis cells on immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Mussels, previously fed with Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV) or E. gracilis (EG) for 90 days, were challenged with an environmentally relevant concentration of Escherichia coli in water for 5 days, under feeding or starvation conditions. EG diet increased overall phagocytic activity and tissue hemocyte accumulation (gill and mantle), and favored hemocyte viability upon E. coli challenge. Tissular hemocyte accumulation, and humoral bacteriolytic activity and protein content were similarly stimulated by EG and E. coli, with no further effect when both stimuli were combined. Both, E. coli challenge and EG diet reduced gill bacteriolytic activity with respect to nonchallenged SV mussels, while no effect was observed in challenged EG mussels. Gill and digestive gland protein contents, along with digestive gland bacteriolytic activity were higher in EG than in SV mussels. Both SV and EG mussels showed increased gill mass upon E. coli challenge, while digestive gland mass was increased by bacterial challenge only in SV mussels. Bacterial challenge produced no effect on humoral reactive oxygen species levels of both groups. Total oxyradical scavenging capacity levels was reduced in challenged SV mussels but remained unaffected in EG ones. In general, EG diet decreased glutathione S-transferase and catalase activities in gill and digestive gland, compared with SV diet; but increased enzyme activity was evident in challenged mussels of both groups. Gill and digestive gland lipid peroxidation levels were higher in EG than in SV mussels but E. coli challenge had stronger effect on SV mussels. Adductor muscle RNA:DNA ratio was higher in EG mussels than in SV ones, and increased upon E. coli challenge in mussels of both groups. E. gracilis can be suggested as a nutritional and protective diet complement suitable for filtering bivalves. However, our results obtained from starved mussels show that starvation periods after supplying this diet should be avoided, since these could revert part of the acquired benefits and/or exacerbate detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniel E Nahabedian
- IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Visitación Conforti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia, 1917 Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, Ruta Provincial N° 61, Km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina
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24
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Mersni-Achour R, Imbert-Auvray N, Huet V, Cheikh YB, Faury N, Doghri I, Rouatbi S, Bordenave S, Travers MA, Saulnier D, Fruitier-Arnaudin I. First description of French V. tubiashii strains pathogenic to mollusk: II. Characterization of properties of the proteolytic fraction of extracellular products. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 123:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Le Pabic C, Goux D, Guillamin M, Safi G, Lebel JM, Koueta N, Serpentini A. Hemocyte morphology and phagocytic activity in the common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:362-373. [PMID: 25066968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the immune system of cephalopods, in spite of their many highly derived characters within the molluscan clade, including a vertebrate-like high-pressure closed circulatory system. Further the economic importance of cephalopod fisheries, potential for aquaculture, and use as ecotoxicology models demand a thorough understanding of their immune system. In this study, we present a comprehensive characterization of hemocytes in the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. Cytological stainings, electron microscopy- and flow cytometry-observations highlight a single granulocyte population with various densities of eosinophilic granules and unstained vesicles. These hemocytes contain acid phosphatase-, lysozyme- and proPO system enzymes, and have high activity in bead phagocytosis assays. Interestingly, bead pre-incubation in plasma results in time-dependent aggregation perhaps resulting from hemocyanin-coating, and decrease in phagocytosis. This study provides the basis for understanding hemocyte-mediated immunity in the common cuttlefish, and essential background for future studies on cephalopod immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Le Pabic
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 54 rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France.
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; CMAbio, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Maryline Guillamin
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; Plateau de cytométrie SFR ICORE, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, F-14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | - Georges Safi
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 54 rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lebel
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 54 rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Noussithé Koueta
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 54 rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
| | - Antoine Serpentini
- Normandie Université, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; Centre de Recherches en Environnement Côtier, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 54 rue du Docteur Charcot, 14530 Luc-sur-Mer, France
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26
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Yue F, Zhou Z, Wang L, Sun R, Jiang Q, Yi Q, Zhang T, Song L. The essential roles of core binding factors CfRunt and CfCBFβ in hemocyte production of scallop Chlamys farreri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:291-302. [PMID: 24462835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Core binding factor (CBF) is a family of heterodimeric transcription factors composed of a DNA-binding CBFα subunit and a non-DNA-binding CBFβ subunit, which plays critical roles in regulating hematopoiesis, osteogenesis and neurogenesis. In the present study, two genes encoding Runt (designed as CfRunt) and CBFβ (designed as CfCBFβ) were cloned and characterized from scallop Chlamys farreri. The full-length cDNA of CfRunt and CfCBFβ consists of 2128 bp and 1729 bp encoding a predicted polypeptide of 530 and 183 amino acids with a conserved Runt domain and CBFβ domain, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that the recombinant CfRunt protein (rCfRunt) exhibited solid ability to bind specific DNA, whereas rCfCBFβ could remarkably increase the DNA-binding affinity of rCfRunt. The mRNA transcripts of CfRunt and CfCBFβ could be detected in all tested tissues, especially in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas or muscle. After bacterial challenge, the circulating total hemocyte count (THC) of scallop reduced to the lowest level at 6h (P<0.05), and then it recovered gradually to the control level at 48-96 h, while the mRNA expressions of CfRunt and CfCBFβ were significant up-regulated between 6 and 48 h (P<0.05). After CfRunt gene was silenced by RNA interference, the hemocyte renewal rate and circulating THC both decreased significantly (P<0.05). However, following the RNA interference of CfRunt, the mRNA expression of CfRunt was significantly induced (P<0.05) and the attenuated hemocyte renewal rate and circulating THC could be repaired partially by LPS stimulation in the CfRunt-silenced scallops. The results collectively indicated that CfRunt and CfCBFβ, as conserved transcription factors, played essential roles in regulating hemocyte production of scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Rd., Qingdao 266071, China.
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27
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Castellanos-Martínez S, Prado-Alvarez M, Lobo-da-Cunha A, Azevedo C, Gestal C. Morphologic, cytometric and functional characterization of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) hemocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:50-58. [PMID: 24296436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hemocytes of Octopus vulgaris were morphologically and functionally characterized. Light and electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), and flow cytometry analyses revealed the existence of two hemocyte populations. Large granulocytes showed U-shaped nucleus, a mean of 11.6 μm±1.2 in diameter with basophilic granules, polysaccharide and lysosomic deposits in the cytoplasm. Small granulocytes measured a mean of 8.1 μm±0.7 in diameter, and have a round nucleus occupying almost the entire cell and few or not granules in the cytoplasm. Flow cytometry analysis showed that large granulocytes are the principal cells that develop phagocytosis of latex beads (rising up to 56%) and ROS after zymosan stimulation. Zymosan induced the highest production of both ROS and NO. This study is the first tread towards understanding the O. vulgaris immune system by applying new tools to provide a most comprehensive morpho-functional study of their hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castellanos-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - M Prado-Alvarez
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Lobo-da-Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - C Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
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28
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Balseiro P, Moreira R, Chamorro R, Figueras A, Novoa B. Immune responses during the larval stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis: metamorphosis alters immunocompetence, body shape and behavior. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:438-447. [PMID: 23684811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the development of the immune system during the larval stages of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The ability of trochophore and veliger larvae to phagocytose foreign particles (Escherichia coli and zymosan) was measured. Phagocytosis was detected as early as 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. However, although there was a high basal production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NRS), the phagocytosis of zymosan did not trigger an associated increase in radical production. In addition, a panel of immune-related mussel genes (Myticin B, Myticin C, Mytilin B, Mytimycin precursor 1, Macrophage migration inhibition factor, lysozyme, C1q, membrane attack complex protein and fibrinogen-related protein) was selected for expression profile analysis throughout the different developmental stages (trochophore, veliger, metamorphosis, post-settlement and spat). The expression of these genes increased during the transition from trochophore to spat, and the level of expression was higher in oocytes than in trochophores, suggesting that gene expression during the first larval stages might be maternal in origin. Metamorphosis was identified as a crucial stage when larvae increased the expression of immune-related genes and responded to environmental signals. Whole-mount in situ hybridization studies showed the mantle edge as an important area in the development of immunocompetence in bivalve larvae. Larvae responded to both live and heat-inactivated bacteria by modulating expression of immune-related genes. Altogether, our results support that during the early stages of M. galloprovincialis development, immune mechanisms emerge to aid larvae in managing infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Balseiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, C.P.36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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29
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Prado-Alvarez M, Flórez-Barrós F, Méndez J, Fernandez-Tajes J. Effect of okadaic acid on carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) haemocytes by in vitro exposure and harmful algal bloom simulation assays. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:189-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Genes of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61502. [PMID: 23626691 PMCID: PMC3634015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalves play vital roles in marine, brackish, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. In recent years, these ecosystems have become affected through anthropogenic activities. The ecological success of marine bivalves is based on the ability to modify their physiological functions in response to environmental changes. One of the most important mechanisms involved in adaptive responses to environmental and biological stresses is apoptosis, which has been scarcely studied in mollusks, although the final consequence of this process, DNA fragmentation, has been frequently used for pollution monitoring. Environmental stressors induce apoptosis in molluscan cells via an intrinsic pathway. Many of the proteins involved in vertebrate apoptosis have been recognized in model invertebrates; however, this process might not be universally conserved. Mytilus galloprovincialis is presented here as a new model to study the linkage between molecular mechanisms that mediate apoptosis and marine bivalve ecological adaptations. Therefore, it is strictly necessary to identify the key elements involved in bivalve apoptosis. In the present study, six mitochondrial apoptotic-related genes were characterized, and their gene expression profiles following UV irradiation were evaluated. This is the first step for the development of potential biomarkers to assess the biological responses of marine organisms to stress. The results confirmed that apoptosis and, more specifically, the expression of the genes involved in this process can be used to assess the biological responses of marine organisms to stress.
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Mosca F, Narcisi V, Calzetta A, Gioia L, Finoia MG, Latini M, Tiscar PG. Effects of high temperature and exposure to air on mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lmk 1819) hemocyte phagocytosis: modulation of spreading and oxidative response. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:198-203. [PMID: 23375726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemocytes are a critical component of the mussel defense system and the present study aims at investigating their spreading and oxidative properties during phagocytosis under in vivo experimental stress conditions. The spreading ability was measured by an automated cell analyzer on the basis of the circularity, a parameter corresponding to the hemocyte roundness. The oxidative activity was investigated by micromethod assay, measuring the respiratory burst as expression of the fluorescence generated by the oxidation of specific probe. Following the application of high temperature and exposure to air, there was evidence of negative modulation of spreading and oxidative response, as revealed by a cell roundness increase and fluorescence generation decrease. Therefore, the fall of respiratory burst appeared as matched with the inhibition of hemocyte morphological activation, suggesting a potential depression of the phagocytosis process and confirming the application of the circularity parameter as potential stress marker, both in experimental and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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