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Wigren MA, Johnson TA, Griffitt RJ, Hay AG, Knott JA, Sepúlveda MS. Limited impact of weathered residues from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on the gut-microbiome and foraging behavior of sheepshead minnows ( Cyprinodon variegatus). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2024; 87:1-21. [PMID: 37830742 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2265413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The Deepwater Horizon disaster of April 2010 was the largest oil spill in U.S. history and exerted catastrophic effects on several ecologically important fish species in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Within fish, the microbiome plays a key symbiotic role in maintaining host health and aids in acquiring nutrients, supporting immune function, and modulating behavior. The aim of this study was to examine if exposure to weathered oil might produce significant shifts in fish gut-associated microbial communities as determined from taxa and genes known for hydrocarbon degradation, and whether foraging behavior was affected. The gut microbiome (16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics) of sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) was characterized after fish were exposed to oil in High Energy Water Accommodated Fractions (HEWAF; tPAH = 81.1 ± 12.4 µg/L) for 7 days. A foraging behavioral assay was used to determine feeding efficiency before and after oil exposure. The fish gut microbiome was not significantly altered in alpha or beta diversity. None of the most abundant taxa produced any significant shifts as a result of oil exposure, with only rare taxa showing significant shifts in abundance between treatments. However, several bioindicator taxa known for hydrocarbon degradation were detected in the oil treatment, primarily Sphingomonas and Acinetobacter. Notably, the genus Stenotrophomonas was detected in high abundance in 16S data, which previously was not described as a core member of fish gut microbiomes. Data also demonstrated that behavior was not significantly affected by oil exposure. Potential low bioavailability of the oil may have been a factor in our observation of minor shifts in taxa and no behavioral effects. This study lays a foundation for understanding the microbiome of captive sheepshead minnows and indicates the need for further research to elucidate the responses of the fish gut-microbiome under oil spill conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie A Wigren
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Timothy A Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
| | - Anthony G Hay
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Knott
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Sudhakaran G, Guru A, Haridevamuthu B, Murugan R, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Molecular properties of postbiotics and their role in controlling aquaculture diseases. AQUACULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 53:3257-3273. [DOI: 10.1111/are.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - B. Haridevamuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I‐AQUAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia Port Dickson Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Humanities SRM Institute of Science and Technology Chennai India
- Foundation for Aquaculture Innovations and Technology Transfer (FAITT) Chennai India
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Saelens G, Houf K. Unraveling the microbiota of the fish parasite Pseudoterranova decipiens in codfish (Gadus morhua) reveals a fish-related bacterial community. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 367:109591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Farag MR, Abdelnour SA, Patra AK, Dhama K, Dawood MAO, Elnesr SS, Alagawany M. Propolis: Properties and composition, health benefits and applications in fish nutrition. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:179-188. [PMID: 34153430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Propolis is a viscous, waxy, resinous substance that is produced from the exudates of flowers and buds by the action of salivary enzymes of honey bees. Propolis may differ in color (brown, red or green), with color being influenced by the chemical composition and age of the product. Propolis has a special distinctive odor owing to the high concentration of volatile essential oils. It is composed of 5% pollen grains, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 30% wax, 50% resin and balsams, and other minor trace substances. Natural propolis products may be useful for a range of applications in aquaculture systems instead of relying on the application of synthetic compounds to manage many ailments that affect business profitability. It has been reported in several studies that propolis enhances performance, economics, immunity response and disease resistance in different fish species. This present review discusses the functional actions of propolis and the prospects of its use as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and food additive in aquaculture production. In summary, propolis could be a natural supplement that has the potential to improve fish health status and immunity thereby enhancing growth and productivity of the fish industry as well as economic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada R Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Sameh A Abdelnour
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Amlan K Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Shaaban S Elnesr
- Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
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Recombinant Ax21 protein is a promising subunit vaccine candidate against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a murine infection model. Vaccine 2021; 39:4471-4480. [PMID: 34187706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging pathogen that can cause several disease manifestations such as bacteremia, meningitis, respiratory tract infections and others. More seriously, this pathogen has a highly evolving antibiotic resistance profile. Antibiotic misuse is further aggravating the situation by inducing the development of multi- and even pan-resistance. Thus, employing diverse strategies to overcome this increasing antibiotic resistance is of paramount importance. In general, vaccination is one of these strategies that prevents the onset of infection, provides long term protection against infection, and most importantly diminishes the antibiotic consumption, thus, resulting in controlling resistance. Unfortunately, vaccine research concerning S. maltophilia is very scarce in the literature. Ax21 protein is an outer membrane protein implicated in several virulence mechanisms of S. maltophilia such as quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance. Our computational analysis of Ax21 revealed its potential immunogenicity. In the current study, Ax21 protein of S. maltophilia was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Mice were immunized with the purified recombinant antigen using Bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) as immune-adjuvants. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed significant antigen-specific IgG1, IgG2a and total IgG levels in immunized mice which reflected successful immune stimulation. Immunized mice that were challenged with S. maltophilia showed a substantialreduction in bacterial bioburden in lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart. In addition, liver histological examination demonstrated a remarkable decrease in pathological signs such as necrosis, vacuolation, bile duct fibrosis and necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and hemorrhage. Whole cell ELISA and opsonophagocytic assay confirmed the ability of serum antibodies from immunized mice to bind and facilitate phagocytosis of S. maltophilia, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the vaccine protective efficacy of Ax21 outer membrane protein against S. maltophilia infection.
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Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
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Yao Ang C, Sano M, Dan S, Leelakriangsak M, M Lal T. Postbiotics Applications as Infectious Disease Control Agent in Aquaculture. Biocontrol Sci 2020; 25:1-7. [PMID: 32173662 DOI: 10.4265/bio.25.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture is developing so fast that infectious disease outbreak happens regularly. Antibiotic treatment results in development of antibiotic resistance pathogens, thus cause urgent action in searching of other alternative treatment method. Postbiotic was one of the explored strategies among various proposed alternatives. Due to its benefits in agriculture industry, it may be useful in aquaculture industry. Although many reviews were reported on other alternative strategies, the review on postbiotic in aquaculture is limited. This mini review provides an overview of different postbiotics as aquaculture disease control agents. Peptides and exopolysaccharides have antimicrobial properties against bacterial pathogens. Then, short chain fatty acids have both antimicrobial activities against bacterial pathogens and immunostimulating effects to aquatic organism. Vitamins, peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide are reported as immunostimulants. Finally, cell surface proteins and teichoic acid can act as vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yao Ang
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS
| | - Motohiko Sano
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Shigeki Dan
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
| | - Montira Leelakriangsak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani campus, Pattani
| | - Tamrin M Lal
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS
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Sharma R, Jade D, Mohan S, Chandel R, Sugumar S. In-silico virtual screening for identification of potent inhibitor for L2-β-lactamase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia through molecular docking, molecular dynamics analysis study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:7123-7137. [PMID: 32820691 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1805365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a Multiple-Drug-Resistant proteobacterium found in healthy normal flora and fauna with an aerobic and non-fermentative respiratory process, is majorly involved in Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI). The Multiple-Drug-Resistance takes place by secretion of the β-Lactamase enzyme, which hydrolyzes the β-Lactam antibiotics and currently serving as a significant clinical challenge by substantially effecting the mortality rate. In this study, involved 2D Similarity, Molecular docking, and Molecular Simulation for the commercially available ZINC database compounds to overcome this resistance mechanism and find out a proper potent inhibitor for the target L2-β-Lactamase, which would not get cleaved by the hydrolytic activity of the L2-β-Lactamase natural enzyme. The ZINC35053014 compound had the highest binding energy: -8.51Kcal/mol with hydrophobic interaction at THR235 and formation of hydrogen bonds at SER70, SER130, ASN170, LYS234, THR235, SER237, and ARG244. In total, 08 hit compounds subjected for the stability check of the protein-ligand complex (MD simulation) analysis which, concluded in the same RMSD, RMSF, and Rg values at the comparison between known compounds and the selected virtual hit compounds. These selected virtual hit compounds can be experimentally verified and used as lead compounds for the future search of β-Lactamase potent inhibitors for S. maltophilia. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhi Sharma
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Dhananjay Jade
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender Mohan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Chandel
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Shobana Sugumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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Li Y, Tang X, Zhao Z, Wang H, Wang X, Shang X, Liu P, Kou Z, Jiang Y, Li Y. Intranasal immunization with recombinant outer membrane protein A induces protective immune response against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214596. [PMID: 30934008 PMCID: PMC6443155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia), a multi-drug resistant opportunistic pathogen, is associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for such infections are greatly needed. In this study, sequence alignment analysis revealed that Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was highly conserved among S. maltophilia strains but shared no significant similarity with human and mouse proteomes. In mice, intranasal immunization with S. maltophilia recombinant OmpA (rOmpA) without additional adjuvant induced sustained mucosal and systemic rOmpA-specific antibody responses. Treatment with rOmpA stimulated significantly higher levels of secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A (All P<0.05) from the primary splenocytes isolated from rOmpA-immunized mice than from the primary splenocytes isolated from PBS-immunized mice. Furthermore, mice immunized with rOmpA showed significantly reduced bacterial burden in the lung and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 24 hours after intranasal S. maltophilia infection, indicating that immunization with rOmpA may have protective effects against S. maltophilia challenge in mice. Our findings suggest that intranasal immunization with rOmpA may induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice, trigger Th1- and Th17-mediated cellular immune responses, and thus stimulate host immune defense against S. maltophilia infection. These results also demonstrate that intranasal vaccination may offer an alternative approach to current strategies since it induces a mucosal as well as a systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- No 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Digestive, Fengyang First People's Hospital, Fengyang, Anhui, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyi Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Kou
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- The Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- No 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, No 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Xu G, Tang X, Shang X, Li Y, Wang J, Yue J, Li Y. Identification of immunogenic outer membrane proteins and evaluation of their protective efficacy against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:347. [PMID: 30053835 PMCID: PMC6062925 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (S. maltophilia) is an emerging global multiple-drug-resistant organism. It becomes increasingly challenging to treat S. maltophilia infection effectively. Novel therapeutic and preventive approaches targeting S. maltophilia infection are still lacking. This study aims to isolate outer membrane proteins (Omps) from S. maltophilia and use immunoproteomic technology to identify potential vaccine candidates of Omps against S. maltophilia infections. Methods Omps from S. maltophilia culture were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and nano liquid chromatography coupled fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance tandem mass spectrometry. Recombinant Omps were prepared and used to immunize mice, and the potency of mouse anti-Omp serum was tested in opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA). The effects of immunization with recombinant Omp on blood and tissue bacterial loads in a mouse model of S. maltophilia-induced infection were analyzed. Results Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) and Smlt4123 were identified by mass spectrometry. Mouse anti-Smlt4123 serum significantly reduced the bacterial counts in healthy individuals’ blood in OPKA (P < 0.05) but mouse anti-OmpA serum did not. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the antibody subtype of mouse anti-Smlt4123 antibody was IgG1. Eight hours after an intraperitoneal challenge with S. maltophilia, the bacterial loads in mouse blood were significantly lower in the mice receiving immunization with recombinant Smlt4123 than in the control mice receiving no immunization (P < 0.05), whereas the bacterial loads in other organs, such as the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were similar in the two groups. Conclusions The results revealed that the immunoproteomic approach was an efficient way to screen the immunogenic protein of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Moreover, the recombinant Smlt4123 had potential to protect mice from bacteremia caused by S. maltophilia in the early stages. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3258-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyang Xu
- No. 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.,Departmen of Respiratory Diseases, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueping Tang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xueyi Shang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yan Li
- No. 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- No. 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Junjie Yue
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yan Li
- No. 307 Hospital of PLA of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Jin Y, Xia J, Pan Z, Yang J, Wang W, Fu Z. Polystyrene microplastics induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:322-329. [PMID: 29304465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) are environmental pollutants and have the potential to cause varying degrees of aquatic toxicity. In this study, the effects on gut microbiota of adult male zebrafish exposed for 14 days to 100 and 1000 μg/L of two sizes of polystyrene MP were evaluated. Both 0.5 and 50 μm-diameter spherical polystyrene MP increased the volume of mucus in the gut at a concentration of 1000 μg/L (about 1.456 × 1010 particles/L for 0.5 μm and 1.456 × 104 particles/L for 50 μm). At the phylum level, the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria decreased significantly and the abundance of Firmicutes increased significantly in the gut after 14-day exposure to 1000 μg/L of both sizes of polystyrene MP. In addition, high throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region revealed a significant change in the richness and diversity of microbiota in the gut of polystyrene MP-exposed zebrafish. A more in depth analysis, at the genus level, revealed that a total of 29 gut microbes identified by operational taxonomic unit (OTU) analysis were significantly changed in both 0.5 and 50 μm-diameter polystyrene MP-treated groups. Moreover, it was observed that 0.5 μm polystyrene MP not only increased mRNA levels of IL1α, IL1β and IFN but also their protein levels in the gut, indicating that inflammation occurred after polystyrene MP exposure. Our findings suggest that polystyrene MP could induce microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation in the gut of adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jizhou Xia
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zihong Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jiajing Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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