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Srirengaraj V, Razafindralambo HL, Rabetafika HN, Nguyen HT, Sun YZ. Synbiotic Agents and Their Active Components for Sustainable Aquaculture: Concepts, Action Mechanisms, and Applications. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1498. [PMID: 38132324 PMCID: PMC10740583 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-emerging food-producing sector in which fishery production plays an imperative socio-economic role, providing ample resources and tremendous potential worldwide. However, aquatic animals are exposed to the deterioration of the ecological environment and infection outbreaks, which represent significant issues nowadays. One of the reasons for these threats is the excessive use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs that have harmful impacts on the aquatic atmosphere. It is not surprising that functional and nature-based feed ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have been developed as natural alternatives to sustain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture. These functional feed additives possess several beneficial characteristics, including gut microbiota modulation, immune response reinforcement, resistance to pathogenic organisms, improved growth performance, and enhanced feed utilization in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, their mechanisms in modulating the immune system and gut microbiota in aquatic animals are largely unclear. This review discusses basic and current research advancements to fill research gaps and promote effective and healthy aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hary L. Razafindralambo
- ProBioLab, 5004 Namur, Belgium;
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Sustainable Management of Bio-Agressors & Microbial Technologies, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech—Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, An Giang University, Long Xuyen City 90000, Vietnam;
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China;
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Miyasaka H, Koga A, Maki TA. Recent progress in the use of purple non-sulfur bacteria as probiotics in aquaculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:145. [PMID: 37014486 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of probiotics in aquaculture is widely recognized as an ecological and cost-effective approach to raising healthy, pathogen-tolerant aquatic animals, including fish and shrimp. In particular for shrimp, probiotics are viewed as a promising countermeasure to the recent severe damage to the shrimp industry by bacterial and viral pathogens. Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are Gram-negative, non-pathogenic bacteria with wide application potential in agriculture, wastewater treatment, and bioenergy/biomaterials production. In aquaculture, lactic bacteria and Bacillus are the major probiotic bacteria used, but PNSB, like Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodobacter, are also used. In this review, we summarize the previous work on the use of PNSB in aquaculture, overview the previous studies on the stimulation of innate immunity of shrimp by various probiotic microorganisms, and also share our results in the probiotic performance of Rhodovulum sulfidophilum KKMI01, a marine PNSB, which showed a superior effect in promotion of growth and stimulation of immunity in shrimp at a quite low concentration of 1 × 103 cfu (colony forming unit)/ml in rearing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Miyasaka
- Department of Applied Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
- Ciamo Co. Ltd., G-2F Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
- Matsumoto Institute of Microorganisms Co. Ltd, 2904 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-1241, Japan.
| | - Aoi Koga
- Department of Applied Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
- Ciamo Co. Ltd., G-2F Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
- Matsumoto Institute of Microorganisms Co. Ltd, 2904 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-1241, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Maki
- Department of Applied Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
- Ciamo Co. Ltd., G-2F Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishiku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
- Matsumoto Institute of Microorganisms Co. Ltd, 2904 Niimura, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-1241, Japan
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Diwan A, Harke SN, Panche AN. Host-microbiome interaction in fish and shellfish: An overview. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100091. [PMID: 37091066 PMCID: PMC10113762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiome in the management of various physiological activities including healthy growth and performance of fish and shellfish is now widely considered and being studied in detail for potential applications in aquaculture farming and the future growth of the fish industry. The gut microbiome in all animals including fish is associated with a number of beneficial functions for the host, such as stimulating optimal gastrointestinal development, producing and supplying vitamins to the host, and improving the host's nutrient uptake by providing additional enzymatic activities. Besides nutrient uptake, the gut microbiome is involved in strengthening the immune system and maintaining mucosal tolerance, enhancing the host's resilience against infectious diseases, and the production of anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Because of its significant role, the gut microbiome is very often considered an "extra organ," as it plays a key role in intestinal development and regulation of other physiological functions. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome is involved in energy homeostasis by regulating feeding, digestive and metabolic processes, as well as the immune response. Consequently, deciphering gut microbiome dynamics in cultured fish and shellfish species will play an indispensable role in promoting animal health and aquaculture productivity. It is mentioned that the microbiome community available in the gut tract, particularly in the intestine acts as an innovative source of natural product discovery. The microbial communities that are associated with several marine organisms are the source of natural products with a diverse array of biological activities and as of today, more than 1000 new compounds have been reported from such microbial species. Exploration of such new ingredients from microbial species would create more opportunities for the development of the bio-pharma/aquaculture industries. Considering the important role of the microbiome in the whole life span of fish and shellfish, it is necessary to understand the interaction process between the host and microbial community. However, information pertaining to host-microbiome interaction, particularly at the cellular level, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and immunomodulation mechanisms, the available literature is scanty. It has been reported that there are three ways of interaction involving the host-microbe-environment operates to maintain homeostasis in the fish and shellfish gut i.e. host intrinsic factors, the environment that shapes the gut microbiome composition, and the core microbial community present in the gut system itself has equal influence on the host biology. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on various aspects of host-microbiome interaction, particularly on the immune system and health maintenance, management of diseases, nutrient uptake, digestion and absorption, gene expression, and metabolism in fish and shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Diwan
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission (MGM) University, Aurangabad, 431003, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author at: MGM Institute of Biosciences and Technology, MGM University, N-6, CIDCO, Aurangabad 431003, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Sanjay N Harke
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission (MGM) University, Aurangabad, 431003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana N Panche
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, B220 Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
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Du Y, Li H, Xu W, Hu X, Wu T, Chen J. Cell surface-associated elongation factor Tu interacts with fibronectin mediating the adhesion of Lactobacillus plantarum HC-2 to Penaeus vannamei intestinal cells and inhibiting the apoptosis induced by LPS and pathogen in Caco-2 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:32-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim S, Jeon H, Bai SC, Hur JW, Han HS. Evaluation of Salipiger thiooxidans and Exiguobacterium aestuarii from the Saemangeum Reservoir as Potential Probiotics for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061113. [PMID: 35744631 PMCID: PMC9230058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, two bacterial species, Salipiger thiooxidans and Exiguobacterium aestuarii, were extracted and screened from the Saemangeum Reservoir. This study examined these species’ suitability as a probiotic by confirming the effects of S. thiooxidans and E. aestuarii added to rearing water for L. vannamei. Three experimental groups were evaluated for 6 weeks: (1) a control group reared in natural (i.e., untreated) water (CON), (2) an experimental group in which S. thiooxidans was added to natural water (SMG-A), and (3) natural water inoculated with E. aestuarii (SMG-B). The SMG-B group inoculated with E. aestuarii showed significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rates, and feed efficiency than the control group. The SMG-B group inoculated with E. aestuarii exhibited significantly higher levels of serum lysozyme, and ACP and ALP activity than the control and SMG-A groups. The SMG-A and SMG-B groups inoculated with probiotics showed significantly lower total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite than the control group. Our findings suggest that S. thiooxidans and E. aestuarii extracted from the Saemangeum Reservoir can improve the water quality of aquaculture water, and, in particular, E. aestuarii is a potential probiotic for L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohwan Kim
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
| | - Hyuncheol Jeon
- Department of Marine Bio-Material & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Sungchul Charles Bai
- Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, Korea;
- FAO World Fisheries University Pilot Program, Busan 48547, Korea
| | - Jun-Wook Hur
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-W.H.); (H.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-63-469-1838 (J.-W.H.); +82-63-469-1834 (H.-S.H.)
| | - Hyon-Sob Han
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-W.H.); (H.-S.H.); Tel.: +82-63-469-1838 (J.-W.H.); +82-63-469-1834 (H.-S.H.)
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Koga A, Goto M, Hayashi S, Yamamoto S, Miyasaka H. Probiotic Effects of a Marine Purple Non-Sulfur Bacterium, Rhodovulum sulfidophilum KKMI01, on Kuruma Shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020244. [PMID: 35208699 PMCID: PMC8876596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are used as probiotics in shrimp aquaculture; however, no studies have examined the probiotic effects of PNSB in shrimp at the gene expression level. In this study, we examined the effects of a marine PNSB, Rhodovulum sulfidophilum KKMI01, on the gene expression of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). Short-term (3 days) effects of R. sulfidophilum KKMI01 on the gene expression in shrimp were examined using small-scale laboratory aquaria experiments, while long-term (145 days) effects of R. sulfidophilum KKMI01 on the growth performance and gene expression were examined using 200-ton outdoor aquaria experiments. Gene expression levels were examined using qRT-PCR. Results of the short-term experiments showed the upregulation of several molting-related genes, including cuticle proteins, calcification proteins, and cuticle pigment protein, suggesting that PNSB stimulated the growth of shrimp. The upregulation of several immune genes, such as prophenoloxidase, antimicrobial peptides, and superoxide dismutase, was also observed. In the 145-day outdoor experiments, the average body weight at harvest time, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved in PNSB-treated shrimp, and upregulation of molting and immune-related genes were also observed. When PNSB cells were added to the rearing water, the effective dosage of PNSB was as low as 103 cfu/mL, which was more than a million times dilution of the original PNSB culture (2–3 × 109 cfu/mL), indicating that R. sulfidophilum KKMI01 provides a feasible and cost-effective application as a probiotic candidate in shrimp aquaculture.
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Nguyen Thi Truc L, Nguyen Thanh T, Tran Thi Hong T, Pham Van D, Vo Thi Tuyet M, Nguyen Trong N, Phan Cong M, Cao Ngoc D, Truong Quoc P. Effects of Feed Mixed with Lactic Acid Bacteria and Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Supplied to the Water on the Growth and Survival Rate of White Leg Shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei) Infected with Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040280. [PMID: 33808280 PMCID: PMC8067269 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to evaluate the growth, survival rate, and resistance to Acute hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by using Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus mixed with feed, and at the same time supplying CNP in a ratio of 15:1:0.1 to the water. The result showed that shrimps were fed with feed containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially L. plantarum have an effective to increased shrimp growth, stimulated non-specific immune system such as total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, hyaline cells, and protected shrimp to ANPND. The supply of CNP to the water have increased the intensity of V. parahaemolyticus effects on shrimp health; significantly decreased non-specific immune parameters of shrimp by 30–50%, therefore increased the AHPND infected rate and mortality of shrimp compared with without CNP group. In summary, LAB has a good effect to shrimp and the supply of CNP had significantly reduced the shrimp’s immune response and increased the susceptibility of shrimp to AHPND in both cases of use with and without LAB-containing diets. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the growth, survival rate, and resistance to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) by using Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Pediococcus pentosaceus mixed with feed, and at the same time supplying CNP in a ratio of 15:1:0.1 to the water. As a result, the treatments that shrimp were fed with feed containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially L. plantarum, have increased shrimp growth, total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. The supply of CNP to the water has promoted the intensity of V. parahaemolyticus effects on shrimp health and significantly decreased total hemocyte cells, granulocyte cells, and hyaline cells by 30–50% in the period after three days of the challenge, except in L. plantarum treatment, which had only a 20% decrease compared to other treatments. In CNP supplying treatments, the AHPND infected rate and mortality of shrimp were higher than those in other treatments. In summary, the supply of CNP had significantly reduced the shrimp’s immune response and promoted the susceptibility of shrimp to AHPND in both cases of use with and without LAB-containing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguyen Thi Truc
- Tra Vinh University, 126, Nguyen Thien Thanh, Tra Vinh 87000, Vietnam; (L.N.T.T.); (T.N.T.); (T.T.T.H.); (D.P.V.); (M.V.T.T.)
| | - Tuu Nguyen Thanh
- Tra Vinh University, 126, Nguyen Thien Thanh, Tra Vinh 87000, Vietnam; (L.N.T.T.); (T.N.T.); (T.T.T.H.); (D.P.V.); (M.V.T.T.)
| | - To Tran Thi Hong
- Tra Vinh University, 126, Nguyen Thien Thanh, Tra Vinh 87000, Vietnam; (L.N.T.T.); (T.N.T.); (T.T.T.H.); (D.P.V.); (M.V.T.T.)
| | - Day Pham Van
- Tra Vinh University, 126, Nguyen Thien Thanh, Tra Vinh 87000, Vietnam; (L.N.T.T.); (T.N.T.); (T.T.T.H.); (D.P.V.); (M.V.T.T.)
| | - Minh Vo Thi Tuyet
- Tra Vinh University, 126, Nguyen Thien Thanh, Tra Vinh 87000, Vietnam; (L.N.T.T.); (T.N.T.); (T.T.T.H.); (D.P.V.); (M.V.T.T.)
| | - Nghia Nguyen Trong
- Aquaculture Pharmacy Company Limited, 149/41, Hoang Van Thu Street, An Cu Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam; (N.N.T.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Minh Phan Cong
- Aquaculture Pharmacy Company Limited, 149/41, Hoang Van Thu Street, An Cu Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam; (N.N.T.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Diep Cao Ngoc
- Department of Aquatic Pathology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam;
| | - Phu Truong Quoc
- Department of Aquatic Pathology, College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 94000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence:
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Expression analysis of immune-associated genes in hemocytes of mud crab Scylla paramamosain under low salinity challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:16-25. [PMID: 32947031 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To gain knowledge on the immune response in Scylla paramamosain under low salinity challenge, S. paramamosain we investigated digital gene expression (DEG) in S. paramamosain hemocytes using the deep-sequencing platform Illumina Hiseq XTen. A total of 97,257 high quality unigenes with mean length 786.59 bp were found to be regulated by low salinity challenge, among which 93 unigenes were significantly up regulated, and 71 were significantly down regulated. Functional categorization and pathways analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that immune signaling pathway including cAMP and cGMP signaling pathway were affected in low salinity stress. Cellular immunity-related genes including low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) were down-regulated, indicating phagocytosis and oxygen dependent mechanism of phagocyte were suppressed in low salinity stress; Humoral immunity-related genes serine proteases and serpins 3 were up- and down-regulated, respectively, suggest that the proPO system was influenced by low salinity significantly; Moreover, processes related to immune response including carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis and lipid transport were found differentially regulated, implying the integrity of the immune response in low salinity stress. This study gained comprehensive insights on the immune mechanism of S. paramamosain at low salinity stress at the molecular level. The findings provide a theoretical basis for understanding immune mechanisms of S. paramamosain under low salinity stress, and technical reference for evaluating physiological adaptation in fresh water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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Ringø E, Van Doan H, Lee SH, Soltani M, Hoseinifar SH, Harikrishnan R, Song SK. Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: interesting supplementation for aquaculture. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:116-136. [PMID: 32141152 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics administration in aquafeed is known to increase feed consumption and absorption due to their capacity to release a wide range of digestive enzymes and nutrients which can participate in digestion process and feed utilization, along with the absorption of diet components led to an increase in host's health and well-being. Furthermore, probiotics improve gut maturation, prevention of intestinal disorders, predigestion of antinutrient factors found in the feed ingredients, gut microbiota, disease resistance against pathogens and metabolism. The beneficial immune effects of probiotics are well established in finfish. However, in comparison, similar studies are less abundant in the shellfish. In this review, the discussions will mainly focus on studies reported the last 2 years. In recent studies, native probiotic bacteria were isolated and fed back to their hosts. Although beneficial effects were demonstrated, some studies showed adverse effects when treated with a high concentration. This adverse effect may be due to the imbalance of the gut microbiota caused by the replenished commensal probiotics. Probiotics revealed greatest effect on the shrimp digestive system particularly in the larval and early post-larval stages, and stimulate the production of endogenous enzymes in shrimp and contribute with improved the enzyme activities in the gut, as well as disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ringø
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - H Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - S H Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - M Soltani
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S H Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - R Harikrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College for Men, Tamil Nadu, Kanchipuram, India
| | - S K Song
- School of Life Science, Handong University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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