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Zahran E, Ahmed F, Hassan Z, Ibrahim I, Khaled AA, Palić D, El Sebaei MG. Toxicity Evaluation, Oxidative, and Immune Responses of Mercury on Nile Tilapia: Modulatory Role of Dietary Nannochloropsis oculata. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1752-1766. [PMID: 37491615 PMCID: PMC10859351 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the potential ameliorative effect of a dietary immune modulator, Nannochloropsis oculata microalga, on the mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced toxicity of Nile tilapia. Nile tilapia (45-50 g) were fed a control diet or exposed to ¼ LC50 of HgCl2 (0.3 mg/L) and fed on a medicated feed supplemented with N. oculata (5% and 10% (50 or 100 g/kg dry feed)) for 21 days. Growth and somatic indices, Hg2+ bioaccumulation in muscles, and serum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were investigated. Antioxidant and stress-related gene expression analyses were carried out in gills and intestines. Histopathological examinations of gills and intestines were performed to monitor the traits associated with Hg2+ toxicity or refer to detoxification. Hg2+ toxicity led to significant musculature bioaccumulation, inhibited AChE activity, downregulated genes related to antioxidants and stress, and elicited histopathological changes in the gills and intestine. Supplementation with N. oculata at 10% was able to upregulate the anti-oxidative-related genes while downregulated the stress apoptotic genes in gills and intestines compared to the unexposed group. In addition, minor to no histopathological traits were detected in the gills and intestines of the N. oculata-supplemented diets. Our data showed the benefit of dietary N. oculata in suppressing Hg2+ toxicity, which might support its efficacy as therapeutic/preventive agent to overcome environmental heavy metal pollution in aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Hassan
- Fish Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Iman Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Khaled
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Dušan Palić
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Mahmoud G El Sebaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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2
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Luo X, Fu X, Zhang M, Liang H, Niu Y, Lin Q, Ma B, Liu L, Li N. Development of a New Marine Fish Continuous Cell Line Derived from Brain of Red Sea Bream ( Pagrosomus major) and Its Application to Fish Virology and Heavy Metal Toxicology. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3524. [PMID: 38003142 PMCID: PMC10668679 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream (Pagrosomus major) is one of the most popular farmed marine teleost fish species. Fish cell lines are becoming important research tool in the aquaculture field, and they are suitable models to study fish virology, immunology and toxicology. To obtain a Pagrosomus major cell line for biological studies, a continuous cell line from brain of red sea bream (designated as RSBB cell line) was established and has been successfully subcultured over 100 passages. The RSBB cell line predominantly consisted of fibroblast-like cells and multiplied well in M199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 28 °C. Karyotyping analysis indicated that the modal chromosome numbers of RSBB cells was 48. After transfection with pEGFP-N1, RSBB cells showed bright green fluorescence with a transfection efficiency approaching 8%. For toxicology study, it was demonstrated that metal Cd could induce cytotoxic effects of RSBB cells, accompanied with a dose-dependent MTT conversion capacity. Morphologically, cells treated with metal Cd produced rounding, shrinking and detaching and induced both cell apoptosis and necrosis. For virology study, the RSBB cells were highly susceptible to Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) with steady titers (i.e., 108.0~8.3 TCID50 mL-1 and 107.0~7.2 TCID50 mL-1 respectively). Furthermore, an obvious cytopathic effect (CPE) could be observed in RSBB cells infected with Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdoviruses (SCRV). Meanwhile, all the infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The new brain cell line developed and characterized from red sea bream in this study could be used as an in vitro model for fish studies in the fields of toxicology and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Luo
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hongru Liang
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yinjie Niu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Baofu Ma
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Ferreira M, Sousa V, Oliveira B, Canadas-Sousa A, Abreu H, Dias J, Kiron V, Valente LMP. An in-depth characterisation of European seabass intestinal segments for assessing the impact of an algae-based functional diet on intestinal health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11686. [PMID: 37468554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38826-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable farming of fish species depends on emerging new feed ingredients, which can alter the features of the digestive tract and influence animals' overall health. Recent research has shown that functional feeds hold great potential for enhancing fish robustness by evoking appropriate responses at the intestine level. However, there is a lack of extensive and accurate descriptions of the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of most farmed fish. We have characterised the intestine of European seabass thoroughly, by targeting four segments - anterior, mid, posterior and rectum. Results indicated that the anterior segment is mostly associated with absorption-related features; this segment has the largest absorptive area, the longest villi, and the highest number of neutral goblet cells (GC). The posterior segment and rectum have distinct histomorphometric features, but both seem to be important for immunity, displaying the highest count of acid GC and the highest expression of immune-related genes. The strongest proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) signal was observed in the anterior intestine and rectum, with PCNA+ cells appearing at the base of the villi and the corresponding villi branches. We have also evaluated the impact of a novel feed supplemented with a macro- and microalgae blend and found that there were no differences in terms of growth. However, the alterations observed in the mid intestine of fish fed the blend, such as thickening of the submucosa and lamina propria, an increased number of leucocytes, and higher expression of immune- and oxidative stress-related genes, suggest that algae may have an immunomodulatory effect. In the current article, we have described the morphology and expression patterns of the intestine segments of European seabass in detail and have presented a comprehensive report of the indices and methods used for the semi-quantitative and quantitative histomorphometric assessments, thereby providing useful information for future studies that aim to maintain intestinal health through dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Oliveira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Canadas-Sousa
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- EUVG, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Quinta de S. Jorge, Estrada da Conraria, Castelo Viegas, 3040-714, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H Abreu
- ALGAplus, Production and Trading of Seaweed and Derived Products Ltd, 3830-196, Ílhavo, Portugal
| | - J Dias
- SPAROS Lda., 8700-221, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. *
- ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. *
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Solomando A, Cohen-Sánchez A, Box A, Montero I, Pinya S, Sureda A. Microplastic presence in the pelagic fish, Seriola dumerili, from Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean), and assessment of oxidative stress and detoxification biomarkers in liver. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113369. [PMID: 35508220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are characterized by their high persistence in marine ecosystems, and due to their small size, they can be easily ingested by very diverse organisms. Although the presence of MPs in wild fish is well documented, there is still limited information on their potential to induce adverse effects. Pelagic fish species, because of their wide distribution, are considered good bioindicators for monitoring environmental pollution of marine ecosystems. This study investigated the presence of MPs in the gastrointestinal tract of the predatory pelagic fish (Seriola dumerili) in the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea), and the possible relationship with oxidative stress through the analysis of biomarkers in liver tissue. The results showed the presence of MPs in 98% of total samples examined (n = 52) with an average of 12.2 ± 1.3 MPs/individual. A greater amount of fibre-like particles was isolated compared to fragments. No correlation between the presence of MPs in the gastrointestinal contents and the size of the fishes was noted. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and the phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase showed increased activities in fish with higher MPs load. The activity ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and the levels of malondialdehyde were similar in both groups. In conclusion, the present results provide an important database on the assessment of the presence of MP debris in S. dumerili gastrointestinal tract and, the potential capability to cause oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antònia Solomando
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Amanda Cohen-Sánchez
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Antonio Box
- Department of Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Caça i Cooperació Municipal, Consell Insular d'Eivissa, 07800, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Montero
- Grup D'Accio Local Per Al Desenvolupament Rural D'Eivissa i Formentera (GALEF), 07800, Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Samuel Pinya
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Investigation on Immune-Related Protein (Heat Shock Proteins and Metallothionein) Gene Expression Changes and Liver Histopathology in Cadmium-Stressed Fish. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2075791. [PMID: 35968242 PMCID: PMC9365607 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2075791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly conserved in their structure and released in case of stress. Increased metallothionein (MT) synthesis is associated with increased capacity for binding heavy metals. Healthy juveniles of grass carp were exposed to sublethal dose (1.495 mg L−1) of cadmium for 28 days. Simultaneously, a control group was also run to compare difference of total RNA expression levels in cadmium-treated and control groups. The cadmium levels in the tissues of treated fish recorded were 1.78 ± 0.10 mg L−1, 1.60 ± 0.04 mg L−1, and 2.00 ± 0.05 mg L−1, respectively. Several histological alterations including edema, hemorrhage, dilated sinusoids, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, congestion of central vein, and nuclear alterations were observed in cadmium-exposed fish. Stress gene (metallothionein and heat shock proteins) mRNA transcription levels were studied by mRNA extraction and cDNA preparation by using PCR. The expression level of heat shock protein gene was higher as compared to metallothionein and beta-2-microglobulin gene after cadmium exposure. This study reports various stress-related immune-responsive changes of immune proteins, heat shock proteins, metallothionein, and histopathological changes in fish due to cadmium toxicity that make the fish immunocompromised which may be considered as the biomarkers of cadmium toxicity in other experimental species.
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Embryotoxicity of Polystyrene Microspheres of Different Sizes to the Marine Medaka Oryzias melastigma (McClelland, 1839). WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are potentially harmful to marine organisms, especially during the early developmental stages, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study evaluated the growth and morphological characteristics of marine medaka Oryzias melastigma (McClelland, 1839) embryos exposed to PS-MP. PS-MPs of three different sizes (0.05, 0.5, and 6.0 μm with a concentration of 106 particles/L) were subjected to waterborne exposure for 19 d. The hatching time and rate of embryos exposed to 0.5 and 6.0 μm PS-MPs were significantly lower than those of the control, while no significant difference was observed in the 0.05 μm treatment. No significant differences were observed in the mortality rate of the embryos, embryo diameter, and relevant gene expression levels, including il6, il8, il-1β, jak, stat-3, nf-κb, hif-1α, epo, cyp1a1, ahr, sod, cat, and gpx, but with the exception of vtg. Fluorescent PS-MPs were found on the embryo surfaces when the embryos were exposed to 0.5 and 6.0 μm PS-MPs, but no signals were detected inside embryos using confocal microscopy. Therefore, the results indicate that PS-MPs having a diameter of 6.0 μm can only attach to the surface or villus of embryos and not enter the embryos through the membrane pores, whereas PS-MPs with diameters of 0.05 and 0.5 μm cannot enter the embryos.
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Liao ZH, Chuang HC, Huang HT, Wang PH, Chen BY, Lee PT, Wu YS, Nan FH. Bioaccumulation of arsenic and immunotoxic effect in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) exposed to trivalent arsenic. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:376-385. [PMID: 35181445 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent arsenic (As (III)) contamination in the marine environment can produce adverse effects in crustaceans. The present study investigated the chronic toxicity of As (III) in white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by analyzing the tissue bioaccumulation and non-specific immune responses. Shrimps were exposed to 0 (control), 50, 500, and 2500 μg/L of As (III) for 21 days. The results showed that the hepatopancreas was the main tissue of arsenic accumulation in white shrimp. The cumulative concentration of total arsenic and inorganic arsenic but not arsenobetaine was positively correlated with the exposure concentration. In vitro As (III) treatment (0-2500 μg/L) with haemocytes isolated from healthy shrimp did not cause the cytotoxicity, but this arsenic treatments inhibited the phagocytic rate and O2- production. Moreover, the decrease of total haemocyte count and the inhibition of phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, O2- production and phenoloxidase activity were observed in white shrimp under the exposure of As (III) over a period of 21 days. This study revealed that chronic As (III) stress could disturb arsenic metabolism and immune responses in P. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hao Liao
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chieh Chuang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, No.142, Haijhuan Road., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Ting Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ying Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsang Lee
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Xue-Fu Road, Neipu Township, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, No.2 Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, 202301, Taiwan.
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Cui W, Liu J, Cao L, Dou S. Toxicological effects of cadmium on the immune response and biomineralization of larval flounder Paralichthys olivaceus under seawater acidification. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132919. [PMID: 34798117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seawater acidification can cause threats to both calcifying and uncalcifying marine organisms, affecting their acid-base regulatory functions, immune system and biomineralization. Marine pollutants, such as cadmium (Cd) that is globally distributed in coastal ecosystems, do not affect organisms alone but commonly as combined stressors. To investigate the toxicological effects of Cd on the immune and biomineralization of marine fishes under seawater acidification, flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was exposed to seawater acidification (control (pH 8.10), 7.70 and 7.30) and Cd exposure (control (0.36 μg L-1), 0.01 and 0.15 mg L-1 Cd) for 49 days from embryonic stage until they became settled. Immune and biomineralization-related biomarkers of flounder at the end of exposure were investigated. Results showed that single seawater acidification and Cd exposure or combined exposure significantly affected the immune system-related enzyme activities. Specifically, lysozyme (LZM) activity was significantly inhibited by single seawater acidification and Cd exposure, indicating innate immunosuppression under two stressors. Contents of IgM, HSP70 and MT were induced by seawater acidification or Cd exposure, indicating a detoxification mechanism that responded to the stressors. The expressions of immune-related genes were upregulated (hsp70 and mt) or downregulated (lzm) under Cd exposure. Of the biomineralization-related enzymes, activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase increased under seawater acidification and Cd exposure, a potential mechanism in response to changes of acid-base balance induced by the stressors. Generally, immune and biomineralization of the flounder responded more sensitively to Cd exposure than seawater acidification. Seawater acidification aggravated the toxicological effects of Cd exposure on the two physiological functions, while high Cd exposure augmented their responses to seawater acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Liang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuozeng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China.
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9
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Segner H, Rehberger K, Bailey C, Bo J. Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:835767. [PMID: 35296072 PMCID: PMC8918558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of in vitro assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether in vitro assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. In vitro systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, in vitro assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the in vitro immunotoxicity assays for the in vivo immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine in vitro assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helmut Segner,
| | - Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
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Hoseini SM, Khosraviani K, Hosseinpour Delavar F, Arghideh M, Zavvar F, Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H, Zabihi E, Reverter M. Hepatic transcriptomic and histopathological responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to copper and microplastic exposure. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113401. [PMID: 35144215 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combined effects of copper and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microparticles were investigated on the metal accumulation, histopathological biomarkers, and targeted transcriptomics in Cyprinus carpio liver. The fish were exposed to 0.25 mg/L copper and/or 0.5 mg/L PVC microparticles over a 14-d period. The results showed that hepatic copper accumulation is facilitated by the PVC microparticles presence in water. All treatments induced significant hepatic stress and inflammation; however, the transcriptional responses involving in detoxification pathways and apoptotic mechanisms were mixed and often down-regulated in the fish exposed to copper and/or PVC microparticles. Exposure to copper and/or PVC microparticles induced hypermeia, leukocyte infiltration and increase in melanomacrophage centers number and area. Generally, the severity of the lesions was in the following order: PVC microparticles < copper < copper+ PVC microparticles. In conclusion, PVC MPs act as a copper vector, facilitating accumulation of copper in the fish liver and increasing the tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Kave Khosraviani
- College of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosseinpour Delavar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arghideh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zavvar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Erfan Zabihi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Miriam Reverter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven, Germany; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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11
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Effect of Methylmercury Exposure on Bioaccumulation and Nonspecific Immune Respsonses in Hybrid Grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020147. [PMID: 35049771 PMCID: PMC8772552 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The head kidney was primary organ that accumulated methylmercury in hybrid grouper. Muscle tissue had lower methylmercury content than the head kidney and liver. Nonspecific immune responses and bioaccumulation of methylmercury were linked to hybrid grouper health. Abstract Mercury (Hg) is a dangerous heavy metal that can accumulate in fish and is harmful when consumed by humans. This study investigated the bioaccumulation of mercury in the form of methylmercury (MeHg) and evaluated nonspecific immune responses such as phagocytic activity and superoxide anion (O2−) production in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × E. lanceolatus). The hybrid grouper leukocytes were incubated with methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) at concentrations of 10–10,000 µg/L to determine cell viability, phagocytic activity, and O2− production in vitro. Subsequently, the grouper were exposed daily to CH3HgCl mixed in the experimental diets at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The bioaccumulation of MeHg in the liver, head kidney, and muscle tissue was measured, and the phagocytic activity and O2− production were evaluated. In vitro results indicated that cell viability was significantly lower than that of the control group at concentrations > 500 µg/L. The phagocytic rate and O2− production at concentrations ˃ 500 and ˃ 200 µg/L, respectively, were significantly lower than those of the control group. The dietary exposure demonstrated that MeHg accumulated more substantially in the liver and head kidney compared with the muscle tissue in the treatment groups. Moreover, the cumulative concentration significantly increased with higher concentrations and more days of exposure. The phagocytic rate and O2− production in the treatment groups were significantly lower than those in the control group from days 2 and 1, respectively. In conclusion, hybrid grouper accumulated significant MeHg in the liver and head kidney compared with the muscle tissue, and higher concentrations and more exposure days resulted in decreased cell viability, phagocytic activity, and O2− production.
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Hoyo-Alvarez E, Arechavala-Lopez P, Jiménez-García M, Solomando A, Alomar C, Sureda A, Moranta D, Deudero S. Effects of pollutants and microplastics ingestion on oxidative stress and monoaminergic activity of seabream brains. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106048. [PMID: 34875488 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, microplastics (MPs) and adsorbed pollutants are considered a global thread to marine ecosystems. This study describes the effects of pollutants and MPs ingestion on fish brains through the assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers and monoaminergic neurotransmitters using gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as fish model. Juveniles were experimentally exposed to three different dietary treatments for 90 days: Control treatment (C) consisted of standard feed; Virgin treatment (V) contained feed enriched with 10% of MPs; and Exposed treatment (E) consisted of feed with 10% of MPs that were exposed to seawater in an anthropogenically impacted area for 2 months in order to enrich the plastic with the pollutants within the water column. Sampling was made at the start of the experiment (T0), at the end of the dietary treatments (T90) and after a posterior detoxification period of 30 days (T120). Results evidenced that a MPs and pollutants enriched diet increases the activity of some of the oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g. CAT and GST), and it was shown for the first time alterations on dopaminergic and serotonergic system activity on seabream brains, indicating potential neurofunctional effects associated to MPs and pollutants ingestion. In addition, results showed a tendency to recover enzymatic and brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels after a 30-day detoxification period. In conclusion, MPs and pollutants exposure for 90 days induced oxidative stress and changes on monoaminergic activity in the brain of S. aurata.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Arechavala-Lopez
- Fish Ethology and Welfare Group, Centro de Ciencias do Mar (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal.; Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA-CSIC/UIB), Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Jiménez-García
- Group of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antònia Solomando
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands (UIB)-IUNICS, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Alomar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (COB-IEO), Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands (UIB)-IUNICS, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Moranta
- Group of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (COB-IEO), Mallorca, Spain
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13
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Espinosa-Ruiz C, Manuguerra S, Morghese M, García-Beltrán JM, Esteban MÁ, Giuga M, Messina CM, Santulli A. Immunity and inflammatory responses in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) exposed to sub-lethal mixture of carbamazepine, cadmium chloride and polybrominated diphenyl ether. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:25-35. [PMID: 33359412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants such as industrial and urban by-products, pharmaceuticals, drugs metabolites and, plastics, are continuously found in the oceans, affecting its quality and organism's welfare. Although these compounds are found at concentrations ranged ng L-1, there is an increasing concern about the potential adverse effects of the interactions among those substances present, simultaneously, in a mixture. In the present study, specimens of sea bream (Sparus aurata) were exposed, by food, to rising concentrations of a mixture of carbamazepine, polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 and cadmium chloride, for 15 days and then, maintained, with the same control diet, without contaminants, for other 15 days. Samples of skin mucus, serum, head-kidney, liver and intestine were sampled at 0, 15 and 30 days. Cellular immune parameters were evaluated on head-kidney, as well as humoral parameters were determined on skin mucus and serum. In addition, the expression of some genes, related to immunity, was analysed on liver and intestine. Both cellular and humoral response were affected at 15 days, showing slightly signs of recovery at 30 days. Besides, the expression of immune-related genes was highly affected, suggesting the development of inflammatory processes, as well as a reduction of immune parameters. Overall, the mixture of compounds severally affected the immune system of sea bream, suggesting a lower degree of recovery. The prolonged exposure to a mixture of these compounds could entail serious change on population immunity and, eventually, promote changes on marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Maria Morghese
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - José María García-Beltrán
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Giuga
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy; University of Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Sezione di Scienze della Terra, Corso 57, 95129, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta M Messina
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
| | - Andrea Santulli
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy; Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Marine Biology Institute, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
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14
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Abu Zeid EH, Khalifa BA, Said EN, Arisha AH, Reda RM. Neurobehavioral and immune-toxic impairments induced by organic methyl mercury dietary exposure in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105702. [PMID: 33264694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although substantial knowledge of mercury toxicity in fish has been assembled; until now, studies investigating the toxic impacts in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following dietary exposure to organic methyl mercury (MeHg) are less prolific. Accordingly, the current study aimed to evaluate the impacts of MeHg on neurobehavioral and immune integrity in Nile tilapia after dietary exposure. Two hundred and twenty-five juvenile Nile tilapia (19.99 ± 0.33 g) were allocated into five groups in triplicates (15 fish/replicate). G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5. O. niloticus were fed corresponding basal diets containing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/kg diet MeHg chloride (MeHgCl) daily for 30 days, zero value represented the control G1 group. The results showed that MeHg induced significant alterations in O. niloticus behavior, the swimming behavior was significantly decreased, while scratching, biting, and fin tugging behaviors were significantly augmented. Moreover; chasing, mouth pushing, and butting behaviors were significantly increased in all the exposed groups. MeHg significantly decreased brain acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in all the exposed groups. Meanwhile, serum levels of lysozyme (LYZ), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO), and 8 hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (8OH2dG) were significantly elevated in all the exposed groups except for serum reduced glutathione (GSH) content was significantly decreased implying oxidative stress (OS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein, DNA damage and impaired immune response of the exposed tilapia. MeHg significantly altered transcriptional expression of immune-related genes including (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, and IL-10) in all the exposed groups. From the obtained outcomes, the present research is the premier to investigate that dietary MeHg exposure in O. niloticus significantly induced neurobehavioral and immune defense impairments in a dose-related manner. This study exhibits that dietary MeHg may pose a potential threat to the O. niloticus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan H Abu Zeid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia Province Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Bouthaina A Khalifa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Enas N Said
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Arisha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt; Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha M Reda
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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15
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Solomando A, Capó X, Alomar C, Álvarez E, Compa M, Valencia JM, Pinya S, Deudero S, Sureda A. Long-term exposure to microplastics induces oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory response in the gut of Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115295. [PMID: 32763772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution from plastic debris is a major global concern, being a potential threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in the oceans has notable ecological implications due to their long persistence, their potential ecotoxicity, and their ability to adsorb other pollutants and act as vectors of pathogens. Nevertheless, whereas the number of investigations documenting the presence of MPs in wild fish has increased, less studies have addressed the toxicological effects associated with the ingestion of MPs in long-term laboratory conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess the physiological response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) MPs during a 90-day exposure followed by an extra 30 days of depuration through the application of oxidative stress biomarkers in the gut. No changes were observed in the Fulton condition factor of fish associated with MP intake. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione s-transferase and the levels of reduced glutathione progressively increased throughout the study in the MPs-fed group compared to the control group, reaching the highest values at 90 days. Similarly, the activity of the pro-inflammatory enzyme, myeloperoxidase, and the levels of oxidative damage markers -malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls-also increased after 90 days of exposure to an enriched diet with MPs. During the 30-day depuration period, all the biomarkers analysed tended to normalize, with the majority recovering values similar to those of the control group. In conclusion, MPs exposure during 90 days to S. aurata induced oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory response in gut, and were able to recover after the exposure to MPs was removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antònia Solomando
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Xavier Capó
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Carme Alomar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Elvira Álvarez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Compa
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - José María Valencia
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura, LIMIA-Govern de les Illes Balears, Port d'Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Samuel Pinya
- Interdisciplinary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Salud Deudero
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, Muelle de Poniente s/n, 07015, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
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16
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Li H, Di G, Zhang Y, Xue R, Zhang J, Liang J. MicroRNA-155 and microRNA-181a, via HO-1, participate in regulating the immunotoxicity of cadmium in the kidneys of exposed Cyprinus carpio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:473-480. [PMID: 31693945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential metal that is a contaminant in aquatic ecosystems. Cd can accumulate in aquatic animals, leading to detrimental effects in tissues, and Cd exposure can induce immunotoxicity in fish. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in immune responses, yet the participation of miRNAs in Cd-induced immunotoxicity remains poorly understood. The present study evaluated the effects of Cd exposure on the immune responses and the mRNAs and miRNAs expressions of immune-related genes in Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio). Then, microRNA-155 (miR-155) was overexpressed and microRNA-181a (miR-181a) was knocked down to determine which miRNA plays a key role in the immune response to Cd. The results showed that 0.5 mg/L Cd2+ significantly decreased the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the kidneys of C. carpio. Cd exposure upregulated the mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR-4) and downregulated those of IL-10 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in C. carpio kidneys. Cd exposure also led to upregulation of miR-155 and miR-181a expressions. Furthermore, AKP and ACP activity in the kidneys was markedly changed after intraperitoneal injection of C. carpio with miR-155 agomir and miR-181a antagomir. All detected mRNA expressions were significantly decreased after injection of miR-155 agomir, and IL-10, NF-κB, TNF-α, and HO-1 mRNA expressions were markedly increased after injection of miR-181a antagomir. The results of this study demonstrate that Cd exposure can immunocompromise C. carpio by targeting HO-1 through miR-155 and miR-181a. This is the first study to reveal that Cd exposure induces immunotoxicity through miR-155 and miR-181a in the kidneys of C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
| | - Guilan Di
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Rongrong Xue
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China
| | - Junping Liang
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, Henan Normal University, Henan province, PR China.
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17
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Ren Z, Liu J, Huang W, Cao L, Cui W, Dou S. Antioxidant defenses and immune responses of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae under methylmercury exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108589. [PMID: 31404699 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a highly toxic contaminant in coastal environments and poses threats to marine fish in early life stages (ELSs). However, MeHg toxicity to fish embryos and larvae is not well investigated. This study investigated the antioxidant defenses and immune responses of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae exposed to waterborne MeHg (0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg L-1) for 35 days, from embryogenesis to settlement. The results revealed that metal accumulation in the larvae was positively correlated with MeHg concentration, reduced larval growth and survival. The activities of catalase and glutathione reductase were significantly increased at 10.0 μg L-1, while glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation level were significantly increased at concentrations over 1.0 μg L-1. The corresponding antioxidant-related genes were upregulated under MeHg exposure (cat and gpx at 10.0 μg L-1; gr over 1.0 μg L-1). Lysozyme content was significantly increased, but immunoglobulin M content was significantly decreased at 10.0 μg L-1. The immune-related genes were significantly upregulated (hsp70 at 0.1 and 10.0 μg L-1; lzm and il-1β over 1.0 μg L-1; tnf-α and il-6 at 10.0 μg L-1) or downregulated (igm, over 0.1 μg L-1). Overall, MeHg exposure induced oxidative stress and caused immunotoxicity at concentrations over 1.0 μg L-1 and 10.0 μg L-1, respectively. The transcription of selected genes correlated with the corresponding biochemical markers in response to MeHg toxicity. These findings improve our knowledge to better understand the mechanisms by which marine fish at ELSs cope with oxidative stress and immunotoxicity induced by MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Liang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Wenting Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Shuozeng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environment Sciences, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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18
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Wang N, Gao C, Zhang P, Guan L, Wang Y, Qin Y, Li Y. Effect of Bacillus cereus against cadmium induced hematological disturbances and immunosuppression in Carassius auratus gibelio. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:141-148. [PMID: 30926477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is the most common heavy metal and is easily detected in aquatic environments worldwide. The genus Bacillus was one of dominant probiotics, which was commonly used in aquaculture. The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) supplementation on hematological parameters and the immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio (C. gibelio) following Cd exposure. Fish were exposed to waterborne Cd (0, 1 and 2 mg/L) and/or treated with dietary B. cereus at 108 cfu/g for four weeks. The hematological disturbances observed after exposure of waterborne Cd included significant decreases in red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and hematocrit (HCT). While significant elevation (P < 0.05) of RBC count, HCT and Hb levels in the 1 and 2 mg/L Cd-B. cereus administration group at 4 weeks, compared with the Cd-only group. Among serum enzymatic activities, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities by Cd exposure were significantly higher than controls, but this increase was effectively inhibited in Cd-B. cereus administration groups. In the Cd-B. cereus administration group, significant down-regulation of Hsp70, Hsp90, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in conjunction with the up-regulation of IgM and LZM in the spleen indicated that B. cereus alleviated the Cd-induced damage to the immune system to some degree. The results of this study suggested that B. cereus has the potential to countermeasure Cd-induced hematological disturbances and immunosuppression in C. gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chunshan Gao
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Health Monitoring and Inspection Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Lili Guan
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yue Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Espinosa Ruiz C, Manuguerra S, Cuesta A, Esteban MA, Santulli A, Messina CM. Sub-lethal doses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers affect some biomarkers involved in energy balance and cell cycle, via oxidative stress in the marine fish cell line SAF-1. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 210:1-10. [PMID: 30797971 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent contaminants which are found all over the world in the marine environment. Sparus aurata fibroblast cell line (SAF-1) was exposed to increasing concentrations of PBDEs 47 and 99, until 72 h to evaluate the cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of some selected molecular markers related to cell cycle, cell signaling, energetic balance and oxidative stress (p53, erk-1, hif-1α and nrf-2), by real-time PCR. Furthermore, SAF-1 cells were exposed for 7 and 15 days to sub-lethal concentrations, in order to evaluate the response of some biomarkers by immunoblotting (p53, ERK-1, AMPK, HIF-1α and NRF-2). After 48 and 72 h, the cells showed a significant decrease of cell vitality as well as an increase of intracellular ROS production. Gene expression analysis showed that sub-lethal concentrations of BDE-99 and 47, after 72 h, up-regulated cell cycle and oxidative stress biomarkers, although exposure to 100 μmol L-1 down-regulated the selected markers related to cell cycle, cell signaling, energetic balance. After 7 and 15 days of sub-lethal doses exposure, all the analyzed markers resulted affected by the contaminants. Our results suggest that PBDEs influence the cells homeostasis first of all via oxidative stress, reducing the cell response and defense capacity and affecting its energetic levels. This situation of stress and energy imbalance could represents a condition that, modifying some of the analyzed biochemical pathways, would predispose to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Espinosa Ruiz
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Santulli
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Marine Biology Institute, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Concetta M Messina
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy.
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Oxidative Stress, Induced by Sub-Lethal Doses of BDE 209, Promotes Energy Management and Cell Cycle Modulation in the Marine Fish Cell Line SAF-1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030474. [PMID: 30736298 PMCID: PMC6388118 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sub-lethal doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-209 in terms of toxicity, oxidative stress, and biomarkers were evaluated in the Sparus aurata fibroblast cell line (SAF-1). Vitality and oxidative stress status were studied after incubation with PBDE for 72 h. Concomitantly, the quantification of proteins related to cell cycle and DNA repair (p53), cell proliferation (extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1 (ERK1)), energetic restriction (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1)), and redox status (Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2)) was also determined after prolonged exposure (7–15 days) by immunoblotting. Our results demonstrated that rising concentrations of PBDEs exposure-induced oxidative stress, and that this event modulates different cell pathways related to cell cycle, cell signaling, and energetic balance in the long term, indicating the negative impact of sub-lethal dose exposure to cell homeostasis.
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21
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Morcillo P, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. Metal detoxification in the marine teleost fish Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 133:835-840. [PMID: 30041384 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters has been evaluated in cell lines and primary cultures from gilthead seabream and European sea bass teleost fish exposed to methylmercury (MeHg), arsenic, cadmium or lead. The mRNA expression levels showed abcb1, abcc2 and abcc5 constitutive gene expression in all seabream tissues analyzed; however, we were unable to detect any constitutive transcription of abcb1 in many of the sea bass tissues. Furthermore, ABC mRNA expression levels were all affected by metal exposure, especially in the case of fish cell lines and erythrocytes, and greatly depended on cell type and fish species. Thus, while ABC transcription was up-regulated in the seabream cell line it was down-regulated in the sea bass cell line, while the opposite occurred in the primary cultures. All these data point to the importance of ABC transporters in metal detoxification and in the differential regulation in seabream and sea bass cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer, 209, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx 10461, NY, USA
| | - María A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Espinosa C, García Beltrán JM, Esteban MA, Cuesta A. In vitro effects of virgin microplastics on fish head-kidney leucocyte activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:30-38. [PMID: 29274535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are well-documented pollutants in the marine environment that result from production or fragmentation of larger plastic items. The knowledge about the direct effects of microplastics on immunity, including fish, is still very limited. We investigated the in vitro effects of microplastics [polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE)] on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head-kidney leucocytes (HKLs). After 1 and 24 h of exposure of HKLs with 0 (control), 1, 10 and 100 mg mL-1 MPs in a rotatory system, cell viability, innate immune parameters (phagocytic, respiratory burst and peroxidase activities) and the expression of genes related to inflammation (il1b), oxidative stress (nrf2, prdx3), metabolism of xenobiotics (cyp1a1, mta) and cell apoptosis (casp3) were studied. Microplastics failed to affect the cell viability of HKLs. In addition, they provoke very few significant effects on the main cellular innate immune activities, as decrease on phagocytosis or increase in the respiratory burst of HKLs with the highest dose of microplastics tested. Furthermore, microplastics failed to affect the expression of the selected genes on sea bass or seabream, except the nrf2 which was up-regulated in seabream HKLs incubated with the highest doses. Present results seem to suggest that continue exposure of fish to PVC or PE microplastics could impair fish immune parameters probably due to the oxidative stress produced in the fish leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Espinosa
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García Beltrán
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Cornet V, Ouaach A, Mandiki SNM, Flamion E, Ferain A, Van Larebeke M, Lemaire B, Reyes López FE, Tort L, Larondelle Y, Kestemont P. Environmentally-realistic concentration of cadmium combined with polyunsaturated fatty acids enriched diets modulated non-specific immunity in rainbow trout. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:104-116. [PMID: 29407798 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition is crucial to grow healthy fish particularly in a context of pollution, overcrowding and pathogen risks. Nowadays, the search for food components able to improve fish health is increasingly developing. Here, the influence of four dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) on the sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles to environmentally realistic cadmium (Cd, 0.3 μg/L) concentration was investigated. Fish diets were designed to ensure the specific abundance of one of these individual PUFAs, and were given for a 4-week pre-conditioning period followed by a 6-week Cd exposure period. Focus was put on growth performance and immune responses following a short (24 h) and a long-term (6 weeks) Cd exposure. For each experimental condition, some fish were submitted to a bacterial challenge (24 h) with Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes at the end of Cd conditioning period. DHA-enriched diet improved growth performances as compared to LA-enriched diet, but also increased ROS production (after short-term exposure to Cd) that could lead to a higher inflammation status, and some immunity-related genes (at short and long-term exposure). We notably highlighted the fact that even a low, environmentally-realistic concentration, Cd can strongly impact the immune system of rainbow trout, and that specific dietary PUFA enrichment strategies can improve growth performance (DHA-enriched diet), provide protection against oxidative stress (ALA- and EPA-enriched diet) and stimulate non-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Abderrahim Ouaach
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - S N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Enora Flamion
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Aline Ferain
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mélusine Van Larebeke
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Lemaire
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Felipe E Reyes López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Yvan Larondelle
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), University of Namur (UNamur), 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Cordero H, Morcillo P, Martínez S, Meseguer J, Pérez-Sirvent C, Chaves-Pozo E, Martínez-Sanchez MJ, Cuesta A, Ángeles Esteban M. Inorganic arsenic causes apoptosis cell death and immunotoxicity on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:324-332. [PMID: 29571380 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic pollutants in the water. We have studied their effects on the marine teleost European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at 2 and 10 days of 5 μM of As2O3 (sub-lethal doses) waterborne exposure. Arsenic accumulates in liver and gill tissues. The expression profile of five genes (bax, blc2, casp3, casp8 and casp9) involved in apoptosis cell death confirmed apoptotic effects in liver, slight changes in gill and no effects in skin according with the histopathology findings. Total IgM level and peroxidase activities were increased at 2 and 10 days, respectively. The bactericidal activity was decreased at 2 days after As exposure. A general decrease of cellular immune activities with significant differences in the case of respiratory burst activity was observed after 2 and 10 days of exposure. This work describes for the first time the effects of As exposure on European sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, 10461, NY, USA
| | - Salvadora Martínez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Sirvent
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n., 30860 Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Martínez-Sanchez
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Cordero H, Brinchmann MF, Cuesta A, Esteban MA. Chronic wounds alter the proteome profile in skin mucus of farmed gilthead seabream. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:939. [PMID: 29197330 PMCID: PMC5712093 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin and its mucus are known to be the first barrier of defence against any external stressors. In fish, skin wounds frequently appear as a result of intensive culture and also some diseases have skin ulcers as external clinical signs. However, there is no information about the changes produced by the wounds in the mucosae. In the present paper, we have studied the alterations in the proteome map of skin mucus of gilthead seabream during healing of experimentally produced chronic wounds by 2-DE followed by LC-MS/MS. The corresponding gene expression changes of some identified skin proteins were also investigated through qPCR. Results Our study has successfully identified 21 differentially expressed proteins involved in immunity and stress processes as well as other metabolic and structural proteins and revealed, for the first time, that all are downregulated in the skin mucus of wounded seabream specimens. At transcript level, we found that four of nine markers (ighm, gst3, actb and krt1) were downregulated after causing the wounds while the rest of them remained unaltered in the wounded fish. Finally, ELISA analysis revealed that IgM levels were significantly lower in wounded fish compared to the control fish. Conclusions Our study revealed a decreased-expression at protein and for some transcripts at mRNA levels in wounded fish, which could affect the functionality of these molecules, and therefore, delay the wound healing process and increase the susceptibility to any infection after wounds in the skin of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Cordero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.,Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway
| | - Monica F Brinchmann
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049, Bodø, Norway.
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María A Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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26
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Guardiola FA, Logothetis P, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Evaluation of silver nanospheres on viability and innate cellular parameters of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) head-kidney leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:99-107. [PMID: 28823712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanomaterials, e.g. nanosilver, has lead to concerns about environmental contamination and possible toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Here, we present evidence for the impact of silver nanospheres (AgNSs) on fish innate immune cells after in vitro exposure. AgNSs of 20, 50 or 100 nm in diameter were tested with the smallest ones (20 nm) clearly having the most deleterious effects, after an exposure period of 30 min, followed by the medium-sized ones; the NSs of 100 nm had no impact. The effective concentration was determined at 10 μg ml-1 while lower concentrations (1, 2.5 or 5 μg ml-1) were ineffective. Head-kidney mixed leucocyte population showed significant viability reduction which was attributable to diminished viability of macrophages/monocytes and lymphocytes only whereas granulocytes' viability was not affected at the above exposure regime. Furthermore, cellular respiratory burst activity, phagocytic capacity and phagocytic ability were all reduced, with the first two parameters exhibiting the sharper reductions. Finally, transmission electron microscopy revealed that the AgNSs' internalization was brought about via phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis; also, that cell death could be effected in either an apoptotic or a necrotic manner. It is concluded that AgNSs are potentially very noxious for the teleost fish immune system as they can adversely affect the function and viability of the head-kidney leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Guardiola
- Fish Nutrition & Immunobiology Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P Logothetis
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, T.E.I. of W. Greece, Mesolonghi 30200, Greece
| | - J Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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27
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Rehberger K, Werner I, Hitzfeld B, Segner H, Baumann L. 20 Years of fish immunotoxicology - what we know and where we are. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:509-535. [PMID: 28425344 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent field observations of impaired immune response and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, immunotoxic effects are rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on immunotoxic effects of chemicals in fish to quantitatively evaluate (i) which experimental approaches were used to assess immunotoxic effects, (ii) whether immune markers exist to screen for potential immunotoxic activities of chemicals, and (iii) how predictive those parameters are for adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence and disease resistance. A total of 241 publications on fish immunotoxicity were quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions included: (i) To date, fish immunotoxicology focused mainly on innate immune responses and immunosuppressive effects. (ii) In numerous studies, the experimental conditions are poorly documented, as for instance age or sex of the fish or the rationale for the selected exposure conditions is often missing. (iii) Although a broad variety of parameters were used to assess immunotoxicity, the rationale for the choice of measured parameters was often not given, remaining unclear how they link to the suspected immunotoxic mode of action of the chemicals. (iv) At the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to identify a set of immune parameters that could reliably screen for immunotoxic potentials of chemicals. (v) Similarly, in fish immunotoxicology there is insufficient understanding of how and when chemical-induced modulations of molecular/cellular immune changes relate to adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence, although this would be crucial to include immunotoxicity in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Lisa Baumann
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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28
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Abou Khalil N, Abd-Elkareem M, Sayed A. Nigella sativa
seed protects against 4-nonylphenol-induced haematotoxicity in Clarias gariepinus
(Burchell, 1822): Oxidant/antioxidant rebalance. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/anu.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N.S. Abou Khalil
- Faculty of Medicine; Medical Physiology Department; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
| | - M. Abd-Elkareem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Department; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
| | - A.H. Sayed
- Faculty of Science; Zoology Department; Assiut University; Assiut Egypt
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29
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Establishment of a new teleost brain cell line (DLB-1) from the European sea bass and its use to study metal toxicology. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 38:91-100. [PMID: 27746373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fish, there are no commercial cell lines for the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Thus, we have established the sea bass brain (DLB-1) cell line, using a fish retrovirus for immortalization, which resemble epithelial cells and express glial cells markers. Exposure to metals [Cd, methylmercury (MeHg), Pb or As] produces cytotoxicity and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Interestingly, cell cycle analysis of DLB-1 cells shows that exposure to metals alters it significantly. Moreover, all the metals induce apoptosis as indicated by sub-Go/G1 population and annexin V binding. Finally, exposure of DLB-1 cells to metals also produces significant alterations at gene expression level, which confirm the above functional results. This is the first study in which metal cytotoxicity has been evaluated in a fish brain cell line and results seem to support that DLB-1 cells are suitable for toxicological studies.
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30
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Morcillo P, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. In vitro effects of metals on isolated head-kidney and blood leucocytes of the teleost fish Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:77-85. [PMID: 27041665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro use of fish leucocytes to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants, and particularly the immutoxicological effects, could be a valuable alternative to fish bioassays but has received little attention. In this study, head-kidney and peripheral blood leucocytes (HKLs and PBLs, respectively) from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) specimens were exposed to Cd, MeHg (methylmercury), Pb or As for 24 h being evaluated the resulting cytotoxicity. Exposure to metals produced a dose-dependent reduction in the viability, and MeHg showed the highest toxicity followed by Cd, As and Pb. Interestingly, leucocytes from European sea bass are more resistant to metal exposure than those from gilthead seabream. Similarly, HKLs are always more sensitive than those isolated from blood from the same fish species. Moreover, fish leucocytes incubated with metals exhibited alterations in gene expression profiles that were more pronounced in the HKLs in general, being Pb the metal provoking less effects. Concretely, genes related to cellular protection (metallothionein), stress (heat shock protein 70) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) were, in general, down-regulated in seabream HKLs but up-regulated in seabream PBLs and sea bass HKLs and PBLs. In addition, this profile leads to the increase of expression in genes related to apoptosis (Bcl2 associated X protein and caspase 3). Finally, transcription of genes involved in immunity (interleukin-1β and immunoglobulin M) was down-regulated, mainly in seabream leucocytes. This study points to the benefits for evaluating the toxicological mechanisms of marine pollution using fish leucocytes in vitro and insight into the mechanisms at gene level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Giri SS, Sen SS, Jun JW, Sukumaran V, Park SC. Immunotoxicological effects of cadmium on Labeo rohita, with emphasis on the expression of HSP genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:164-171. [PMID: 26994673 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of exposure (28 days) to a sub-lethal concentration of cadmium (Cd) (0.65 mg CdCl2 L(-1)) on the immune responses and expression of immune-related and heat shock protein (HSP) genes in Labeo rohita, an important aquacultured fish species. Among the immune parameters studied, significantly lower lysozyme activity was observed in fish 28 days post-exposure (dpe) to Cd as compared to control fish. Alternative complement pathway activity was slightly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 2 dpe than in controls, and this activity declined gradually thereafter. The phagocytic activity and serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were insignificantly lower in the Cd-exposed group at all assessed time points than in controls. Among serum enzymatic activities, peroxidase activity was always higher in the Cd-exposed group than in controls, but the increase was insignificant at all assessed time points. Additionally, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the Cd-exposed group at 14 and 28 dpe. Immune and HSP gene expression patterns were observed in kidney and liver tissues, respectively, by RT-PCR, and HSPs were further analysed by immunoblotting. Cd had an immunosuppressive effect, leading to down-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, and IFN-γ. However, Cd exposure led to the up-regulation of HSP47, HSP60, HSP70, HSP78, and HSP90, indicating Cd-induced cellular stress. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the immunotoxic effect of Cd. Cd exposure makes Labeo rohita immunocompromised, and this could subsequently increase the disease susceptibility of Labeo rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | - Shib Sankar Sen
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | | | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
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Morcillo P, Romero D, Meseguer J, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Cytotoxicity and alterations at transcriptional level caused by metals on fish erythrocytes in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:12312-12322. [PMID: 26976014 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro use of fish erythrocytes to test the toxicity of aquatic pollutants could be a valuable alternative to fish bioassays but has received little attention. In this study, erythrocytes from marine gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) specimens were exposed for 24 h to Cd, Hg, Pb and As and the resulting cytotoxicity was evaluated. Exposure to metals produced a dose-dependent reduction in the viability, and mercury showed the highest toxicity followed by MeHg, Cd, As and Pb. Moreover, fish erythrocytes incubated with each one of the metals exhibited alteration in gene expression profile of metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxin, glutathione reductase, heat shock proteins 70 and 90, Bcl2-associated X protein and calpain1 indicating cellular protection, stress and apoptosis death as well as oxidative stress. This study points to the benefits for evaluating the toxicological mechanisms of marine pollution using fish erythrocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morcillo
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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