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Romero A, Rey-Campos M, Pereiro P, Librán-Pérez M, Figueras A, Novoa B. Transcriptomic analysis of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) treated with zymosan a reveals that lncRNAs and inflammation-related genes mediate the protection conferred against Aeromonas salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 147:109456. [PMID: 38369070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is one of the most harmful pathogens in finfish aquaculture worldwide. Immunostimulants such as β-glucans are used to enhance the immunity of cultured fish. However, their effects on fish physiology are not completely understood. In the present work, we evaluated the effect of a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of zymosan A on fish survival against A. salmonicida infection. A single administration of this compound protected fish against A. salmonicida challenge and reduce the bacterial load in the head kidney one week after its administration. Transcriptome analyses of head kidney samples revealed several molecular mechanisms involved in the protection conferred by zymosan A and their regulation by long noncoding RNAs. The transcriptome profile of turbot exposed only to zymosan A was practically unaltered one week after ip injection. However, the administration of this immunostimulant induced significant transcriptomic changes once the fish were in contact with the bacteria and increased the survival of the infected turbot. Our results suggest that the restraint of the infection-induced inflammatory response, the management of apoptotic cell death, cell plasticity and cellular processes involving cytoskeleton dynamics support the protective effects of zymosan A. All this information provides insights on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effects of this widely used immunostimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Magalí Rey-Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Librán-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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2
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Liu L, Du RY, Jia RL, Wang JX, Chen CZ, Li P, Kong LM, Li ZH. Micro(nano)plastics in marine medaka: Entry pathways and cardiotoxicity with triphenyltin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123079. [PMID: 38061435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous presence of micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) and pollutants represents a prevalent environmental challenge that necessitates understanding their combined impact on toxicity. This study examined the distribution of 5 μm (PS-MP5) and 50 nm (PS-NP50) polystyrene plastic particles during the early developmental stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and assessed their combined toxicity with triphenyltin (TPT). Results showed that 2 mg/L PS-MP5 and PS-NP50 could adhere to the embryo surface. PS-NP50 can passively enter the larvae and accumulate predominantly in the intestine and head, while PS-MP5 cannot. Nonetheless, both types can be actively ingested by the larvae and distributed in the intestine. 2 mg/L PS-MNPs enhance the acute toxicity of TPT. Interestingly, high concentrations of PS-NP50 (20 mg/L) diminish the acute toxicity of TPT due to their sedimentation properties and interactions with TPT. 200 μg/L PS-MNPs and 200 ng/L TPT affect complement and coagulation cascade pathways and cardiac development of medaka larvae. PS-MNPs exacerbate TPT-induced cardiotoxicity, with PS-NP50 exhibiting stronger effects than PS-MP5, which may be related to the higher adsorption capacity of NPs to TPT and their ability to enter the embryos before hatching. This study elucidates the distribution of MNPs during the early developmental stages of marine medaka and their effects on TPT toxicity, offering a theoretical foundation for the ecological risk assessment of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ren-Yan Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Jia
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Jin-Xin Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Cheng-Zhuang Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ling-Ming Kong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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3
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Song D, Jia A, Liu B, Liu S, Dong K, Man C, Yang X, Jiang Y. Whole-transcriptome analysis after the acquisition of antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii: Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence changes. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113664. [PMID: 37981356 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria led to the misuse of antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of more resistant bacteria and continuous improvement in their resistance ability. Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) has been considered a pathogen that harms infants. Incidents of C. sakazakii contamination have continued globally, several studies have indicated that C. sakazakii is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. A few studies have explored the mechanism of antibiotic resistance in C. sakazakii, and some have examined the antibiotic resistance and changes in virulence levels. We aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance mechanism and virulence differences in C. sakazakii. The level of virulence factors of C. sakazakii was modified after induction by antibiotics compared with the antibiotic-sensitive strains, and the XS001-Ofl group had the strongest capacity to produce enterotoxin (85.18 pg/mL) and hemolysin (1.47 ng/mL). The biofilm formation capacity after induction significantly improved. The number of bases and mapped reads in all groups accounted for more than 55 % and 70 %, as detected by transcriptomic analysis. The resistance mechanism of different antibiotics was more common in efflux pumps, cationic antimicrobial peptides, and biofilm formation pathways. The level of antibiotic resistance mainly affected the expression of virulence genes associated with flagella assembly and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danliangmin Song
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ai Jia
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Biqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Kai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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García-Márquez J, Álvarez-Torres D, Cerezo IM, Domínguez-Maqueda M, Figueroa FL, Alarcón FJ, Acién G, Martínez-Manzanares E, Abdala-Díaz RT, Béjar J, Arijo S. Combined Dietary Administration of Chlorella fusca and Ethanol-Inactivated Vibrio proteolyticus Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Gene Expression in Chelon labrosus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3325. [PMID: 37958080 PMCID: PMC10648860 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of functional feeds in aquaculture is currently increasing. This study aimed to assess the combined impact of dietary green microalgae Chlorella fusca and ethanol-inactivated Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2 (CVP diet) on thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) juvenile fish. The effects on intestinal microbiota and the transcription of genes related to metabolism, stress, and the immune system were investigated after 90 days of feeding. Additionally, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to evaluate the immune response. Microbiota analysis revealed no significant differences in alpha and beta diversity between the anterior and posterior intestinal sections of fish fed the control (CT) and CVP diets. The dominant genera varied between the groups; Pseudomonas and Brevinema were most abundant in the CVP group, whereas Brevinema, Cetobacterium, and Pseudomonas were predominant in the CT group. However, microbial functionality remained unaltered. Gene expression analysis indicated notable changes in hif3α, mhcII, abcb1, mx, and tnfα genes in different fish organs on the CVP diet. In the head kidney, gene expression variations were observed following challenges with A. hydrophila or poly I:C, with higher peak values seen in fish injected with poly I:C. Moreover, c3 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the CVP group 72 h post-A. hydrophila challenge. To conclude, incorporating C. fusca with V. proteolyticus in C. labrosus diet affected the microbial species composition in the intestine while preserving its functionality. In terms of gene expression, the combined diet effectively regulated the transcription of stress and immune-related genes, suggesting potential enhancement of fish resistance against stress and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Márquez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Álvarez-Torres
- Centro Experimental Grice Hutchinson, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel M. Cerezo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Bioinformática–SCBI, Parque Tecnológico, Universidad de Málaga, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Félix L. Figueroa
- Centro Experimental Grice Hutchinson, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería, Ceimar-Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Gabriel Acién
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Almería, Ceimar-Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Manzanares
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto T. Abdala-Díaz
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Julia Béjar
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Salvador Arijo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología y Desarrollo Azul (IBYDA), Universidad de Málaga, Ceimar-Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Bakky MAH, Tran NT, Zhang Y, Hu H, Lin H, Zhang M, Liang H, Zhang Y, Li S. Effects of dietary supplementation of Gracilaria lemaneiformis-derived sulfated polysaccharides on the growth, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:108933. [PMID: 37419435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The dietary supplementation of red seaweed-derived polysaccharides has been shown to be beneficial to fish and shellfish aquaculture. However, the function of red seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis)-extracted polysaccharide (GLP) on the health status of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) is still unknown. This study explored the influences of GLP on growth performance, antioxidant activity, and immunity of rabbitfish. Herein, the fish were fed commercial pelleted feed incorporated with the diverse amount of GLP: 0 (control), 0.10 (GLP0.10), and 0.15 g kg-1 (GLP0.15) for 60 days. The results demonstrated that dietary GLP0.15 significantly elevated FBW and WG, while feed utilization efficiency improved (reduced feed conversion ratio and increased protein efficiency ratio) upon GLP0.10 treatment, regarding the control (P < 0.05). Also, dietary administration of GLP0.15 suggestively improved the serum acid phosphatase and lysozyme activity as well as hepatic total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity. In contrast, GLP0.15decreased the serum alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malonaldehyde activity when compared to the control (P<0.05). Moreover, the lipase (36.08 and 16.46 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) and amylase (0.43 and 0.23 U/mgprot in GLP0.10 and GLP0.15, respectively) activity recorded the maximum values than the control (8.61 and 0.13 U/mgprot, respectively).Further, the intestinal morphometry was developed (such as increased villus length, width, and area) in the fish fed with a GLP-supplemented diet compared to the control. The KEGG pathway analysis unveiled that several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in control vs. GLP0.10 and control vs. GLP0.15 were associated with metabolic or immune-associated pathways like antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, complement and coagulation cascades, and platelet activation. The DEGs, namely C3, f5, fgb, MHC1, and cfb, were evaluated in control vs. GLP0.10 and C3 and MHC1 in control vs. GLP0.15, suggesting their possible contributions to GLP-regulated immunity. Additionally, the cumulative mortality of rabbitfish after the Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge was lower in both GLP0.10 (8.88%) and GLP0.15 (11.11%) than in control (33.33%) (P<0.05). Thus, these findings direct the potential use of GLP as an immunostimulant and growth promoter in rabbitfish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Akibul Hasan Bakky
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Haitian Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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6
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Porter D, Naseer S, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Deciphering the Immunostimulatory Effects of β-Glucan on a Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Macrophage-like Cell Line (RTS11) by Whole Transcriptome Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1261. [PMID: 37372441 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a commonly used immunostimulant/prebiotic in many aquaculture applications for boosting the immune status in fish. However, the method of action as an immunostimulant has not been fully deciphered. To determine the immunomodulatory effects of β-glucans on the innate immune response, we stimulated the rainbow trout spleen macrophage-like cell line (RTS11) with β-1,3/1,6-glucans for 4 h. This study uses a whole transcriptomic approach to analyse the immunomodulatory properties of β-glucans. Several proinflammatory pathways were found to be enriched after stimulation, demonstrating the immunomodulatory effects of β-glucan supplementation. Several pathways relating to responses to bacteria were also found to be enriched. This study clearly demonstrates the immunomodulatory effects of the supplementation of β-glucans within an aquaculture setting and further validates the use of cell lines as predictive models to interpret the responses caused by dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Shahmir Naseer
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - David Peggs
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Charles McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Samuel Allen Moore Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. In-vivo analysis of Protec™ and β-glucan supplementation on innate immune performance and intestinal health of rainbow trout. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108573. [PMID: 36720374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional diets are often given to fish during key stages to improve health through the interaction of the feed components with the host intestine. The additional factors added in these diets are known to modulate the immune response and as such may also offer protection against pathogenic challenges. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether β-glucan supplementation for 6 weeks can alter the magnitude of immune response to immunological challenges and subsequently offer an improved innate immune response to bacterial challenge in rainbow trout. Two experimental diets were used to study these effects: a basic commercial diet supplemented with β-glucan and a commercially available functional diet (Protec™) that has β-glucan as a functional component in addition to other components were compared to a basic commercial control diet. No significant differences were observed in biometric data. Histological analysis revealed a significantly greater number of goblet cells in the fish fed Protec™ and β-glucan diets compared to those fed a control diet. Cell marker gene expression of distal intestine leucocytes indicated higher expression of T- and B-cells marker genes to both the β-glucan containing diets in comparison to control. The Protec™ diet demonstrated modulation of innate immune markers after 6 weeks of feeding with key antimicrobial genes (SAA, HAMP, IL-1β and TNFα) showing significant increases compared to the other diets. After stimulation with both PAMPs and an immune challenge with A. salmonicida fish fed the β-glucan diet and the Protec™ exhibited modulation of the innate immune response. An immune challenge with A. salmonicida was carried out to identify if dietary composition led to differences in the innate immune response of rainbow trout. Modulation of the magnitude of response in some immune genes (SAA, IL-1β and HAMP) was observed in both the distal intestine and head kidney in the Protec™ and β-glucan fed fish compared to those fed the control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016, Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Sjøhagen 3, 4016, Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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8
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Jin W, Jiang L, Hu S, Zhu A. Metabolite features of serum and intestinal microbiota response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109496. [PMID: 36306998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric morphology, enteric microbiota structure and serum metabolomics of M. salmoides before and after infected by A. hydrophila were analysed to explore the pathogenic mechanism of A. hydrophila infection in M. salmoides. The results revealed that, after the infection of A. hydrophila, the villus boundary of largemouth bass became less obvious; the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and decreasing relative abundance of Tenericutes were increasing; genera relative abundance of putatively beneficial bacteria (Mycoplasma) were decreasing, whereas the genus Aeromonas increased after infection; serum metabolomic analysis showed that infection with A. hydrophila caused disorder to the metabolic processes of largemouth bass, particularly amino acid metabolism, and caused inflammation; several potential pathogen infection-related and significantly differential intestinal microbiota-related metabolite markers were identified, such as 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole glucuronide, zalcitabine, bilirubin, aciclovir. This study may provide new insights into the potential association between enteric microbiota and serum metabolism and the pathogenic mechanism of M. salmoides infected by A. hydrophila, providing a scientific basis for disease control in largemouth bass breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Jin
- Marine Science and Technology College, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Marine Science and Technology College, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Siling Hu
- Marine Science and Technology College, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Aiyi Zhu
- Marine Science and Technology College, National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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9
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) primary cells and stable cell lines as predictive models for intestinal health in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023235. [PMID: 36341406 PMCID: PMC9632348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of functional feeds for farmed fish is now regarded as a key factor in improving fish health and performance against infectious disease. However, the mechanisms by which these nutritional components modulate the immune response are not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to identify the suitability of both primary gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) leucocyte cells and established rainbow trout cell lines as potential alternative methods to test functional feed ingredients prior to full fish feeding trials that can take months to complete. In addition to the primary GALT culture cells, the two rainbow cell lines RTS11 and RTgutGC which are from macrophage and gut epithelial cells, respectively. The cells were stimulated with a variety of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (PHA and Poly I:C) and recombinant rainbow trout IL-1β (rIL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, additionally two forms of β-glucan, a prebiotic commonly used aquafeeds were used as stimulants. From this, the suitability of cell models as a health screen for functional feeds was assessed. GALT leucocytes were deemed most effective to act as a health screen over the 4hr time point demonstrating responses to Poly I:C, PHA, and rIL-1β. RTS11 and RTgutGC also responded to the stimulants but did not give a strong T-cell response, most likely reflecting the nature of the cell type as opposed to the mixed cell populations from the primary GALT cell cultures. When stimulated with both forms of β-glucan, GALT leucocytes demonstrated a strong proinflammatory and T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - David Peggs
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Stavanger, Norway
| | - C. McGurk
- Skretting Aquaculture Innovation, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Samuel A. M. Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Samuel A. M. Martin,
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Yang C, Dong J, Sun C, Li W, Tian Y, Liu Z, Gao F, Ye X. Exposure to heat stress causes downregulation of immune response genes and weakens the disease resistance of Micropterus salmoides. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101011. [PMID: 35839613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the molecular mechanism of response to heat stress in largemouth bass (LMB) Micropterus salmoides, we performed transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue of LMB subjected to heat stress and challenged with A. veronii under heat stress. A total of 2162 DEGs were identified between the heat stressed (32 °C) and control groups (24 °C) after 7 d treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched on GO terms of biological regulation, membrane part, and binding. ELISA validation indicated that except major histocompatibility complex II (Mhc II), the protein levels of t-Sod, caspase 3 (Casp3), tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), and complement component 3 (C3) were consistent with RNA-seq results. In the experiment of A. veronii challenged under heat stress (32 °C), 2899 and 2663 DEGs were obtained from the heat stress-challenged group (H6 vs H0, H12 vs H0), while 1485 and 3501 DEGs from the control-challenged group (C6 vs C0, C12 vs C0). GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that immune-related categories and pathways were significantly enriched, such as immune system process, immune response and positive regulation of immune response in GO enrichment analysis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, human cytomegalovirus infection in KEGG signaling pathways. The expressions of f11, c1q and c3 in complement and coagulation pathway, as well as that of proinflammatory genes tnf-α and il-8, were deeply inhibited. Real-time quantitative PCR validation for nine DEGs showed that most of them had consistent expression trends with RNA-seq results. Our results indicated that heat stress affects the immunity and metabolism of LMB. In particular, it aggravates the inhibitory effects of A. veronii on the complement and coagulation systems while downregulating proinflammatory cytokine expression, thereby weakening the resistance of LMB to pathogen infection. Our results contribute to the elucidation of A. veronii infection pathogenic mechanisms in LMB under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junjian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chengfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Wuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Fengying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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11
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Machuca C, Méndez-Martínez Y, Reyes-Becerril M, Angulo C. Yeast β-Glucans as Fish Immunomodulators: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162154. [PMID: 36009745 PMCID: PMC9405025 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The β-glucan obtained from yeast—a very important molecule for fish production—activates the immune system of fish by different mechanisms and induces protection against pathogens. However, most previous related studies have focused on the use of commercial β-glucan from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to understand the activation pathways. Experimental β-glucans extracted from other yeasts show other interesting biological activities even at lower doses. This review article analyzes the current information and suggests perspectives on yeast β-glucans. Abstract Administration of immunostimulants in fish is a preventive method to combat infections. A wide variety of these biological molecules exist, among which one of the yeast wall compounds stands out for its different biological activities. The β-glucan that forms the structural part of yeast is capable of generating immune activity in fish by cell receptor recognition. The most frequently used β-glucans for the study of mechanisms of action are those of commercial origin, with doses recommended by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, their immune activity is inefficient in some fish species, and increasing the dose may show adverse effects, including immunosuppression. Conversely, experimental β-glucans from other yeast species show different activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, healing, and stress tolerance properties. Therefore, this review analyses the most recent scientific reports on the use of yeast β-glucans in freshwater and marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Machuca
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Yuniel Méndez-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ), Quevedo 120301, Ecuador
| | - Martha Reyes-Becerril
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-612-123-8484; Fax: +52-612-125-3625
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12
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Gao TH, Han MM, Zhou H, Zhu CX, Yang Y, Zuraini Z, Guo YX, Jiang QC. Effects of berberine hydrochloride on immune response in the crab Charybdis japonica. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:578. [PMID: 35953779 PMCID: PMC9373360 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine hydrochloride is the main effective component of Coptis spp. used in Chinese herbal medicine and its underlying molecular mechanisms, responsible for inducing effects in crustacean species, are not fully understood. In this study, the molecular response of the crab Charybdis japonica to berberine hydrochloride exposure was studied using transcriptome sequencing. The survival rate, gene expression and activities of several immune enzymes were measured after berberine hydrochloride treatments, with or without injection of the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. A total of 962 differentially expressed genes (464 up-regulated and 498 down-regulated) were observed during exposure to 100 mg/L of berberine hydrochloride and in the control group after 48 h. Enrichment analysis revealed that these genes are involved in metabolism, cellular processes, signal transduction and immune functions, indicating that exposure to berberine hydrochloride activated the immune complement system. This bioactive compound simultaneously activated fibrinogen beta (FGB), fibrinogen alpha (FGA), alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), kininogen (KNG), fibrinogen gamma chain (FGB), alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), caspase-8 (CASP8), cathepsin L (CTSL), adenylate cyclase 3 (Adcy3) and MMP1. Its action could significantly increase the survival rate of the crabs injected with A. hydrophila and promote the activity of LZM, Caspas8, FGA, ACP and AKP in the hepatopancreas. When A. hydrophila was added, the neutralization of 300 mg/L berberine hydrochloride maximized the activities of Caspas8, LZM, ACP and AKP. Our results provide a new understanding of the potential effects of berberine hydrochloride on the immune system mechanisms in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Heng Gao
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024, China
| | - Ming-Ming Han
- Biology Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Zakaria Zuraini
- Biology Program, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yan-Xia Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi-Chen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing, 210017, China.
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13
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Immune responses to prebiotics in farmed salmonid fish: How transcriptomic approaches help interpret responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:35-47. [PMID: 35667538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within aquaculture, prebiotics are composed of complex carbohydrate molecules that cannot be digested by the fish directly but are metabolised by the microbial communities within the host gut, with the desire that "healthy" bacterial species are promoted with subsequently improved performance of the fish, there are likely some direct responses of intestinal cells to these dietary components. The sources and processing of prebiotics, which fall under the overarching theme of "functional feeds" are highly varied between species and types of prebiotics administered. How these feeds exert their effect, and the host responses are hard to determine, but new technologies and the development of high-throughput technologies (omics) are enabling the mechanisms and methods of action to be further understood. The recent advances in the availability of 'omics' technologies with the transition from single gene assays to microarray and RNA-seq in fish health have enabled novel functional ingredients to be analysed. This review will focus on recent studies on targeted gene expression and 'omics' technologies to characterize immune responses. Comparisons between the immunomodulatory effect of different prebiotics have been made and specific examples of how transcriptomics techniques have been used to identify immune responses to prebiotics are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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14
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Zolotarenko AD, Shitova MV. Transcriptome Studies of Salmonid Fishes of the Genius Oncorhynchus. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542207016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Teng J, Zhao Y, Meng QL, Zhu SR, Chen HJ, Xue LY, Ji XS. Transcriptome analysis in the spleen of Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) challenged with Nocardia seriolae. Genomics 2022; 114:110357. [PMID: 35378240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Northern snakehead (Channa argus) is an indigenous fish species and is one of popularly cultured snakeheads in China and other Asian countries. Unfortunately, Nocardia seriolae infections have caused considerable losses in the snakehead aquaculture industry. However, the infectivity and the immune response induced by N. seriolae in snakehead are unclear. In order to better understand the immune response of Northern snakehead in a series of time points after N. seriolae challenge, we conducted the transcriptomic comparison in snakehead spleen at 48, 96, and 144 h after the challenge of N. seriola against their control counterparts. Gene annotation and pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were carried out to understand the functions of the DEGs. Additionally, protein-protein interaction networks were conducted to obtain the interaction relationships of immune-related DEGs. These results revealed the expression changes of multiple DEGs and signaling pathways involved in immunity during N. seriolae infection, which will facilitate our comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune response to bacterial infection in the northern snakehead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Qing Lei Meng
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Shu Ren Zhu
- Shandong Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Ju Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Liang Yi Xue
- College of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiang Shan Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.
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16
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Liu M, Yang X, Zeng C, Zhao H, Li J, Hou Z, Wen H. Transcriptional Signatures of Immune, Neural, and Endocrine Functions in the Brain and Kidney of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Aeromonas salmonicida Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031340. [PMID: 35163263 PMCID: PMC8835788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serves as one of the most important commercial fish with an annual production of around 800,000 tonnes. However, infectious diseases, such as furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida infection, results in great economic loss in trout culture. The brain and kidney are two important organs associated with “sickness behaviors” and immunomodulation in response to disease. Therefore, we worked with 60 trout and investigated transcriptional responses and enrichment pathways between healthy and infected trout. We observed that furunculosis resulted in the activation of toll-like receptors with neuroinflammation and neural dysfunction in the brain, which might cause the “sickness behaviors” of infected trout including anorexia and lethargy. We also showed the salmonid-specific whole genome duplication contributed to duplicated colony stimulating factor 1 (csf-1) paralogs, which play an important role in modulating brain immunomodulation. Enrichment analyses of kidneys showed up-regulated immunomodulation and down-regulated neural functions, suggesting an immune-neural interaction between the brain and kidney. Moreover, the kidney endocrine network was activated in response to A. salmonicida infection, further convincing the communications between endocrine and immune systems in regulating internal homeostasis. Our study provided a foundation for pathophysiological responses of the brain and kidney in response to furunculosis and potentially offered a reference for generating disease-resistant trout strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhishuai Hou
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
| | - Haishen Wen
- Correspondence: (Z.H.); (H.W.); Tel.: +86-133-4524-7715 (Z.H.); +86-532-8203-1825 (H.W.)
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17
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Lim J, Hong S. Transcriptome Analysis in the Head Kidney of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Immunized with a Combined Vaccine of Formalin-Inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111234. [PMID: 34835165 PMCID: PMC8619301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms regulated by a combined vaccine against Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum (O1 serotype). These bacteria cause furunculosis and vibriosis, respectively, and are associated with a high mortality in rainbow trout in Korea. The vaccine upregulated gene expression of TCRα, T-bet, sIgM, and mIgM, markers of an activated adaptive immune response. On days 1, 3, and 5, transcriptome analysis revealed 862 (430 up- and 432 downregulated), 492 (204 up- and 288 downregulated), and 741 (270 up- and 471 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis identified 377 (108 MF, 132 CC, 137 BP), 302 (60 MF, 180 CC, 62 BP), and 314 (115 MF, 129 CC, 70 BP) GOs at days 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genetic and Genomic enrichment analysis identified eight immune system-related pathways like cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-kappaB signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, cell adhesion molecule, complement and coagulation cascade, and antigen processing and presentation. In the analysis of the protein–protein interaction of immune-related DEGs, a total of 59, 21, and 21 interactional relationships were identified at days 1, 3, and 5, respectively, with TNF having the highest centrality at all three time points.
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18
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Reis ICD, Fierro-Castro C, Gonçalves GS, Moromizato BS, Tort L, Biller JD. β-glucan mimics tissue damage signaling and generates a trade-off between head kidney and spleen to activate acquired immunity in vaccinated tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:179-187. [PMID: 34391940 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The association of vaccines with immunostimulants such as β-glucan, promote the production of cytokines, competent immune cells and antibodies. However, differences between β-glucan types and trials make it difficult to understand β-glucan's mechanism of action. In this study, three trials were carried out with control and fish fed β-glucan, the first trial occurred at 15 days; the second trial occurred at 30 days when we associated β-glucan and vaccine; and the third trial occurred at 15 days post-challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae in tilapia (O. niloticus) in order to investigate immune-related gene expression in the head kidney and spleen using real-time qPCR. We found increases in HSP70, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, Lys and C3 predominantly in the head kidney, except for IgM expression, which prevailed in the spleen, under vaccinated + β-glucan action. This demonstrates the trade-off presented by the head kidney and spleen after immunostimulation in order to produce acquired immunity, as well as an increase in HSP70 expression in vaccinated + β-glucan fish. The results suggest that β-glucan stimulates the immune response through damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognition. Therefore, these dynamics of the immune response promote a more robust defense against disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Camargo Dos Reis
- Departamento de Produção Animal. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena, Rod Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651- Dracena/SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Universitat of León. Facultad de C.C. Biológicas y Ambientales. Departamento de Molecular Biologia y Genetica. Campus de Vegazana, León, Spain
| | - Giovanni Sampaio Gonçalves
- SAA/APTA/Instituto de Pesca - Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio do Pescado Continental, São José do Rio Preto /SP, 15025-970, Brazil
| | - Basia Schlichting Moromizato
- Departamento de Produção Animal. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena, Rod Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651- Dracena/SP, 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Lluis Tort
- Departamento de Biología celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Fac. Biociences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaqueline Dalbello Biller
- Departamento de Produção Animal. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, UNESP, Campus de Dracena, Rod Cmte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 651- Dracena/SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
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19
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Cornet V, Khuyen TD, Mandiki SNM, Betoulle S, Bossier P, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Kestemont P. GAS1: A New β-Glucan Immunostimulant Candidate to Increase Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Resistance to Bacterial Infections With Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693613. [PMID: 34295335 PMCID: PMC8290837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are prebiotic and/or food additives used by the aquaculture industry to enhance the immune response of fish. Their efficiency may vary according to their origin and structure. In this study, the immunostimulant effects of two β-glucan types extracted from wild-type baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its null-mutant Gas1 were investigated. Gas1 has a beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase activity necessary for cell wall assembly. Using a positive (commercial product MacroGard®) and a negative control (a diet without glucans), we evaluated the immune responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout juveniles (mean weight, ~44 g) fed control, low (0.2%) and high (0.5%) doses of Macrogard®, Gas1, and Wild type-β-glucan after a short-term (15 days, D15) or mid-term (36 days, D36) feeding periods. We found that β-glucan supplemented diets did not affect growth performance, mortality, splenic index, or leukocyte respiratory burst activity on D15 nor D36. However, each β-glucan triggered different immune effectors, depending of the doses or length of exposure compared to others and/or the negative control. Indeed, high dose of MacroGard® significantly increased lysozyme activities at D15 compared with the control and other diets (p<0.05). At D36, MacroGard β-glucan enhanced the production of lymphocytes in comparison with the control diet (p<0.05). Regarding WT β-glucan, at D36, WT-β-glucan, especially the high dose, provided the highest enzymatic activities (lysozyme and ACH50) and Ig level (p<0.01). Furthermore, on D36, Gas1 also increased lysozyme activity, Ig proportion, and some immune genes (mcsfra, hepcidin) compared with MacroGard® (p<0.05). Besides, both doses of Gas1-β-glucans increased the resistance of juveniles to bacterial infection highlighted by a higher survival rate at 14 days post-challenge compared with the control and other types and doses of β-glucans (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that Gas1-β-glucan could represent a promising immunostimulant that would help to prevent diseases in aquaculture even more efficiently than other β-glucans already in use. Mode of action and particular efficiency of this new Gas1 mutant are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Trinh Dinh Khuyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO StressEnvironnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Plateau technique mobile en cytométrie environnementale MOBICYTE, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
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20
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Hou ZS, Xin YR, Yang XD, Zeng C, Zhao HK, Liu MQ, Zhang MZ, Daniel JG, Li JF, Wen HS. Transcriptional Profiles of Genes Related to Stress and Immune Response in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Symptomatically or Asymptomatically Infected With Vibrio anguillarum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639489. [PMID: 33968031 PMCID: PMC8097155 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most common aquaculture fish species worldwide. Vibriosis disease outbreaks cause significant setbacks to aquaculture. The stress and immune responses are bidirectionally modulated in response to the health challenges. Therefore, an investigation into the regulatory mechanisms of the stress and immune responses in trout is invaluable for identifying potential vibriosis treatments. We investigated the transcriptional profiles of genes associated with stress and trout immune functions after Vibrio anguillarum infection. We compared the control trout (CT, 0.9% saline injection), asymptomatic trout (AT, surviving trout with minor or no symptoms after bacteria injection), and symptomatic trout (ST, moribund trout with severe symptoms after bacteria injection). Our results showed activated immunomodulatory genes in the cytokine network and downregulated glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in both AT and ST, indicating activation of the proinflammatory cytokine cascade as a common response in AT and ST. Moreover, the AT specifically activated the complement- and TNF-associated immune defenses in response to V. anguillarum infection. However, the complement and coagulation cascades, as well as steroid hormone homeostasis in ST, were disturbed by V. anguillarum. Our studies provide new insights toward understanding regulatory mechanisms in stress and immune functions in response to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Shuai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan-Ru Xin
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jeffrey G Daniel
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ji-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Shen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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