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Niu J, Wang S, Qiao X, Yu S, Yu Z, Jin Y, Huang M, Wang L, Song L. CgIκB2 negatively regulates the expression of interferon-like protein by Rel/NF-κB signal in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109853. [PMID: 39173983 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of NF-κB (IκBs) have been implicated as major components of the Rel/NF-κB signaling pathway, playing an important negative regulatory role in host antiviral immunity such as in the activation of interferon (IFN) in vertebrates. In the present study, the immunomodulatory effect of IκB (CgIκB2) on the expression of interferon-like protein (CgIFNLP) was evaluated in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). After poly (I:C) stimulation, the mRNA expression level of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly down-regulated at 3-12 h while up-regulated at 48-72 h. The mRNA expression of CgIκB2 in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated at 3 h after rCgIFNLP stimulation. In the CgIκB2-RNAi oysters, the mRNA expression of CgIFNLP, interferon regulatory factor-8 (CgIRF8) and NF-κB subunit (CgRel), the abundance of CgIFNLP and CgIRF8 protein in haemocytes, as well as the abundance of CgRel protein in nucleus were significantly increased after poly (I:C) stimulation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that nuclear translocation of CgIRF8 and CgRel protein was promoted in CgIκB2-RNAi oysters compared with that in EGFP-RNAi group. In the CgRel-RNAi oysters, the mRNA and protein expression level of CgIFNLP significantly down-regulated after poly (I:C) stimulation. The collective results indicated that CgIκB2 plays an important role in regulating CgIFNLP expression through its effects on Rel/NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Niu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Simiao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Mengyue Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Yu Z, Qiao X, Yu S, Gu X, Jin Y, Tang C, Niu J, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of interferon regulatory factor 8 in regulating the proliferation of haemocytes in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 156:105172. [PMID: 38537730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is an important transcriptional regulatory factor involving in multiple biological process, such as the antiviral immune response, immune cell proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the involvement of a previously identified IRF8 homologue (CgIRF8) in regulating haemocyte proliferation of oyster were further investigated. CgIRF8 mRNA transcripts were detectable in all the stages of C. gigas larvae with the highest level in D-veliger (1.76-fold of that in zygote, p < 0.05). Its mRNA transcripts were also detected in all the three haemocyte subpopulations of adult oysters with the highest expression in granulocytes (2.79-fold of that in agranulocytes, p < 0.01). After LPS stimulation, the mRNA transcripts of CgIRF8 in haemocytes significantly increased at 12 h and 48 h, which were 2.04-fold and 1.65-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group, respectively. Meanwhile, the abundance of CgIRF8 protein in the haemocytes increased significantly at 12 h after LPS stimulation (1.71-fold of that in seawater, p < 0.05). The immunofluorescence assay and Western blot showed that LPS stimulation induced an obvious nucleus translocation of CgIRF8 protein in haemocytes. After the expression of CgIRF8 was inhibited by the injection of CgIRF8 siRNA, the percentage of EdU positive haemocytes, the proportion of granulocytes, and the mRNA expression levels of CgGATA and CgSCL all declined significantly at 12 h after LPS stimulation, which was 0.64-fold (p < 0.05), 0.7-fold (p < 0.05), 0.31-fold and 0.54-fold (p < 0.001) of that in the NC group, respectively. While the expression level of cell proliferation-related protein CgCDK2, CgCDC6, CgCDC45 and CgPCNA were significantly increased (1.99-fold, and 2.41-fold, 3.76-fold and 4.79-fold compared to that in the NC group respectively, p < 0.001). Dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that CgIRF8 was able to activate the CgGATA promoter in HEK293T cells after transfection of CgGATA and CgIRF8. These results collectively indicated that CgIRF8 promoted haemocyte proliferation by regulating the expression of CgGATA and other related genes in the immune response of oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chunyu Tang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jixiang Niu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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He Q, Liu C, Liu Q, Wang L, Song L. CgADAR1 involved in regulating the synthesis of interferon-like protein in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109620. [PMID: 38740229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is a dsRNA adenosine (A)-to-inosine (I) editing enzyme that regulates the innate immune response against virus invasion. In the present study, a novel CgADAR1 was identified from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgADAR1 was of 3444 bp encoding a peptide of 1147 amino acid residues with two Zα domains, one dsRNA binding motif (DSRM) and one RNA adenosine deaminase domain (ADEAMc). The mRNA transcripts of CgADAR1 were detected in all the examined tissues, with higher expression levels in mantle and gill, which were 7.11-fold and 4.90-fold (p < 0.05) of that in labial palp, respectively. The mRNA transcripts of CgADAR1 in haemocytes were significantly induced at 24 h and 36 h after Poly (A: U) stimulation, which were 6.03-fold (p < 0.01) and 1.37-fold (p < 0.001) of that in control group, respectively. At 48 h after Poly (A:U) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgRIG-Ⅰ, CgIRF8 and CgIFNLP significantly increased, which were 4.36-fold (p < 0.001), 1.82-fold (p < 0.05) and 1.92-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group. After CgADAR1 expression was inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi), the mRNA expression levels of CgMDA5, CgRIG-Ⅰ, CgTBK1, CgIRF8 and CgIFNLP were significantly increased, which were 11.88-fold, 11.51-fold, 2.22-fold, 2.85-fold and 2.52-fold of that in control group (p < 0.001), and the phosphorylation level of CgTBK1 was also significantly increased. These results suggested that CgADAR1 played a regulation role in the early stages of viral infection by inhibiting the synthesis of interferon-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Gao Y, Liu Z, Zhu T, Xin X, Jin Y, Wang L, Liu C, Song L. A bone morphogenetic protein regulates the shell formation of Crassostrea gigas under ocean acidification. Gene 2023; 884:147687. [PMID: 37541558 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are key factors controlling osteoblast differentiation, which have been proved to be involved in the hard tissue formation of marine mollusks. In the present study, a member of BMPs gene (CgBMP7) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas) with the aim to understand its possible role in the regulation of shell formation under ocean acidification (OA) conditions. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgBMP7 was of 1254 bp encoding a polypeptide of 417 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgBMP7 was comprised of one signal peptide, one prodomain and one TGF-β domain, which shared 21.69%-61.10% identities with those from other species. The mRNA transcript of CgBMP7 was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues of adult oysters with a higher expression level in mantle, notably highest in the middle fold (MF) of the three folds of mantle. The expression level of bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor (CgBMPR1B) mRNA was also highest in the MF and up-regulated dramatically post recombinant BMP7 protein (rCgBMP7) stimulation. After the blockage of BMPR1B with inhibitor LDN193189 (LDN), the mRNA expression level and phosphorylation level of CgSmad1/5/8 in mantle were decreased, and the mRNA expression levels of CgCaM and Cgengrailed-1 were down-regulated significantly. During the oysters were exposed to acidified seawater for weeks, the expression levels of CgBMP7, CgBMPR1B and CgSmad1/5/8 in the MF decreased significantly (p < 0.01) at the 4th week, and CgCaM and Cgengrailed-1 also exhibited the same variable expression patterns as CgBMP7. In addition, the growth of shell in the treatment group (pH 7.8) was slower than that in the control group (pH 8.1). These results collectively indicated that BMP7 was able to trigger the BMPR-Smad signaling pathway and involved in controlling the formation of oyster calcified shell under OA conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Qiao X, Liu C, Wang W, Yang C, Li M, Yi Q, Kong N, Qiu L, Liu X, Wang L, Song L. A neural cell adhesion molecule from oyster Crassostrea gigas: Molecular identification and immune functional characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125756. [PMID: 37429340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are large cell-surface glycoproteins playing important roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions in nervous system. Recent study identified a homologue of NCAM (CgNCAM) from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Its ORF was of 2634 bp which encodes a protein (877 amino acids) consisting of five immunoglobulin domains and two fibronectin type III domains. CgNCAM transcripts were broadly distributed in oyster tissues especially in mantle, labial palp and haemolymph. CgNCAM showed up-regulated expression in haemocytes of oysters after Vibrio splendidus and Staphylococcus aureus stimulation. The recombinant CgNCAM protein (rCgNCAM) was able to bind manose, lipopolysaccharide and glucan, as well as different microbes including Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. rCgNCAM displayed bacterial agglutination and hemagglutination activity. CgNCAM improved the phagocytosis of haemocytes towards V. splendidus by regulating the expression of CgIntegrin, CgRho J and CgMAPKK. Moreover, CgNCAM was involved in the extracellular trap establishment of haemocytes after V. splendidus stimulation. The results collectively indicated that CgNCAM acted as a recognition receptor executing multiple immune functions to recognize and eliminate invading microorganisms in innate immunity of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qilin Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Jin Y, Qiao X, Lv X, Wang W, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, Song L. A conserved RNAi molecule Ago2 involved in antiviral immunity of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104668. [PMID: 36774972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute (Ago) is the core component of RNA-induced silencing complex to play a crucial role in the antiviral immunity, which always cooperates with Dicer in RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the target genes. In the present study, an Ago homologue (CgAgo2) was identified in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. There were four classical functional domains in the predicted CgAgo2 protein, including an N-terminal domain, a PAZ domain, a Mid domain, and a PIWI domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgAgo2 shared 63.52%-84.27% identity with other Agos. Transcriptome analysis showed that CgAgo2 was highly expressed in embryonic period and gradually decreased from blastula to gastrula. The transcripts of CgAgo2 were detectable in all the examined tissues of adult oysters, with the highest expression in haemocytes (36.61-fold of that in adductor muscle, p < 0.001). The expression level of CgAgo2 mRNA in haemocytes increased significantly at 12 h after poly (I:C) and dsRNA stimulation, which were 2.71-fold (p < 0.05) and 58.00-fold (p < 0.001) of that in the control group respectively. Immunocytochemistry assay revealed that CgAgo2 proteins were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of haemocytes. The interaction between the recombinant CgAgo2 protein (rCgAgo2) and cleavage protein rCgDicer was observed in vitro by BLI and pull-down assays. These results indicated that CgAgo2 participated in the antiviral immunity of oyster by functioning as a component of RNA-induced silencing complex in RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaojing Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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7
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Benítez S, Figueroa Á, Lagos NA, Silva AX, Duarte C, Vargas CA, Lardies MA, Cárdenas L. Differential gene expression analysis in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus exposed to altered pH and temperature conditions in an upwelling-influenced farming area. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101046. [PMID: 36495831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its absorption across the ocean surface will alter natural variations in pH and temperature levels, occurring in coastal upwelling ecosystems. The scallop Argopecten purpuratus, one of the most economically important species farmed in northern Chile, has been shown to be vulnerable to these environmental drivers. However, the regulatory responses at the gene-level of scallops to these climate stressors remain almost unknown. Consequently, we used an orthogonal experimental design and RNAseq approach to analyze the acute effects of variability in pH and temperature on gene expression in the muscle tissue of A. purpuratus. In respect to control conditions (pH ~ 8.0/ 14 °C), the influence of low pH (~ 7.7) and temperature (14 °C) induced the activation of several genes associated with apoptotic signaling pathways and protein localization to plasma membrane. Elevated temperature (18 °C) and pH (~8.0) conditions increased the expression of transcripts associated with the activation of muscle contraction, regulation, and sarcomere organization effects on muscle tissue. In scallops exposed to low pH and elevated temperature, the genes expressed were differentially associated with the oxidation-reduction process, signal translation, and positive regulation of GTPase activity. These results indicated that the differentially expressed genes under the experimental conditions tested are mainly related to the mitigation of cellular damage and homeostasis control. Our results add knowledge about the function of the adductor muscle in response to stressors in scallops. Furthermore, these results could help in the identification of molecular biomarkers of stress necessary to be integrated into the aquaculture programs for the mitigation of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Benítez
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson A Lagos
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile; Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea X Silva
- AUSTRAL-omics, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Desarrollo y Creación Artística, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A Vargas
- Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Costeros y Cambio Ambiental Global (ECCALab), Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales & Centro EULA Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marco A Lardies
- Instituto Milenio de Socio-Ecología Costera (SECOS), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leyla Cárdenas
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.
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8
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Qiao X, Li Y, Jin Y, Wang S, Hou L, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of an interferon-induced protein 44-like (CgIFI44L) in the antiviral immune response of Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:96-105. [PMID: 36055558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) encoding proteins are the essential executors of interferon (IFN) mediated antiviral defense. In the present study, an ISG member, interferon-induced protein 44-like (IFI44L) gene (designed as CgIFI44L-1) was identified from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The ORF of CgIFI44L-1 cDNA was of 1437 bp encoding a polypeptide of 479 amino acids with a TLDc domain and an MMR_HSR1 domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgIFI44L-1 were detected in all the tested tissues with highest level in haemocytes, which was 15.78-fold of that in gonad (p < 0.001). Among the haemocytes, the CgIFI44L-1 protein was detected to be highly expressed in granulocytes with dominant distribution in cytoplasm. The mRNA expression level of CgIFI44L-1 in haemocytes was significantly induced by poly (I:C) stimulation, and the expression level peaked at 24 h, which was 24.24-fold (p < 0.0001) of that in control group. After the treatment with the recombinant protein of an oyster IFN-like protein (rCgIFNLP), the mRNA expression level of CgIFI44L-1 was significantly enhanced at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h, which was 2.67-fold (p < 0.001), 5.44-fold (p < 0.001) and 5.16-fold (p < 0.001) of that in control group, respectively. When the expressions of CgSTAT and CgIFNLP were knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi), the mRNA transcripts of CgIFI44L-1 were significantly down-regulated after poly (I:C) stimulation, which was 0.09-fold (p < 0.001) and 0.06-fold (p < 0.001) of those in EGFP group, respectively. These results suggested that CgIFI44L-1 was a conserved ISG in oyster, which was regulated by CgIFNLP and CgSTAT, and involved in the oyster antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Youjing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lilin Hou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, Guangdong, Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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9
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Li Y, Qiao X, Hou L, Liu X, Li Q, Jin Y, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. A stimulator of interferon gene (CgSTING) involved in antimicrobial immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:82-90. [PMID: 35917891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon gene (STING), an intracellular sensor of cyclic dinucleotides, is critical to the innate immune response, especially the induction of type I interferon (IFN) during pathogenic infection. A STING homologue (CgSTING) regulating the expression of IFN-like protein (CgIFNLP) was previously identified in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and its involvement in antibacterial immunity was further investigated in the present study. The mRNA transcripts of CgSTING were ubiquitously detected in all the three subpopulations of haemocytes with the highest expression in semi-granulocytes. After the stimulation with Vibrio splendidus, the mRNA expression of CgSTING in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated and peaked at 72 h, which was 12.91-fold of that in control group (p < 0.01). The CgSTING protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm of haemocytes. After the expression of CgSTING was knocked down (0.12-fold of that in control group, p < 0.05) by RNAi, the mRNA expression levels of interleukin17-1 (CgIL17-1), interleukin17-3 (CgIL17-3), interleukin17-4 (CgIL17-4), defensins (Cgdefh1, Cgdefh2), big defensin (CgBigDef1), interferon-like protein (CgIFNLP), tumor necrosis factor (CgTNF) and nuclear factor-κB (CgRel) all decreased significantly at 12 h after V. splendidus stimulation, which was 0.12-fold-0.72-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group, respectively. The positive signals of CgRel were observed in the haemocyte nucleus after V. splendidus stimulation. The nuclear translocation of CgRel was suppressed in CgSTING-RNAi oysters, and the green signals of CgRel were mainly observed in the haemocyte cytoplasm after V. splendidus stimulation. Furthermore, the number of V. splendidus in the haemolymph of CgSTING-RNAi oysters increased significantly, which was 26.78-fold (p < 0.01) of that in the control group at 12 h after V. splendidus stimulation. These results indicated that CgSTING played important role in the immune defense against bacterial infection by inducing the expressions of cytokines and defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lilin Hou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiyang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qing Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - YuHao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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10
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Zeng QH, Long GY, Yang XB, Jia ZY, Jin DC, Yang H. SfDicer2 RNA Interference Inhibits Molting and Wing Expansion in Sogatella furcifera. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080677. [PMID: 36005304 PMCID: PMC9408908 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Endoribonuclease 2 (Dicer2) plays various physiological roles in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by fragmenting double-stranded RNA to generate small interfering RNA, which then mediates gene silencing. In this study, the role of Dicer2 in the regulation of molting and wing expansion in Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper) was investigated. In particular, SfDicer2-mediated RNAi resulted in wing deformities and lethal modifications in S. furcifera, which are attributable to the significant inhibition of chitin synthesis and degradation and wing expansion genes. This study provides insights into the biological functions of Dicer2 in insects, which can aid in RNAi-mediated pest control. Abstract Endoribonuclease 2 (Dicer2) is a key nicking endonuclease involved in the small interfering RNA biosynthesis, and it plays important roles in gene regulation and antiviral immunity. The Dicer2 sequence was obtained using the transcriptomic and genomic information of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and the spatiotemporal characteristics and functions of molting and wing expansion regulation were studied using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The expression of SfDicer2 fluctuated during the nymphal stage of S. furcifera. Its expression decreased significantly over the course of molting. SfDicer2 exhibited the highest transcript level in the nymphal stage and adult fat body. After SfDicer2 was silenced, the total mortality rate was 42.69%; 18.32% of the insects died because of their inability to molt. Compared with the effects of dsGFP or water, 44.38% of the insects subjected to the silencing of SfDicer2 exhibited wing deformities after successful eclosion. After SfDicer2 RNAi, the expression of chitinase, chitin deacetylase, trehalase, chitin synthase 1, and wing expansion-related genes was significantly inhibited. These findings indicate that SfDicer2 controls molting by affecting genes associated with chitin synthesis and degradation and regulates wing expansion by altering the expression of wing expansion-related genes in S. furcifera.
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11
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Qiao X, Hou L, Wang J, Jin Y, Kong N, Li J, Wang S, Wang L, Song L. Identification and characterization of an apoptosis-inducing factor 1 involved in apoptosis and immune defense of oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:173-181. [PMID: 34610453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a phylogenetically old protein with classic function of inducing caspase-independent apoptosis, which extensively present in all primary kingdoms. In the present study, an AIF homologue (designated as CgAIF1) was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgAIF1 cDNA was of 1836 bp encoding a peptide of 611 amino acid residues. There are a Pyr_redox_2 domain and an AIF_C domain in the predicted CgAIF1 protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of CgAIF1 shared 35.44%-79.22% similarity with AIF1s from other species. In the phylogenetic tree, CgAIF1 firstly clustered with mollusc AIF1s, and then with insect AIF1s, displaying separation from vertebrate AIF1s. The mRNA transcripts of CgAIF1 were constitutively distributed in all the tested oyster tissues, with the highest level in gills (12.98-fold of that in haemocytes, p < 0.05). After LPS and Poly (I:C) stimulation, the mRNA transcripts of CgAIF1 in gills were significantly increased at 6 h and 24 h (5.79-fold, p < 0.001, and 21.96-fold compared to the control group, p < 0.05), respectively. In immunocytochemical assay, the CgAIF1 positive signals were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of haemocytes, while after Poly (I:C) stimulation, the increased CgAIF1 positive signals were observed in the nucleus. Moreover, in the HEK293T cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-CgAIF1 recombinant plasmid, green signal of CgAIF1 were observed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The cell mortality rate, cell shrinking and the phosphatidylserine (PS) ectropion (Annexin V+/PI- cells and Annexin V+/PI+ cells) of CgAIF1 transfected HEK293T cells were significantly increased, compared to the groups with or without pcDNA3.1 transfection. These results collectively suggested that CgAIF1 was a conserved AIF1 member in oysters, and participated in immune response by inducing cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lilin Hou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jihan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuhao Jin
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jialuo Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Sicong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Qiao X, Zong Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang J, Wang L, Song L. A novel CgIFNLP receptor involved in regulating ISG expression in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104206. [PMID: 34274363 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are the key coordinators of antiviral immunity by binding to their receptors to orchestrate a complex transcriptional network in vertebrates. Recently, the existence of molluscan IFN-like system has been certified by the identification of important components in IFN system, such as IFN-like protein (CgIFNLP) from oyster Crassostrea gigas. In the present study, a novel CgIFNLP receptor (designed CgIFNLPR-1) was identified from C. gigas. The open reading frame (ORF) of CgIFNLPR-1 cDNA was of 1962 bp encoding a peptide of 653 amino acid residues with five fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains and one transmembrane helix region. The mRNA transcripts of CgIFNLPR-1 were constitutively distributed in all the tested tissues, with the highest level in gonad. After Poly (I:C) stimulation, the mRNA expression of CgIFNLPR-1 in haemocytes was significantly up-regulated to the highest level at 48 h (4.54-fold of that in control group, p < 0.05). CgIFNLPR-1 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and membrane of oyster haemocytes. CgIFNLP and CgIFNLPR-1 were able to interact with each other in vitro. After the CgIFNLPR-1 was knocked down by RNAi, the mRNA expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including CgMx, CgViperin and CgIFNIP-44, were significantly inhibited after Poly (I:C) stimulation, which was 0.17, 0.31 and 0.53-fold of that in EGFP group, respectively (p < 0.01). These findings suggested that CgIFNLPR-1 was a novel CgIFNLP receptor in the oyster to recognize CgIFNLP and regulate the expressions of CgISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yanan Zong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuanmei Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jihan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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Zhao Q, Wang W, Li JX, Yuan P, Liu Y, Li Y, Wang L, Song L. The DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) involved in regulation of CgIL-17 expression in the immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104092. [PMID: 33819545 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase, a key enzyme mediating DNA methylation, is involved in numerous processes including genomic imprinting, X chromosome inactivation, transposable element suppression, and immune defense in vertebrates. In the present study, a DNA cytosine-5-methyltransferase 3 was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas (designed as CgDNMT3). There were a PWWP domain, a PHD domain and a DNA-methylase domain in the deduced amino acid sequences of CgDNMT3, and the conserved motifs I, IV, VI, Ⅷ, IX and X were identified in its C-terminal catalytic DNA-methylase domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgDNMT3 were detected in haemocytes, mantle, gill, adductor muscle, digestive gland and labial palp, with higher expression level in haemocytes (6.54 folds of those in gill, p < 0.01). The expression level of CgDNMT3 mRNA in haemocytes increased significantly after LPS primed (2.87 folds of that in control group, p < 0.05) in vitro or Vibrio splendidus challenging (1.94 folds of that in control group, p < 0.05) in vivo. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that CgDNMT3 protein was distributed mainly in cytoplasm and partial in nucleus of oyster haemocytes. After CgDNMT3 was transfected and expressed in HEK293T cells, the DNA 5-methylcytosine (5-mc) level in the transfected group was significantly increased, which was 1.22 folds (p < 0.05) of the pcDNA-3.1 group. The expressions of oyster CgIL17-1, CgIL17-2 and CgIL17-5 in haemocytes increased (13.05 folds, 4.78 folds and 9.41 folds of that in control group, respectively) at 12 h after V. splendidus challenging, but the increase were significantly inhibited when the oysters were pre-treated with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Azacytidine, which were 9 folds, 1.93 folds and 3.22 folds of that in control group, respectively. These results collectively suggested that CgDNMT3 was a conserved member of DNA methyltransferase 3 family in oyster, and participated in regulating the expression of cytokines during immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jia Xin Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Pei Yuan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Li J, Wang W, Zhao Q, Fan S, Li Y, Yuan P, Wang L, Song L. A haemocyte-expressed Methyltransf_FA domain containing protein (MFCP) exhibiting microbe binding activity in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104137. [PMID: 34023375 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Methyltransf_FA domain is well-known as a key protein domain of enzyme synthesizing juvenile hormone, and Methyltransf_FA domain containing proteins (MFCPs) are widely existed in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, a CgMFCP with a single Methyltransf_FA domain was screened from oyster Crassostrea gigas, and its open reading frame of CgMFCP was of 1128 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 376 amino acids with a signal peptide, a Methyltransf_FA domain and a transmembrane region. CgMFCP was clustered with FAMeTs from insecta and crustacea of arthropod. The mRNA transcripts of CgMFCP were detected in different tissues, with the extremely high expression level in haemocytes, which was 131.36-fold (p < 0.05) of that in gills. The expression level of CgMFCP protein was verified to be highly expressed in haemocytes. The expression level of CgMFCP mRNA in primarily cultured haemocytes significantly up-regulated at 3 h, 24 h and 48 h post LPS stimulation, which was 3.25-fold (p < 0.01), 2.04-fold (p < 0.05) and 3.59-fold (p < 0.01) compared to that in blank group. After the oysters were stimulated with Vibrio splendidus in vivo, the expression level of CgMFCP mRNA in haemocytes was also significantly up-regulated at 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h, which was 4.22-fold (p < 0.05), 4.39-fold (p < 0.05) and 6.35-fold (p < 0.01) of that in control group, respectively. By flow cytometry analysis, anti-rCgMFCP can label 95% of oyster haemocytes. And by fluorescence microscope analysis, CgMFCP was mainly distributed in cytomembrane of haemocytes. The recombinant CgMFCP (rCgMFCP) exhibited higher affinity towards MAN and LPS in a dose-dependent manner, while relatively lower affinity to PGN and poly (I:C). rCgMFCP also displayed binding activities towards Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio anguillarum and V. splendidus), Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcu aureu) and fungi (Pichia pastoris). These results collectively indicated that CgMFCP specifically expressed in haemocytes and functioned as a pattern recognition receptor by binding to various microbes in oyster C. gigas, which provided insight into the function of Methyltransf_FA domain containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Siqi Fan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Pei Yuan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
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15
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Lewandowska M, Sharoni T, Admoni Y, Aharoni R, Moran Y. Functional characterization of the cnidarian antiviral immune response reveals ancestral complexity. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4546-4561. [PMID: 34180999 PMCID: PMC8476169 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals evolved a broad repertoire of innate immune sensors and downstream effector cascades for defense against RNA viruses. Yet, this system varies greatly among different bilaterian animals, masking its ancestral state. In this study, we aimed to characterize the antiviral immune response of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis and decipher the function of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) known to detect viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in bilaterians but activate different antiviral pathways in vertebrates and nematodes. We show that polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a mimic of long viral dsRNA and a primary ligand for the vertebrate RLR melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), triggers a complex antiviral immune response bearing features distinctive for both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. Importantly, a well-characterized agonist of the vertebrate RIG-I receptor does not induce a significant transcriptomic response that bears signature of the antiviral immune response, which experimentally supports the results of a phylogenetic analysis indicating clustering of the two N. vectensis RLR paralogs (NveRLRa and NveRLRb) with MDA5. Furthermore, the results of affinity assays reveal that NveRLRb binds poly(I:C) and long dsRNA and its knockdown impairs the expression of putative downstream effector genes including RNA interference components. Our study provides for the first time the functional evidence for the conserved role of RLRs in initiating immune response to dsRNA that originated before the cnidarian–bilaterian split and lay a strong foundation for future research on the evolution of the immune responses to RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Lewandowska
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ton Sharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yael Admoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Reuven Aharoni
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Qiao X, Wang L, Song L. The primitive interferon-like system and its antiviral function in molluscs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:103997. [PMID: 33444647 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.103997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phylum mollusca is a very important group in the animal kingdom for the large number and diversified species. Recently, interest in molluscan immunity has increased due to their phylogenetic position and importance in worldwide aquaculture and aquatic environment. As the main aquaculture animal, most molluscs live in the water environment and they have to cope with many pathogen challenges, in which virus is one of the primary causes for the mass mortality. In vertebrates, interferon (IFN) system is generally recognized as the first line of defence against viral infection, while the antiviral mechanisms in molluscs remain to be clearly illuminated. Recently, some IFN-like proteins and IFN-related components have been characterized from molluscs, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), IFN-like receptors, JAK/STAT and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which reinforce the existence of IFN-like system in molluscs. This system can be activated by virus or poly (I:C) challenges and further regulate the antiviral response of haemocytes in molluscs. This review summarizes the research progresses of IFN-like system in molluscs with the emphases on the uniformity and heterogeneity of IFN-like system of molluscs compared to that of other animals, which will be helpful for elucidating the antiviral modulation in molluscs and understanding the origin and evolution of IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Abo-Al-Ela HG. RNA Interference in Aquaculture: A Small Tool for Big Potential. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4343-4355. [PMID: 33835783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the tight regulatory functions of DNA and RNA have been the focus of extensive research with the goal of harnessing RNA molecules (e.g., microRNA and small interfering RNA) to control gene expression and to study biological functions. RNA interference (RNAi) has shown evidence of mediating gene expression, has been utilized to study functional genomics, and recently has potential in therapeutic agents. RNAi is a natural mechanism and a well-studied tool that can be used to silence specific genes. This method is also used in aquaculture as a research tool and to enhance immune responses. RNAi methods do have their limitations (e.g., immune triggering); efficient and easy-to-use RNAi methods for large-scale applications need further development. Despite these limitations, RNAi methods have been successfully used in aquaculture, in particular shrimp. This review discusses the uses of RNAi in aquaculture, such as immune- and production-related issues and the possible limitations that may hinder the application of RNAi in the aquaculture industry. Our challenge is to develop a highly potent in vivo RNAi delivery platform that could complete the desired action with minimal side effects and which can be applied on a large-scale with relatively little expense in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez 43518, Egypt
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18
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Lv X, Wang W, Zhao Q, Qiao X, Wang L, Yan Y, Han S, Liu Z, Wang L, Song L. A truncated intracellular Dicer-like molecule involves in antiviral immune recognition of oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103931. [PMID: 33220355 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme Dicer is best known for its role as an endoribonuclease in the small RNA pathway, playing a crucial role in recognizing viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and inducing down-stream cascades to mediate anti-virus immunity. In the present study, a truncated Dicer-like gene was identified from oyster Crassostrea gigas, and its open reading frame (ORF) encoded a polypeptide (designed as CgDCL) of 530 amino acids. The CgDCL contained one N-terminal DEAD domain and a C-terminal helicase domain, but lack the conserved PAZ domain, ribonuclease domain (RIBOc) and dsRNA binding domain. The mRNA transcripts of CgDCL were detected in all the examined tissues with high expression levels in lip, gills and haemocytes, which were 62.06-fold, 48.91-fold and 47.13-fold (p < 0.05) of that in mantle, respectively. In the primarily cultured oyster haemocytes, the mRNA transcripts of CgDCL were significantly induced at 12 h after poly(I:C) stimulation, which were 4.04-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group. The expression level of CgDCL mRNA in haemocytes was up-regulated significantly after dsRNA and recombinant interferon-like protein (rCgIFNLP) injection, which was 12.87-fold (p < 0.01) and 3.22-fold (p < 0.05) of that in control group, respectively. CgDCL proteins were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of haemocytes. The recombinant CgDCL protein displayed binding activity to dsRNA and poly(I:C), but no obvious dsRNA cleavage activity. These results collectively suggest that truncated CgDCL from C. gigas was able to be activated by poly(I:C), dsRNA and CgIFNLP, and functioned as an intracellular recognition molecule to bind nucleic acid of virus, indicating a potential mutual cooperation between RNAi and IFN-like system in anti-virus immunity of oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lv
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yunchen Yan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong,Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Process, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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19
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Vogeler S, Carboni S, Li X, Joyce A. Phylogenetic analysis of the caspase family in bivalves: implications for programmed cell death, immune response and development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:80. [PMID: 33494703 PMCID: PMC7836458 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is an important process for an organism's innate immune system to respond to pathogens, while also allowing for cell differentiation and other essential life functions. Caspases are one of the key protease enzymes involved in the apoptotic process, however there is currently a very limited understanding of bivalve caspase diversity and function. RESULTS In this work, we investigated the presence of caspase homologues using a combination of bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses. We blasted the Crassostrea gigas genome for caspase homologues and identified 35 potential homologues in the addition to the already cloned 23 bivalve caspases. As such, we present information about the phylogenetic relationship of all identified bivalve caspases in relation to their homology to well-established vertebrate and invertebrate caspases. Our results reveal unexpected novelty and complexity in the bivalve caspase family. Notably, we were unable to identify direct homologues to the initiator caspase-9, a key-caspase in the vertebrate apoptotic pathway, inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, - 4 or - 5) or executioner caspases-3, - 6, - 7. We also explored the fact that bivalves appear to possess several unique homologues to the initiator caspase groups - 2 and - 8. Large expansions of caspase-3 like homologues (caspase-3A-C), caspase-3/7 group and caspase-3/7-like homologues were also identified, suggesting unusual roles of caspases with direct implications for our understanding of immune response in relation to common bivalve diseases. Furthermore, we assessed the gene expression of two initiator (Cg2A, Cg8B) and four executioner caspases (Cg3A, Cg3B, Cg3C, Cg3/7) in C. gigas late-larval development and during metamorphosis, indicating that caspase expression varies across the different developmental stages. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides the first overview of caspases across different bivalve species with essential new insights into caspase diversity, knowledge that can be used for further investigations into immune response to pathogens or regulation of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vogeler
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- South Australia Research and Development Institute Aquatic Sciences Centre, 2 Hamra Ave, West Beach, SA, 5024, Australia
| | - Alyssa Joyce
- Department of Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottbergsgata 22 B, 41319, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Lee H, Hwangbo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Kim DH, Hong SH, Lee SJ, Assefa F, Kim GY, Park EK, Park JH, Lee BJ, Jeon YJ, Choi YH. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid-Enriched Fermented Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Increases the Length of the Growth Plate on the Proximal Tibia Bone in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194375. [PMID: 32977643 PMCID: PMC7582314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth during childhood and puberty determines an adult’s final stature. Although several prior studies have reported that fermented oyster (FO) consisting of a high amount of gamma aminobutyric acid can be attributed to bone health, there is no research on the efficacy of FO on growth regulation and the proximal tibial growth plate. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of FO oral administration on hepatic and serum growth regulator levels and the development of the proximal tibial growth plate in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Both oral administration of FO (FO 100, 100 mg/kg FO and FO 200, 200 mg/kg FO) and subcutaneous injection of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, 200 μg/kg of rhGH) for two weeks showed no toxicity. Circulating levels of growth hormone (GH) significantly increased in the FO 200 group. The expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were enhanced by FO administration. FO administration promoted the expression of bone morphogenic proteins IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the proximal tibial growth plate. This positive effect of FO resulted in incremental growth of the entire plate length by expanding the proliferating and hypertrophic zones in the proximal tibial growth plate. Collectively, our results suggested that oral administration of FO is beneficial for bone health, which may ultimately result in increased height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Smart Bio-Health, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Su Jeong Lee
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Freshet Assefa
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Joung-Hyun Park
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - Bae-Jin Lee
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-3319
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