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Nakharuthai C, Boonanuntanasarn S, Kaewda J, Manassila P. Isolation of Potential Probiotic Bacillus spp. from the Intestine of Nile Tilapia to Construct Recombinant Probiotic Expressing CC Chemokine and Its Effectiveness on Innate Immune Responses in Nile Tilapia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:986. [PMID: 36978530 PMCID: PMC10044694 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential probiotic Bacillus spp. from the intestine of Nile tilapia in order to construct a recombinant probiotic for the enhancement of the Nile tilapia immune response. One hundred bacterial isolates from the intestine of Nile tilapia were characterized for species identification using the 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Only Bacillus isolates with exhibited antagonistic activity were investigated for their biological functions, which included protease-producing capacity, bile salts and pH tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, and pathogenicity tests. According to the best results, Bacillus isolate B29, as closely related to B. subtilis, was selected to construct a recombinant probiotic for the delivery of CC chemokine protein (pBESOn-CC). The existence of recombinant probiotics was confirmed by Western blotting before the feeding trial. In addition, the CC chemokine mRNA level was quantified in the intestine of fish fed probiotics after 30 days of feeding. Total immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity, alternative complement 50 activity (ACH50), and phagocytic activity of fish fed either wild-type or recombinant probiotics were significantly increased, indicating that probiotics could stimulate the Nile tilapia immune system through different processes. Interestingly, the dietary supplementation of recombinant probiotics has a stronger immune response enhancement than the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatsirin Nakharuthai
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Advances in chemokines of teleost fish species. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yang X, Wu Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Cao Z, Ao J, Sun Y, Zhou Y. CC chemokine 1 protein from Cromileptes altivelis (CaCC1) promotes antimicrobial immune defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:102-112. [PMID: 35240293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells. In addition to their roles in immune surveillance, localization of antigen, and lymphocyte trafficking for the maintenance of homeostasis, chemokines also function in induce immune cell migration under pathological conditions. In the present study, a novel CC chemokine gene (CaCC1) from humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis) was cloned and characterized. CaCC1 comprised a 435 bp open reading frame encoding 144 amino acid residues. The putative molecular weight of CaCC1 protein was 15 kDa CaCC1 contains four characteristic cysteines that are conserved in other known CC chemokines. CaCC1 also shares 11.64%-90.28% identity with other teleost and mammal CC chemokines. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CaCC1 is most closely related to Epinephelus coioides EcCC1, both of which are in a fish-specific CC chemokine clade. CaCC1 was constitutively expressed in all examined C. altivelis tissues, with high expression levels in skin, heart, liver, and intestine. Vibrio harveyi stimulation up-regulated CaCC1 expression levels in liver, spleen, and head-kidney. Functional analyses revealed that the recombinant protein (rCaCC1) could induce the migration of head-kidney lymphocytes from C. altivelis. Moreover, rCaCC1 significantly enhanced phagocytosis in head-kidney macrophages from C. altivelis. In addition, rCaCC1 exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Edwardsiella tarda, and V. harveyi. In vivo, CaCC1 overexpression improved bacterial clearance in V. harveyi infected fish. Conversely, CaCC1 knockdown resulted in a significant decrease of bacterial clearance. These results demonstrate the important roles that CaCC1 plays in homeostasis and in inflammatory response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Guisen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
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Lee PT, Nan FH, Chiu PY, Tseng CC, Lee MC. Sarcodia suiae Water Extract Promotes the Expression of Proinflammatory and Th1-Type Cytokines and Delay the Onset of Mortality in Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) During Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801501. [PMID: 35140710 PMCID: PMC8820276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is a marine fish of high economic value that grows at a fast rate. However, intensive fish farming has led to disease outbreaks in cobia cultures, which is highly costly to the industry. The impact of infectious diseases on cobia production has led to the inappropriate and increased use of chemicals and antibiotics, which negatively affects the environment and human health and promotes the spread of drug-resistant pathogens. Hence, prophylactic measurements, such as the use of immunomodulators, are required to improve the health of cultured animals against pathogens. In this study, we examined the effects of Sarcodia suiae water extract (SSWE) in cobia in vitro and in vivo. We found that treatment with SSWE could significantly increase the expression of cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α) and chemokines (e.g., IL-8) in primary cultured head kidney leukocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of SSWE (20 μg/g body weight) promoted higher expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, chemokines (e.g., CC1), and antibodies (e.g., IgT) in head kidney and spleen tissues of the fish compared with other dose levels. Additionally, we describe for the second time (only after India) of the isolation of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae (Phdd) from a deadly epizootic in cage-farmed cobia. An intraperitoneal inoculation of SSWE before Phdd challenge showed that SSWE treatment could delay the onset of mortality of cobia. Finally, fish that received SSWE intraperitoneally before infection with Phdd exhibited elevated expression of Th1-type cytokines, namely, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. At the same time, the expression of Th2-related factors (such as IL-10 in the head kidney, and IgM and IgT in the spleen) were lower for the fish that received SSWE instead of PBS before the Phdd challenge. The results indicate that SSWE treatment facilitates the induction of Th1-type cytokines in cobia to fight against Phdd infection and has the potential to be used as an immunostimulant and vaccine adjuvant for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Tseng
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chung-Chih Tseng, ; Meng-Chou Lee,
| | - Meng-Chou Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chung-Chih Tseng, ; Meng-Chou Lee,
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Kim JW, Cho JY, Kim DG, Nam BH, Nho ES, Kim BS, Kim YO, Kong HJ. Establishment of Conditions for Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Embryonic Cell Cultures from Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:207-214. [PMID: 33110952 PMCID: PMC7576961 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary cell culture is a sufficient method frequently used to study the cellular
properties and mechanisms of isolated cells in a controlled environment. In this
study, an embryonic cell line (FGBC8) derived from the blastula stages of
embryos of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was developed.
Furthermore, conditions for optimal long-term maintenance of this primary
embryonic cell culture were investigated. Morphologically, FGBC8 cells were
composed primarily of epithelial-like cells. FGBC8 cells were subcultured for
>160 passages over ~830 days. The doubling time of FGBC8 cells was
73.8 h, and the modal diploid chromosome number was 48. FGBC8 cells transfected
with green fluorescence protein (GFP)-expression plasmid exhibited a strong
signal 48 h after transfection. Consequently, we demonstrated that fish serum is
a crucial supplement for the long-term survival and maintenance of comparable
morphology in these primary embryonic cells. Our results can be used as a guide
for primary embryonic cell cultures for other fish species and may be useful for
cell biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Ja Young Cho
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Eun-Soo Nho
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Korea
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Wang J, Meng Z, Wang G, Fu Q, Zhang M. A CCL25 chemokine functions as a chemoattractant and an immunomodulator in black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:161-170. [PMID: 32135342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that are classified into four groups, one of which is called CC chemokines. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of a CCL25 chemokine was identified from black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (named as SsCCL25) by EST (expressed sequence tag) analysis. The cDNA of SsCCL25 consisted of a 5-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 74 bp, a 3-UTR of 882 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 303 bp encoding a polypeptide of 100 amino acids with the putative molecular mass of 11.5 kDa. There was a SCY domain in the deduced amino acid sequence of SsCCL25. The phylogenetic relationships and syntenic analyses provided evidences for the identities of SsCCL25 with CCL25 group. The mRNA transcripts of SsCCL25 were expressed in all detected tissues and dominantly in liver, muscle and gill. Moreover, after Vibrio anguillarum stimulation, the mRNA expression levels of SsCCL25 were significantly up-regulated at 24 h (p < 0.05) in the liver and during 4-8 h (p < 0.05) in the spleen. Recombinant SsCCL25 protein induced chemotaxis of both control and LPS-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and enhanced their resistance to bacterial infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, rSsCCL25 showed significant inhibitory effect on V. anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda growth. All these results collectively indicated that SsCCL25 might contribute to the defense against microbe infection and function as a chemoattractant in black rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Zhaoqi Meng
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Kim KH, Kim WJ, Park CJ, Park JW, Noh GE, Lee S, Lee YM, Kim HC. Analysis of Manifestation of CC and CXC Chemokine Genes in Olive Flounders ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Artificially Infected with VHSV during the Early Developmental Stage. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:341-350. [PMID: 30680333 PMCID: PMC6344357 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.4.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines is a small protein that plays a major role in inflammatory reactions
and viral infections as a chemotactic factor of cytokines involved in innate
immunity. Most of the chemokines belong to the chemokine groups CC and CXC. To
investigate the immune system of the olive flounder (Paralichthys
olivaceus), an expression pattern specifically induced in the early
developmental stages of analysis is examined using qRT-PCR. We also examined
tissue-specific expression of both CC and CXC chemokine in healthy olive
flounder samples. CC and CXC chemokine shows increased expression after
immune-related organs are formed compared to expression during early
development. CC chemokine was more highly expressed in the fin, but CXC
chemokine showed higher expression in the gills, spleen, intestines, and
stomach. Spatial and temporal expression analysis of CC and CXC chemokine were
performed following viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. CC
chemokine showed high expression in the gills, which are respiratory organs,
whereas CXC chemokine was more highly expressed in the kidneys, an
immune-related organ. These results suggest that CC and CXC chemokine play an
important role in the immune response of the olive flounder, and may be used as
basic data for the immunological activity and gene analysis of it as well as
other fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hee Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Choul-Ji Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Gyeong Eon Noh
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Seunghyung Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Young Mee Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Geojesi 53334, Korea
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Nakharuthai C, Areechon N, Srisapoome P. Molecular characterization, functional analysis, and defense mechanisms of two CC chemokines in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to severely pathogenic bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:207-228. [PMID: 26853931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two full-length cDNAs encoding CC chemokine genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (On-CC1 and On-CC2) were cloned and characterized. On-CC1 and On-CC2 showed signature cysteine motifs consisting of four cysteines. The expression levels of On-CC1 and On-CC2 were analyzed by RT-PCR, which showed that low expression of these two genes was only observed in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and spleen of normal fish. Expression levels of these two molecules were quantified in 13 tissues of fish infected with virulent strains of Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare. Most tissues, especially PBLs, the spleen and the liver, expressed significantly higher mRNA levels than the controls, particularly at 12 and 24 h after infection (P < 0.05). The current study strongly indicates that CC chemokine genes in Nile tilapia are crucially involved in the early immune responses to pathogens. Functional analyses clearly demonstrated that 10 and 100 μg/ml of recombinant rOn-CC1 and rOn-CC2 proteins efficiently enhanced the phagocytic activity (in vitro) of Nile tilapia phagocytes. Finally, Southern blot analysis and searching in Ensembl databases demonstrated that two different functional CC chemokine genes and other pseudogene fragments were discovered in the Nile tilapia genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatsirin Nakharuthai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Bird S, Tafalla C. Teleost Chemokines and Their Receptors. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:756-84. [PMID: 26569324 PMCID: PMC4690017 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of cytokines that appeared about 650 million years ago, at the emergence of vertebrates, and are responsible for regulating cell migration under both inflammatory and physiological conditions. The first teleost chemokine gene was reported in rainbow trout in 1998. Since then, numerous chemokine genes have been identified in diverse fish species evidencing the great differences that exist among fish and mammalian chemokines, and within the different fish species, as a consequence of extensive intrachromosomal gene duplications and different infectious experiences. Subsequently, it has only been possible to establish clear homologies with mammalian chemokines in the case of some chemokines with well-conserved homeostatic roles, whereas the functionality of other chemokine genes will have to be independently addressed in each species. Despite this, functional studies have only been undertaken for a few of these chemokine genes. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of chemokine biology in teleost fish. We have mainly focused on those species for which more research efforts have been made in this subject, specifically zebrafish (Daniorerio), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) and catfish (Ictaluruspunctatus), outlining which genes have been identified thus far, highlighting the most important aspects of their expression regulation and addressing any known aspects of their biological role in immunity. Finally, we summarise what is known about the chemokine receptors in teleosts and provide some analysis using recently available data to help characterise them more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Bird
- Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Waikato 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos, Madrid 28130, Spain.
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Wang MQ, Chi H, Li MF. A CCL21 chemokine of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) promotes host resistance against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:461-469. [PMID: 26416599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines. Based on the arrangement of the first two cysteine residues, chemokines are divided into four groups, one of which is the CC chemokine group. In this study, we characterized a CC chemokine, CsCCL21, from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and analyzed its activity. CsCCL21 contains two conserved N-terminal cysteine residues in a NCCL motif and is phylogenetically related to the CCL19/21/25 subgroup of CC chemokines. CsCCL21 was constitutively expressed in nine tissues and significantly upregulated by bacterial and viral infection. The recombinant CsCCL21 (rCsCCL21) induced migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. When the two conserved cysteine residues in the NCCL motif were mutated, the chemotactic activity of rCsCCL21 was abolished. rCsCCL21 enhanced the resistance of tongue sole against bacterial infection, but the mutant protein with NCCL mutation lacked this antibacterial effect. Taken together, these results suggest that CsCCL21 is a functional CC chemokine with the ability to recruit leukocytes and is involved in antibacterial immunity in a manner that requires the conserved NCCL motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Arockiaraj J, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Dhayanithi NB, Arshad A, Harikrishnan R, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA. Fish chemokines 14, 20 and 25: A comparative statement on computational analysis and mRNA regulation upon pathogenic infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:221-230. [PMID: 26363233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a molecular characterization of three CC chemokines namely, CsCC-Chem14, CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 which are were identified from the established cDNA library of striped murrel Channa striatus. Multiple sequence alignment of all the three chemokines revealed the presence of gene specific domains and motifs including small cytokine domain, IL8 like domain, receptor binding site and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding sites. Three dimensional structures of the chemokines under study showed an important facet on their anti-microbial property. Tissue specific mRNA expression showed that the CsCC-Chem14 is highly expressed in spleen, CsCC-Chem20 in liver and CsCC-Chem25 in trunk kidney. On challenge C. striatus with oomycete fungus Aphanomyces invadans, both CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 showed significant (P < 0.05) up-regulation compared to CsCC-Chem14. The increase in the expression levels of CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 due to infection showed that they are antimicrobial proteins. But considering the CsCC-Chem14 expression, it is found to be a constitutive chemokine and is involved in homeostatic function in spleen of C. striatus. C. striatus challenged with bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila also exhibited different up-regulation pattern in all the three chemokines at various time points. However, extensive studies are required to determine the functional activities of CsCC-Chem14, CsCC-Chem20 and CsCC-Chem25 in vitro and in vivo to gain more knowledge at the molecular and proteomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Prasanth Bhatt
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Aziz Arshad
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Arockiaraj J, Bhatt P, Harikrishnan R, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA. Molecular and functional roles of 6C CC chemokine 19 in defense system of striped murrel Channa striatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:817-27. [PMID: 26057460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported the molecular information of chemokine-19 (Chem19) from striped murrel Channa striatus (Cs). CsCC-Chem19 cDNA sequence was 555 base pair (bp) in length which is 68bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), 339bp translated region and 149bp 3' UTR. The translated region is encoded for a polypeptide of 112 amino acids. CsCC-Chem19 peptide contains a signal sequence between 1 and 26 and an interleukin (IL) 8 like domain between 24 and 89. The multiple sequence alignment showed a 'DCCL' motif, an indispensable motif present in all CC chemokines which was conserved throughout the evolution. Phylogenetic tree showed that CsCC-Chem19 formed a cluster with chemokine 19 from fishes. Secondary structure of CsCC-Chem19 revealed that the peptide contains maximum amount of coils (61.6%) compared to α-helices (25.9%%) and β-sheet (12.5%). Further, 3D analysis indicated that the cysteine residues at 33, 34, 59 and 75 making the disulfide bridges as 33 = 59 and 34 = 75. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest CsCC-Chem19 mRNA expression was observed in blood and it was up-regulated upon fungus and bacterial infection. Utilizing the coding region of CsCC-Chem19, recombinant CsCC-Chem19 protein was produced. The recombinant CsCC-Chem19 protein induced the cellular proliferation and respiratory burst activity of C. striatus peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the chemotactic activity showed that the recombinant CsCC-Chem19 significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the movement of PBL of C. striatus. Conclusively, CsCC-Chem19 is a 6C CC chemokine having an ability to perform both inflammatory and homeostatic functions. However, further research is necessary to understand the potential of 6C CC chemokine 19 of C. striatus, particularly their regulatory ability on different cellular components in the defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Prasanth Bhatt
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur, 603 203 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Kanchipuram 631 501, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Hu YH, Zhang J. CsCCL17, a CC chemokine of Cynoglossus semilaevis, induces leukocyte trafficking and promotes immune defense against viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:771-779. [PMID: 26052018 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokines are the largest subfamily of chemokines, which are important components of the innate immune system. To date, sequences of several CC chemokines have been identified in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis); however, the activities and functions of these putative chemokines remain unknown. Herein, we characterized a CC chemokine, CsCCL17, from tongue sole, and examined its activity. CsCCL17 contains a 303 bp open reading frame, which encodes a polypeptide of 100 amino acids with a molecular mass of 12 kDa CsCCL17 is phylogenetically related to the CCL17/22 group of CC chemokines and possesses the typical arrangement of four cysteines and an SCCR motif found in known CC chemokines. Under normal physiological conditions, CsCCL17 expression was detected in spleen, liver, heart, gill, head kidney, muscle, brain, and intestine. When the fish were infected by bacterial and viral pathogens, CsCCL17 expression was significantly up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. Chemotactic analysis showed that recombinant CsCCL17 (rCsCCL17) induced migration of peripheral blood leukocytes. A mutagenesis study showed that when the two cysteine residues in the SCCR motif were replaced by serine, no apparent chemotactic activity was observed in the mutant protein rCsCCL17M. rCsCCL17 enhanced the resistance of tongue sole against viral infection, but rCsCCL17M lacked this antiviral effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that CsCCL17 is a functional CC chemokine with the ability to recruit leukocytes and enhance host immune defense in a manner that requires the conserved SCCR motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhang L, Zhang BC, Hu YH. Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) IL-12p40: identification, expression, and effect on bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:312-320. [PMID: 24875010 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-12p40, also called IL-12β, is a subunit of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23. In teleost, IL-12p40 homologues have been identified in several species, however, the biological function of fish IL-12p40 is essentially unknown. In this work, we reported the identification and analysis of an IL-12p40, OfIL-12p40, from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). OfIL-12p40 is composed of 361 amino acids and possesses a conserved IL-12p40 domain and a WSxWS signature motif characteristic of known IL-12p40. Constitutive expression of OfIL-12p40 occurred in multiple tissues and was highest in kidney. Experimental infection with bacterial pathogen upregulated the expression of OfIL-12p40 in kidney and spleen in a time-dependent manner. Purified recombinant OfIL-12p40 (rOfIL-12p40) stimulated the respiratory burst activity of peripheral blood leukocytes in a dose-dependent manner. rOfIL-12p40 also enhanced the resistance of rock bream against bacterial infection and upregulated the expression of innate immune genes in kidney. Taken together, these results indicate that OfIL-12p40 possesses cytokine-like property and plays a role in immune defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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15
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Kim JW, Shim SH, Lee JH, Jeong JM, Park CI. Recombinant thioredoxin 1 protein: the immune-adjuvant effect of Streptococcus iniae and its safety in rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:152-157. [PMID: 24830770 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant is an immune enhancer commonly used during vaccination to enhance the host immune response. In the present study, we analysed the recombinant protein produced from rock bream thioredoxin 1 cDNA (rRbTRx1). To verify the immune-stimulatory effect of this recombinant protein, changes in the expression level of several genes were investigated using the cDNA microarray chips in rock bream peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with rRbTRx1. Furthermore, the immune responses of rock bream to Streptococcus iniae FKC (formalin-killed cell) vaccination alone or in combination with recombinant proteins were analysed after an experimental challenge with living S. iniae. Microarray analysis showed that 237 unique genes were upregulated more than two-fold after rRbTRx1 stimulation. Serum agglutination titres were relatively low; however, the FKC vaccine still conferred protection against S. iniae. Moreover, the adverse effects showed no statistically significant difference between fish injected with a concentration and non-injected fish. After experimental challenge to the rock bream by injection with living bacteria (S. iniae), the relative percent survival in the vaccinated groups with FKC + rRbTRx1 was significantly higher than that of the vaccinated groups with FKC alone, which were 85.9% and 68.2%, respectively. This indicated that the recombinant protein as an adjuvant showed synergism with the injected vaccine in rock bream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Rhee JS, Jeong CB, Kim DH, Kim IC, Lee YS, Lee C, Lee JS. Immune gene discovery in the crucian carp Carassius auratus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:240-251. [PMID: 24287371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The crucian carp Carassius auratus (Cyprinidae) is one of the important fish species in aquaculture. Although the crucian carp has several economic benefits, their immune system and gene information have not been investigated in depth as yet. Here, we performed the transcriptome analysis of C. auratus using the pyrosequencing method and selected several immune-related genes. Of unigenes obtained in this species, we identified a number of immune system-related genes (e.g. adhesive protein, antimicrobial protein, apoptosis- and cell cycle-related protein, cellular defense effector, immune regulator, pattern recognition protein, protease, protease inhibitor, reduction/oxidation-related protein, signal transduction-related protein and stress protein) that are potentially useful for studies on fish immunity. To be of public and practical use, we designed primer pairs of each gene from the crucian carp for real-time RT-PCR application and tested the amplicon identity of entire gene sets with the total RNA sample. For comparative analysis, we measured tissue-preferential transcript profiles of selected genes. This study will be helpful to extend our knowledge on the immune system of the crucian carp in comparative aspects and to develop the crucian carp as a potential model organism for aquatic quality monitoring in fish farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Rhee
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Convergence, Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Yong Sung Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Chulwoo Lee
- Research Strategy & Planning Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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Palanisamy R, Bhatt P, Kumaresan V, Chaurasia MK, Gnanam AJ, Pasupuleti M, Kasi M, Arockiaraj J. A redox active site containing murrel cytosolic thioredoxin: analysis of immunological properties. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:141-150. [PMID: 24516870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported the immunological properties of cDNA encoding thioredoxin which is obtained from the database of Channa striatus (named as CsTRx) cDNA library. The analysis showed that the CsTRx polypeptide contains a thioredoxin domain between Val(2) and Asn(106). The domain possessed a thioredoxin active family at 24–42 along with a redox active site (also known as catalytic center) at (31)WCGPC(35). The analysis showed that the catalytic center is responsible for the control of protein function. Phylogenetic study showed that CsTRx clustered together with vertebrate TRx-1. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and other bioinformatics analysis, it is confirmed that the characterized CsTRx belongs to TRx-1 family. In addition, the sub-cellular localization prediction analysis showed that CsTRx is a cytosol thioredoxin. The highest gene expression was observed in gill (P < 0.05). Further, its transcriptional modulation was evaluated under fungal (Aphanomyces invadans), bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila) and H2O2 challenges. The recombinant CsTRx protein was over-expressed and purified using an Escherichia coli expression vector system. We conducted a H2O2 peroxidase assay using recombinant CsTRx protein under various pH and temperature. Further, we studied the influence of recombinant CsTRx protein on C. striatus spleen leukocyte activation. The recombinant CsTRx protein enhanced the cell proliferation in a concentration dependant manner. The results of antioxidant analysis showed that the antioxidant capacity of recombinant CsTRx protein was determined to be 4.2 U/mg protein. We conducted an insulin disulfides assay to study the enzymatic oxidoreductase activity of CsTRx and we observed no activity in the control group. But the recombinant CsTRx protein addition rapidly increased the enzymatic oxidoreductase activity. Over all, the results showed that the CsTRx may contain potential antioxidant properties, which could regulate the oxidative stress created by various biological pathogens as well as chemical stress in the immune system of C. striatus, thus protecting it.
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Immunological role of C4 CC chemokine-1 from snakehead murrel Channa striatus. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:292-301. [PMID: 24231766 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have reported a cDNA sequence of C4 CC chemokine identified from snakehead murrel (also known as striped murrel) Channa striatus (named as CsCC-Chem-1) normalized cDNA library constructed by Genome Sequencing FLX™ Technology (GS-FLX™). CsCC-Chem-1 is 641 base pairs (bp) long that contain 438 bp open reading frame (ORF). The ORF encodes a polypeptide of 146 amino acids with a molecular mass of 15 kDa. The polypeptide contains a small cytokine domain at 30-88. The domain carries the CC motif at Cys(33)-Cys(34). In addition, CsCC-Chem-1 consists of another two cysteine residues at C(59) and C(73), which, together with C(33) and C(34), make CsCC-Chem-1 as a C4-CC chemokine. CsCC-Chem-1 also contains a 'TCCT' motif at 32-35 as CC signature motif; this new motif may represent new characteristic features, which may lead to some unknown function that needs to be further focused on. Phylogenitically, CsCC-Chem-1 clustered together with CC-Chem-1 from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Significantly (P<0.05) highest gene expression was noticed in spleen and is up-regulated upon fungus (Aphanomyces invadans), bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) and virus (poly I:C) infection at various time points. The gene expression results indicate the influence of CsCC-Chem-1 in the immune system of murrel. Overall, the gene expression study showed that the CsCC-Chem-1 is a capable gene to increase the cellular response against various microbial infections. Further, we cloned the coding sequence of CsCC-Chem-1 in pMAL vector and purified the recombinant protein to study the functional properties. The cell proliferation activity of recombinant CsCC-Chem-1 protein showed a significant metabolic activity in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, the chemotaxis assay showed the capability of recombinant CsCC-Chem-1 protein which can induce the migration of spleen leukocytes in C. striatus. However, this remains to be verified further at molecular and proteomic level.
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Chen C, Hu YH, Xiao ZZ, Sun L. SmCCL19, a CC chemokine of turbot Scophthalmus maximus, induces leukocyte trafficking and promotes anti-viral and anti-bacterial defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1677-82. [PMID: 24012750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are classified into several different subfamilies, of which CC chemokines constitute the largest subfamily in teleost. The prominent structural characteristic of CC chemokines is the presence of an Asp-Cys-Cys-Leu (DCCL) motif. To date, cDNA sequences of several CC chemokines have been identified in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), however, the activity and function of these putative chemokines remain unknown. In this study, we examined the biological effect of the turbot CC chemokine SmCCL19, which has been previously reported as KC70 and shown to be regulated in expression by bacterial infection. To facilitate functional analysis, recombinant SmCCL19 (rSmCCL19) and a mutant form of SmCCL19, SmCCL19M, that bears serine substitutions at the two cysteine residues of the DCCL motif were purified from Escherichia coli. Chemotactic analysis showed that rSmCCL19 induced migration of head kidney leukocytes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas rSmCCL19M caused no apparent cellular migration. To examine the in vivo effect of rSmCCL19, turbot were administered with rSmCCL19 or rSmCCL19M before being inoculated with viral and bacterial pathogens. Subsequent tissue infection analysis showed that the viral and bacterial loads in rSmCCL19-adminsitered fish were significantly reduced, whereas the pathogen loads in rSmCCL19M-adminsitered fish were largely comparable to those in the control fish. Consistent with these observations, significant inductions of immune relevant genes were observed in rSmCCL19-adminsitered fish but not in rSmCCL19M-adminsitered fish. Taken together, these results indicate that SmCCL19 recruits leukocytes and augments host immune defense in a manner that depends on the conserved DCCL motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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