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Strem R, Meiri-Ashkenazi I, Segal N, Ehrlich R, Shashar N, Sharon G. Evaluation of Flathead Grey Mullets ( Mugil cephalus) Immunization and Long-Term Protection against Vibrio harveyi Infection Using Three Different Vaccine Preparations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098277. [PMID: 37175982 PMCID: PMC10179253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, flathead grey mullets (Mugil cephalus) cultured in Eilat (Israel) have been highly affected by Vibrio harveyi, showing neurological signs such as uncoordinated circular swimming followed by high mortality rates. Despite the advances in and different approaches to control vibriosis associated with Vibrio harveyi, including commercial vaccines, most of them have not succeeded in long-term protection. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness, long-term protection, and antibody production of three vaccine preparations: heat-killed bacteria (HKB), membrane proteins denaturation (BME PROT), and internal proteins (INT PROT) developed specifically against Vibrio harveyi for grey mullets. Our results show that fish immunized with heat-killed bacteria emulsified with adjuvant presented the most effective and long-lasting protection against the bacterium, and a cross-protection against other bacteria from the harveyi clade. The effectiveness of each immunization treatment correlated with the levels of specific antibody production against Vibrio harveyi in the serum of the immunized fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Strem
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat 8855630, Israel
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.-National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8811201, Israel
| | - Iris Meiri-Ashkenazi
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.-National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8811201, Israel
| | - Na'ama Segal
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.-National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8811201, Israel
| | - Roberto Ehrlich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.-National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8811201, Israel
| | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat 8855630, Israel
| | - Galit Sharon
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd.-National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 8811201, Israel
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2
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Xu K, Wang Y, Yang W, Cai H, Zhang Y, Huang L. Strategies for Prevention and Control of Vibriosis in Asian Fish Culture. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010098. [PMID: 36679943 PMCID: PMC9862775 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that vibriosis account for about half of the economic losses in Asian fish culture. Consequently, the prevention and control of vibriosis is one of the priority research topics in the field of Asian fish culture disease. Relevant measures have been proposed to control some Vibrios that pose a threat to Asian fish culture, but there are currently only a few effective vaccines available to combat these Vibrios. The purpose of our review is to sum up the main prevention methods and the latest control strategies of seven Vibrio species that cause great harm to Asian aquaculture, including Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio cholerae. Strategies such as antibiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, antimicrobials from plants and other natural sources, as well as vaccines, are compared and discussed here. We expect this review will provide some new views and recommendations for the future better prevention and control of vibriosis in Asian fish culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangping Xu
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yushu Wang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wangxiaohan Yang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Institute of Electromagnetics and Acoustics, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.H.)
| | - Lixing Huang
- Fisheries College, Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Fisheries College, Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (L.H.)
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Ji Q, Wang S, Ma J, Liu Q. A review: Progress in the development of fish Vibrio spp. vaccines. Immunol Lett 2020; 226:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Protective Immunity against Vibrio harveyi in Grouper Induced by Single Vaccination with Poly (Lactide-co-glycolide) Microparticles Releasing Pleurocidin Peptide and Recombinant Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010033. [PMID: 31963816 PMCID: PMC7157564 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide adjuvant, pleurocidin (PLE), and the Vibrio harveyi antigen, recombinant glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (rGAPDH) protein, were encapsulated with poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) polymers in our previous study to produce PLG-encapsulated PLE plus rGAPDH microparticles (PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs) that sustained stable release of both PLE and rGAPDH as well as, after two-time vaccination with MPs, generated long-term protective immunity against V. harveyi in grouper. Stable controlled-release of PLE plus rGAPDH from PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs is an attractive feature for developing an effective single-dose vaccine. In the present study, therefore, we aim to evaluate whether single administration with PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs in grouper would result in protective immunity against V. harveyi. Peritoneal vaccination of grouper with one dose of PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs raised serum titers over a long 12-week period. Moreover, twelve weeks after vaccination, significant lymphocyte proliferation and maximum TNF-α production were found in grouper immunized with a single dose of PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs. More importantly, immune responses elicited by single vaccination with PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs protected 80% of fish against a lethal peritoneal challenge of the highly virulent V. harveyi (Vh MML-1). In conclusion, our data truly reveal the feasibility of the development of a single-dose vaccine against V. harveyi based on PLG-PLE/rGAPDH MPs.
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Anti-Idiotype Vaccine Provides Protective Immunity Against Vibrio Harveyi in Grouper ( Epinephelus Coioides). Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040210. [PMID: 31835332 PMCID: PMC6963308 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since anti-idiotype antibodies (anti-Id Abs) can display internal images similar to the epitopes of the original antigens, we aimed to produce an effective vaccine based on anti-Id Abs to protect grouper from Vibrio harveyi. Anti-Id IgG showing V. harveyi-like internal images was produced from rabbits immunized with the Id portion of grouper anti-V. harveyi antibodies and its Fab portion, anti-Id IgG (Fab), was then prepared to use as the anti-Id vaccine. The resulting anti-Id IgG (Fab) was intraperitoneally injected twice at a 21-day interval into grouper to evaluate its ability to induce effective anti-V. harveyi immunity and protection, in comparison with inactivated V. harveyi bacteria. We found that administration of grouper with anti-Id IgG (Fab) resulted in enhanced V. harveyi-specific serum titers, as well as lymphocyte proliferation. In addition, three weeks after boosting, 90% (18/20) of fish immunized with anti-Id IgG (Fab) survived at least 28 days after a lethal challenge of the heterologous, virulent strain of V. harveyi. The capability of this anti-Id IgG (Fab) to imitate the epitopes of V. harveyi antigens and effectively induce protective immunity would be advantageous for its application in developing an efficacious vaccine against V. harveyi for future farm use in fish.
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Mohd-Aris A, Muhamad-Sofie MHN, Zamri-Saad M, Daud HM, Ina-Salwany MY. Live vaccines against bacterial fish diseases: A review. Vet World 2019; 12:1806-1815. [PMID: 32009760 PMCID: PMC6925058 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1806-1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish diseases are often caused either by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or a combination of these pathogens. Of these, bacterial fish diseases are considered to be a major problem in the aquaculture industry. Hence, the prevention of such diseases by proper vaccination is one of the integral strategies in fish health management, aimed at reducing the fish mortality rate in the aquaculture farms. Vaccination offers an effective yet low-cost solution to combat the risk of disease in fish farming. An appropriate vaccination regime to prevent bacterial diseases offers a solution against the harmful effects of antibiotic applications. This review discusses the role of live-attenuated vaccine in controlling bacterial diseases and the development of such vaccines and their vaccination strategy. The current achievements and potential applications of live-attenuated and combined vaccines are also highlighted. Vaccine development is concluded to be a demanding process, as it must satisfy the requirements of the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslizah Mohd-Aris
- Department of Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Kuala Pilah, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Mohd Daud
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Md Yasin Ina-Salwany
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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7
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen TTT, Chen YC, Vu-Khac H, Wang PC, Chen SC. Enhanced immune responses and effectiveness of refined outer membrane protein vaccines against Vibrio harveyi in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1349-1358. [PMID: 29882295 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis is a severe infection occurring in many commercially important marine fish species. In this study, vaccines containing Vibrio harveyi recombinant outer membrane protein K (rOmpK), outer membrane protein U (rOmpU) and rOmpK-OmpU fusion protein in addition to the metabolizable MontanideTM ISA 763 A VG adjuvant were developed and evaluated in the orange-spotted grouper. The results indicate that recombinant V. harveyi protein-based vaccines resulted in a remarkably higher expression of IL-1β and IL-8 at 24 hr, and greater antibody production, as early as 2 weeks postimmunization. Notably, enhanced immune responses and significant protective efficacy against V. harveyi infections were observed in the fusion protein vaccine-injected fishes with relative per cent survival value of 81.8%. Additionally, the rOmpK-OmpU antisera presented a high bactericidal effect on not only V. harveyi, but also Vibrio parahaermolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. Our results demonstrated that the fusion protein rOmpK-OmpU was an effective vaccine candidate that exhibited potentially great versatility for controlling vibrio infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Trong Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Vu-Khac
- Veterinary Institute of Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Science and Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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8
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Le H, LiHua D, JianJun F, Peng L, SongLin G. Immunogenicity study of an expressed outer membrane protein U of Vibrio vulnificus in Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1642-1654. [PMID: 30106200 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vibrio vulnificus is a common bacterial pathogen causing haemorrhagic septicaemia in eel farming. This study investigates the immunogenicity of an outer membrane protein U (OmpU) of V. vulnificus and the feasibility of the protein as a new subunit vaccine against V. vulnificus. METHODS AND RESULTS Partial gene sequence of the OmpU of V. vulnificus was cloned, and then the OmpU was expressed and purified. Three groups of Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with bovine serum albumin (BSA group), formalin-killed whole cell of V. vulnificus (FKC group) or the expressed OmpU of V. vulnificus (OMP group). On 14, 21, 28 and 42 days postimmunization (dpi), the whole blood cells were collected to evaluate the stimulation index (SI) and bactericidal activity. The serum was obtained to assess the titres of specific antibody, lysozyme activity, complement activity and bactericidal activity. The lysozyme activities in the suspension of kidney, skin mucus and liver in eels were also ascertained. The results showed that the SI and the titres of anti-V. vulnificus antibody in the OMP group was significantly increased on 28 dpi; lysozyme activity in the kidney and skin mucus of OMP group on 42 and 14 dpi were both significantly higher than BSA group; eels in OMP group showed strong bactericidal capacity on 21 and 28 days; and the relative percent survival of OMP vs BSA group after challenged by V. vulnificus on 28 dpi was 80%. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that the expressed OmpU of V. vulnificus could significantly improve the immune function of Japanese eel and the resistance of eels to the infection of V. vulnificus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study offered an alternative preliminary strategy of making aquaculture vaccines against V. vulnificus for eel farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Le
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - D LiHua
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - F JianJun
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - L Peng
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
| | - G SongLin
- Fishery College of Jimei University/Engineering Research Center of the Modern Industry Technology for Eel. Ministry of Education, Xiamen, China
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Nguyen HT, Nguyen TTT, Wang YT, Wang PC, Chen SC. Effectiveness of formalin-killed vaccines containing CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1668 adjuvants against Vibrio harveyi in orange-spotted grouper. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:124-131. [PMID: 28698120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a major bacterial pathogen that causes serious vibriosis in cultured groupers, leading to massive deaths. In this study, we evaluated the immune responses and protective efficacy of vaccines containing V. harveyi formalin-killed cells (FKC) formulated with CpG ODN 1668-enriched plasmids (p30CpG and p60CpG) in the orange-spotted grouper. Results indicated that antibody titres were remarkably increased in vaccinated fish 2 weeks post-immunisation. Expression level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD 8, and toll-like receptor 9 was significantly upregulated in the spleen of fish immunised with CpG ODN 1668-adjuvanted vaccines, as recorded at 6 weeks after immunisation. Additionally, the FKC + p60CpG-vaccinated fish displayed greater mRNA levels of MHC I and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Of note, the relative percent survival after V. harveyi challenge was significantly higher in FKC + p60CpG-vaccinated fish (96.2%) than in FKC + p30CpG-vaccinated (79.8%) and FKC-vaccinated fish (59.9%). These results demonstrate that the FKC + CpG ODN 1668 vaccines are promising candidates that could enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses, conferred remarkable protection, and CpG ODN 1668 is a potential adjuvant for vaccines against V. harveyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Trong Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Science and Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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Immune effects of the vaccine of live attenuated Aeromonas hydrophila screened by rifampicin on common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L). Vaccine 2016; 34:3087-3092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li J, Ma S, Woo NYS. Vaccination of Silver Sea Bream (Sparus sarba) against Vibrio alginolyticus: Protective Evaluation of Different Vaccinating Modalities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:E40. [PMID: 26729096 PMCID: PMC4730285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop more effective immunological strategies to prevent vibriosis of farmed marine fish in Hong Kong and southern China, various vaccine preparations including formalin-, phenol-, chloroform- and heat-killed whole cell bacterins and subcellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS), as well as different administration routes, were investigated. Fish immunized with the subcellular LPS exhibited the best protection [Relative Percent of Survival (RPS) = 100], while fish immunized with whole cell bacterins displayed varying degrees of protection (RPS ranged from 28 to 80), in descending order: formalin-killed > phenol-killed > heat-killed > chloroform-killed bacterins. Regarding various administration routes, fish immunized with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections exhibited the best protection, and the RPS values were 100 or 85 upon higher or lower doses of pathogenic V. alginolyticus challenges. Both oral vaccination and a combination of injection/immersion trial were also effective, which achieved relatively high protection (the RPS values ranged from 45 to 64.3). However, two hyperosmotic immersions could not confer satisfactory protection, especially when fish were exposed to the severe pathogenic bacteria challenge. Marked elevations of serum agglutinating antibody titer were detected in all immunized fish. Macrophage phagocytosis was enhanced significantly, especially in the fish immunized by formalin- and phenol-killed bacterins through various administration routes. Both adaptive (specific antibody) and innate (phagocytic activity) immunity elicited by different immunization strategies were in parallel with the degree of protection offered by each of them. Although all vaccination trials had no significant effect on the serum hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, the circulating lymphocyte counts were significantly elevated in the fish immunized with LPS, formalin- and phenol-killed bacterins. Serum cortisol levels appeared to be reduced in all immunized fish except the trial of hyperosmotic immersion, which indicated the stressful impact on vaccinated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783, USA.
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Norman Y S Woo
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Gliniewicz K, Wildung M, Orfe LH, Wiens GD, Cain KD, Lahmers KK, Snekvik KR, Call DR. Potential mechanisms of attenuation for rifampicin-passaged strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:179. [PMID: 26377311 PMCID: PMC4571129 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiologic agent of bacterial coldwater disease in salmonids. Earlier research showed that a rifampicin-passaged strain of F. psychrophilum (CSF 259-93B.17) caused no disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) while inducing a protective immune response against challenge with the virulent CSF 259–93 strain. We hypothesized that rifampicin passage leads to an accumulation of genomic mutations that, by chance, reduce virulence. To assess the pattern of phenotypic and genotypic changes associated with passage, we examined proteomic, LPS and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences for two F. psychrophilum strains (CSF 259–93 and THC 02–90) that were passaged with and without rifampicin selection. Results Rifampicin resistance was conveyed by expected mutations in rpoB, although affecting different DNA bases depending on the strain. One rifampicin-passaged CSF 259–93 strain (CR) was attenuated (4 % mortality) in challenged fish, but only accumulated eight nonsynonymous SNPs compared to the parent strain. A CSF 259–93 strain passaged without rifampicin (CN) accumulated five nonsynonymous SNPs and was partially attenuated (28 % mortality) compared to the parent strain (54.5 % mortality). In contrast, there were no significant change in fish mortalities among THC 02–90 wild-type and passaged strains, despite numerous SNPs accumulated during passage with (n = 174) and without rifampicin (n = 126). While only three missense SNPs were associated with attenuation, a Ser492Phe rpoB mutation in the CR strain may contribute to further attenuation. All strains except CR retained a gliding motility phenotype. Few proteomic differences were observed by 2D SDS-PAGE and there were no apparent changes in LPS between strains. Comparative methylome analysis of two strains (CR and TR) identified no shared methylation motifs for these two strains. Conclusion Multiple genomic changes arose during passage experiments with rifampicin selection pressure. Consistent with our hypothesis, unique strain-specific mutations were detected for the fully attenuated (CR), partially attenuated (CN) and another fully attenuated strain (B17). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0518-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Gliniewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.
| | - Mark Wildung
- Molecular Biology and Genomics Core, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Lisa H Orfe
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- USDA-ARS-National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Leetown, WV, USA.
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
| | - Kevin K Lahmers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Kevin R Snekvik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Douglas R Call
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Zhang BC, Sun L, Xiao ZZ, Hu YH. Quantitative real time RT-PCR study of pathogen-induced gene expression in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): internal controls for data normalization. Mar Genomics 2014; 15:75-84. [PMID: 24657097 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus is an important economic fish species. In this study, we evaluated the appropriateness of six housekeeping genes as internal controls for quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of gene expression in rock bream before and after pathogen infection. The expression of the selected genes in eight tissues infected with Vibrio alginolyticus or megalocytivirus was determined by RT-qPCR, and the PCR data were analyzed with geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The results showed that before pathogen infection, mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 8 and β-actin were ranked as the most stable genes across the examined tissues. After bacterial or viral infection, the stabilities of the housekeeping genes varied to significant extents in tissue-dependent manners, and no single pair of genes was identified as suitable references for all tissues for either of the pathogen stimuli. In addition, for the majority of tissues, the most stable genes during bacterial infection differed from those during viral infection. Nevertheless, optimum reference genes were identified for each tissue under different conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that tissue type and the nature of the infectious agent used in the study can all influence the choice of normalization factors, and that the optimum reference genes identified in this study will provide a useful guidance for the selection of internal controls in future RT-PCR study of gene expression in rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-cun Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhi-zhong Xiao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yong-hua Hu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Yu LP, Hu YH, Sun BG, Sun L. Immunological study of the outer membrane proteins of Vibrio harveyi: insights that link immunoprotectivity to interference with bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1293-1300. [PMID: 23932987 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a bacterial pathogen that affects marine vertebrates and invertebrates. In this study, we identified 13 outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from a pathogenic V. harveyi strain and analyzed their immunological properties. In vivo immunogenicity analysis showed that antibodies specific to recombinant proteins of the 13 OMPs were detected in the antiserum of V. harveyi-infected rat. When used as subunit vaccines to immunize Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), all OMPs were able to elicit specific serum antibody production in the vaccinated fish; however, only two OMPs (OMP173 and OMP214) induced high levels (>70%) of relative percent survival. Pre-incubation of V. harveyi with the antisera of protective OMPs significantly impaired bacterial infectivity against peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL), whereas the antisera of non-protective OMPs had no apparent effect on infection. OMP173 antibodies could bind whole V. harveyi cells and exhibit bactericidal effect in a complement-dependent manner. Passive immunization showed that fish received OMP173 antiserum before being infected with V. harveyi exhibited significantly reduced mortality rate and lower bacterial loads in liver, spleen, and kidney. Finally, treatment of FG cells with OMP173 prior to V. harveyi infection protected the cells from bacterial invasion to a significant extent. Take together, these results indicate that two of the examined OMPs induce protective immunity through production of specific antibodies that block bacterial invasion, and that one OMP is likely to be involved in host cell interaction during the infection process. Thus, the immunoprotectivity of the OMPs is probably associated with functional participations of the OMPs in bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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