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Valsalam A, Bedekar MK, Kezhedath J, Sood N, Poojary N, Namdeo MS, Shrivastava N, Rajendran KV. Isolation, in vitro, and in vivo pathogenicity test of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and development of a prognostic semi-quantitative lesion scoring system for differentiating clinical/subclinical infection in farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106475. [PMID: 38048839 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus ('TiLV-MH-2022') was recently recovered from the naturally infected farmed tilapia. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using segment 1 specific primers, followed by Sanger sequencing, confirmed the infection. The pairwise sequence homology of segment 1 showed its close relationship with the previous isolates. The virus was successfully detected from the mucus, which emphasised the possibility of non-invasive screening of tilapia on a large scale. The virus inoculum prepared from the infected tissues was tested for in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity. Around 100-140 nm-sized electron-dense virus particles were observed in the infected OnlL cells. Based on the onset of symptoms and lesions, all RT-PCR-positive fish were categorised into two groups, 'clinical' and 'subclinical'. A lesion-scoring technique was developed for assessing the pathogenicity of the virus isolate. The external and internal gross lesions and histopathological alterations in the critical organs of the fish, such as the brain, kidney, gills, and liver, were assessed on a scale of 0 (no gross lesion) to 5 (most severe lesions). Overall lesion score was significantly high in the clinical and subclinical groups for gross and histopathology, respectively. This study is the first such attempt to standardise a semi-quantitative lesion scoring technique for TiLV infection, which establishes a clinical relevance and prognostic ability to distinguish between the apparent and inapparent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Valsalam
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Jeena Kezhedath
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
| | - Nalini Poojary
- ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Nidhi Shrivastava
- College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, MHOW (NDVSU, Jabalpur), India
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Valsalam A, Rajendran KV, Kezhedath J, Godavarikar A, Sood N, Bedekar MK. Development of an indirect ELISA test for the detection of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in fish tissue and mucus samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114707. [PMID: 36882146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
A serological test for screening of TiLV in Oreochromis niloticus would be useful for the epidemiological investigations. Using polyclonal antisera against TiLV (TiLV-Ab), an indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA) was developed for the detection of TiLV antigen in fish tissue and mucus. After a cutoff value was established and antigen and antibody concentrations were optimized, the iELISA's sensitivity and specificity were assessed. We found the ideal dilutions of TiLV-Ab as 1: 4000 and secondary antibody as 1:65,000. High analytical sensitivity and moderate specificity were displayed by the developed iELISA. The Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR+, LR-) were 1.75 and 0.29, respectively. The estimated Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) of the test were 76.19% and 65.62%, respectively. The accuracy of the developed iELISA was estimated as 73.28%. An immunological survey was performed using the developed iELISA with samples from the field and 155/195 fishes tested positive, indicating a 79.48% TiLV antigen positives. Among the pooled organs and mucus tested, the highest positive rate of 92.3% (36/39) is observed in mucus compared to other tissues, and least positive rate is found in liver of 46% (18/39). The newly designed iELISA proved sensitive and may be helpful for extensive examinations of TiLV infections and monitoring disease status even from apparently healthy samples using a non-invasive technology by collecting mucus as sample for iELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Valsalam
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Jeena Kezhedath
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
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Gong YM, Wei XF, Zheng YY, Li Y, Yu Q, Li PF, Zhu B. Combining Phage Display Technology with In Silico-Designed Epitope Vaccine to Elicit Robust Antibody Responses against Emerging Pathogen Tilapia Lake Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0005023. [PMID: 36975794 PMCID: PMC10134809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00050-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen epitope identification is a critical step in the vaccine development process and is a momentous cornerstone for the development of safe and efficient epitope vaccines. In particular, vaccine design is difficult when the function of the protein encoded by the pathogen is unknown. The genome of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an emerging virus from fish, encodes protein functions that have not been elucidated, resulting in a lag and uncertainty in vaccine development. Here, we propose a feasible strategy for emerging viral disease epitope vaccine development using TiLV. We determined the targets of specific antibodies in serum from a TiLV survivor by panning a Ph.D.-12 phage library, and we identified a mimotope, TYTTRMHITLPI, referred to as Pep3, which provided protection against TiLV after prime-boost vaccination; its immune protection rate was 57.6%. Based on amino acid sequence alignment and structure analysis of the target protein from TiLV, we further identified a protective antigenic site (399TYTTRNEDFLPT410) which is located on TiLV segment 1 (S1). The epitope vaccine with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH-S1399-410) corresponding to the mimotope induced the tilapia to produce a durable and effective antibody response after immunization, and the antibody depletion test confirmed that the specific antibody against S1399-410 was necessary to neutralize TiLV. Surprisingly, the challenge studies in tilapia demonstrated that the epitope vaccine elicited a robust protective response against TiLV challenge, and the survival rate reached 81.8%. In conclusion, this study revealed a concept for screening antigen epitopes of emerging viral diseases, providing promising approaches for development and evaluation of protective epitope vaccines against viral diseases. IMPORTANCE Antigen epitope determination is an important cornerstone for developing efficient vaccines. In this study, we attempted to explore a novel approach for epitope discovery of TiLV, which is a new virus in fish. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of all antigenic sites (mimotopes) identified in serum of primary TiLV survivors by using a Ph.D.-12 phage library. We also recognized and identified the natural epitope of TiLV by bioinformatics, evaluated the immunogenicity and protective effect of this antigenic site by immunization, and revealed 2 amino acid residues that play important roles in this epitope. Both Pep3 and S1399-410 (a natural epitope identified by Pep3) elicited antibody titers in tilapia, but S1399-410 was more prominent. Antibody depletion studies showed that anti-S1399-410-specific antibodies were essential for neutralizing TiLV. Our study demonstrated a model for combining experimental and computational screens to identify antigen epitopes, which is attractive for epitope-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Kenne C, Mophou G, Zongo P. A nested model with boosting and waning of immunity from Tilapia Lake Virus infection with distributed resistance to pathogens carrier-state. J Math Biol 2023; 86:67. [PMID: 37009960 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes and analyzes an immune-structured population model of tilapia subject to Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) disease. The model incorporates within-host dynamics, used to describe the interaction between the pathogen, the immune system and the waning of immunity. Individuals infected with a low dose acquire a low immunity level and those infected with a high dose acquire a high level of immunity. Since individuals' immune status plays an important role in the spread of infectious diseases at the population level, the within-host dynamics are connected to the between-host dynamics in the population. We define an explicit formula for the reproductive number [Formula: see text] and show that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when [Formula: see text], while it is unstable when [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we prove that an endemic equilibrium exists. We also study the influence of the initial distribution of host resistance on the spread of the disease, and find that hosts' initial resistance plays a crucial role in the disease dynamics. This suggests that the genetic selection aiming to improve hosts' initial resistance to TiLV could help fight the disease. The results also point out the crucial role played by the inoculum size. We find that the higher the initial inoculum size, the faster the dynamics of infection. Moreover, if the initial inoculum size is below a certain threshold, it may not result in an outbreak at the between-host level. Finally, the model shows that there is a strong negative correlation between heterogeneity and the probability of pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Kenne
- Department of Mathematics, Laboratoire LAMIA, Université des Antilles, Campus Fouillole, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe.
- University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
| | - Gisèle Mophou
- Department of Mathematics, Laboratoire LAMIA, Université des Antilles, Campus Fouillole, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe
- Laboratoire MAINEGE, Université Ouaga 3S, 06 BP 10347, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Zongo
- Laboratoire L3MA, UFR STE et IUT, Université des Antilles, 97275, Schoelcher, Martinique
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Wei XF, Gong YM, Xia JY, Liu MZ, Li PF, Wang GX, Zhu B. Biomimetic nanovaccine based on erythrocyte membrane enhances immune response and protection against tilapia lake virus. Virology 2023; 580:41-49. [PMID: 36746063 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An infectious disease emerged in recent years, Tilapia Lake Virus Disease (TiLVD), has severely restricted the development of global tilapia industry. Vaccination has proved potential strategy to prevent its causative agent Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) infectious. However, the response intensity of subunit vaccine is limited by its low immunogenicity, thus inclusion of adjuvants is required. Thus, we prepared a biomimetic nano-system (Cs-S2@M-M) with a particle size of ∼100 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of about 79.15% based on erythrocyte membrane. The immune response was detected after intramuscular injection to assess the effectiveness of the vaccine. The biomimetic system significantly up-regulates the expression of immune genes, enhances the activity of non-specific immune-related enzymes (P < 0.05) and improved relative percentage survival by 17.4%-26.1% in TiLV challenge. The biomimetic nano-system based on erythrocyte membrane induced significant immune response in tilapia and enhanced protection against TiLV, promising as a model for fish vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Ming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jun-Yao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Readman J, Daly JM, Adamek M. Tilapia Lake Virus Vaccine Development: A Review on the Recent Advances. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020251. [PMID: 36851129 PMCID: PMC9961428 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia tilapinevirus (or tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is a recently emerging virus associated with a novel disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations around the world. Since its initial identification, TiLV has been reported in 17 countries, often causing mortalities as high as 90% in the affected populations. To date, no therapeutics or commercial vaccines exist for TiLV disease control. Tilapia exposed to TiLV can develop protective immunity, suggesting that vaccination is achievable. Given the important role of vaccination in fish farming, several vaccine strategies are currently being explored and put forward against TiLV but, a comprehensive overview on the efficacy of these platforms is lacking. We here present these approaches in relation with previously developed fish vaccines and discuss their efficacy, vaccine administration routes, and the various factors that can impact vaccine efficacy. The overall recent advances in TiLV vaccine development show different but promising levels of protection. The field is however hampered by the lack of knowledge of the biology of TiLV, notably the function of its genes. Further research and the incorporation of several approaches including prime-boost vaccine regimens, codon optimization, or reverse vaccinology would be beneficial to increase the effectiveness of vaccines targeting TiLV and are further discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - John Readman
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.E.K.-R.); (M.A.)
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Megarani DV, Al-Hussinee L, Subramaniam K, Sriwanayos P, Imnoi K, Keleher B, Nicholson P, Surachetpong W, Tattiyapong P, Hick P, Gustafson LL, Waltzek TB. Development of a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect tilapia lake virus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 152:147-158. [PMID: 36546687 DOI: 10.3354/dao03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) is an emerging viral disease associated with high morbidity and mortality in cultured tilapia worldwide. In this study, we have developed and validated a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for TiLV, targeting a conserved region within segment 10 of the genome. The RT-qPCR assay was efficient (mean ± SD: 96.71 ± 3.20%), sensitive with a limit of detection of 10 RNA viral copies per reaction, and detected TiLV strains from different geographic regions including North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. The intra- and inter-assay variability ranged over 0.18-1.41% and 0.21-2.21%, respectively. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay did not cross-react with other RNA viruses of fish, including an orthomyxovirus, a betanodavirus, a picornavirus, and a rhabdovirus. Analysis of 91 proven-positive and 185 proven-negative samples yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.7% and a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay also detected TiLV RNA in infected Nile tilapia liver tissue extracts following an experimental challenge study, and it successfully detected TiLV RNA in SSN-1 (E-11 clone) cell cultures displaying cytopathic effects following their inoculation with TiLV-infected tissue homogenates. Thus, the validated TaqMan RT-qPCR assay should be useful for both research and diagnostic purposes. Additionally, the TiLV qPCR assay returns the clinically relevant viral load of a sample which can assist health professionals in determining the role of TiLV during disease investigations. This RT-qPCR assay could be integrated into surveillance programs aimed at mitigating the effects of TiLVD on global tilapia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea V Megarani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Tattiyapong P, Kitiyodom S, Yata T, Jantharadej K, Adamek M, Surachetpong W. Chitosan nanoparticle immersion vaccine offers protection against tilapia lake virus in laboratory and field studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:972-979. [PMID: 36351543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), which is associated with mass mortality and severe economic impacts in wild and farmed tilapia industries worldwide. In this study, we developed a chitosan nanoparticle TiLV immersion vaccine and assessed the efficacy of the vaccine in laboratory and field trials. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the inactivated vaccine had a particle size of 210.3 nm, while the nano inactivated vaccine had a spherical shape with a diameter of 120.4 nm. Further analysis using fluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the mucoadhesive properties of the nanovaccine (CN-KV) through fish gills. We assessed the efficacy of an immersion-based TiLV nanovaccine using a cohabitation challenge model. The fish that received the nanovaccine showed better relative percent survival (RPS) at 68.17% compared with the RPS of the inactivated virus vaccine (KV) group at 25.01%. The CN-KV group also showed a higher TiLV-specific antibody response than the control and KV groups (p < 0.05). Importantly, under field conditions, the fish receiving the CN-KV nanovaccine had better RPS at 52.2% than the nonvaccinated control group. Taken together, the CN-KV nanovaccinated fish showed better survival and antibody response than the control and KV groups both under laboratory control challenge conditions and field trials. The newly developed immersion-based nanovaccine is easy to administer in small fish, is less labor-intensive, and allows for mass vaccination to protect fish from TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Krittayapong Jantharadej
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand.
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Kenne C, Zongo P, Dorville R. A mathematical model for tilapia lake virus transmission with waning immunity. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2022; 16:98-116. [PMID: 35129077 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2033860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the waning immunity on the dynamics of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) transmission in wild and farmed tilapia within freshwater. We formulate a model for which susceptible individuals can contract the disease in two ways: (i) direct mode caused by contact with infected individuals; (ii) indirect mode due to the presence of pathogenic agents in the water. We obtain an age-structured model which combines both age since infection and age since recovery. We derive an explicit formula for the reproductive number R0 and show that the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable when, R0<1. We discuss on the form of the waning immunity parameter and show numerically that a Hopf bifurcation may occur for suitable immunity parameter values, which means that there is a periodic solution around the endemic equilibrium when, R0>1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Kenne
- Laboratoire LAMIA, Université des Antilles, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe (FWI), France
- Department of Mathematics, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pascal Zongo
- Laboratoire L3MA, UFR STE et IUT, Université des Antilles, Schoelcher, Martinique
| | - René Dorville
- Laboratoire L3MA, UFR STE et IUT, Université des Antilles, Schoelcher, Martinique
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Adamek M, Rebl A, Matras M, Lodder C, Abd El Rahman S, Stachnik M, Rakus K, Bauer J, Falco A, Jung-Schroers V, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S, Surachetpong W, Reichert M, Tetens J, Steinhagen D. Immunological insights into the resistance of Nile tilapia strains to an infection with tilapia lake virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:118-133. [PMID: 35367372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of viral diseases affecting fish and causing very high mortality can lead to the disruption of aquaculture production. Recently, this occurred in Nile tilapia aquaculture where a disease caused by a systemic infection with a novel virus named tilapia lake virus (TiLV) caused havoc in cultured populations. With mortality surpassing 90% in young tilapia, the disease caused by TiLV has become a serious challenge for global tilapia aquaculture. In order to partly mitigate the losses, we explored the natural resistance to TiLV-induced disease in three genetic strains of tilapia which were kept at the University of Göttingen, Germany. We used two strains originating from Nilotic regions (Lake Mansala (MAN) and Lake Turkana (ELM)) and one from an unknown location (DRE). We were able to show that the virus is capable of overcoming the natural resistance of tilapia when injected, providing inaccurate mortality results that might complicate finding the resistant strains. Using the cohabitation infection model, we found an ELM strain that did not develop any clinical signs of the infection, which resulted in nearly 100% survival rate. The other two strains (DRE and MAN) showed severe clinical signs and much lower survival rates of 29.3% in the DRE strain and 6.7% in the MAN strain. The disease resistance of tilapia from the ELM strain was correlated with lower viral loads both at the mucosa and internal tissues. Our results suggest that the lower viral load could be caused by a higher magnitude of a mx1-based antiviral response in the initial phase of infection. The lower pro-inflammatory responses also found in the resistant strain might additionally contribute to its protection from developing pathological changes related to the disease. In conclusion, our results suggest the possibility of using TiLV-resistant strains as an ad hoc, cost-effective solution to the TiLV challenge. However, as the fish from the disease-resistant strain still retained significant virus loads in liver and brain and thus could become persistent virus carriers, they should be used within an integrative approach also combining biosecurity, diagnostics and vaccination measures.\.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christian Lodder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michal Reichert
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Mai TT, Kayansamruaj P, Soontara C, Kerddee P, Nguyen DH, Senapin S, Costa JZ, del-Pozo J, Thompson KD, Rodkhum C, Dong HT. Immunization of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Broodstock with Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Inactivated Vaccines Elicits Protective Antibody and Passive Maternal Antibody Transfer. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:167. [PMID: 35214626 PMCID: PMC8879158 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a major pathogen of farmed tilapia, is known to be vertically transmitted. Here, we hypothesize that Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock immunized with a TiLV inactivated vaccine can mount a protective antibody response and passively transfer maternal antibodies to their fertilized eggs and larvae. To test this hypothesis, three groups of tilapia broodstock, each containing four males and eight females, were immunized with either a heat-killed TiLV vaccine (HKV), a formalin-killed TiLV vaccine (FKV) (both administered at 3.6 × 106 TCID50 per fish), or with L15 medium. Booster vaccination with the same vaccines was given 3 weeks later, and mating took place 1 week thereafter. Broodstock blood sera, fertilized eggs and larvae were collected from 6-14 weeks post-primary vaccination for measurement of TiLV-specific antibody (anti-TiLV IgM) levels. In parallel, passive immunization using sera from the immunized female broodstock was administered to naïve tilapia juveniles to assess if antibodies induced in immunized broodstock were protective. The results showed that anti-TiLV IgM was produced in the majority of both male and female broodstock vaccinated with either the HKV or FKV and that these antibodies could be detected in the fertilized eggs and larvae from vaccinated broodstock. Higher levels of maternal antibody were observed in fertilized eggs from broodstock vaccinated with HKV than those vaccinated with FKV. Low levels of TiLV-IgM were detected in some of the 1-3 day old larvae but were undetectable in 7-14 day old larvae from the vaccinated broodstock, indicating a short persistence of TiLV-IgM in larvae. Moreover, passive immunization proved that antibodies elicited by TiLV vaccination were able to confer 85% to 90% protection against TiLV challenge in naïve juvenile tilapia. In conclusion, immunization of tilapia broodstock with TiLV vaccines could be a potential strategy for the prevention of TiLV in tilapia fertilized eggs and larvae, with HKV appearing to be more promising than FKV for maternal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thu Mai
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.M.); (D.-H.N.)
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Division of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (C.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (C.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Pattarawit Kerddee
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.K.); (C.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Dinh-Hung Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.M.); (D.-H.N.)
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Nueng 12120, Thailand
| | - Janina Z. Costa
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (J.Z.C.); (K.D.T.)
| | - Jorge del-Pozo
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Aquaculture Research Group, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK; (J.Z.C.); (K.D.T.)
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.M.); (D.-H.N.)
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Program, Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Nueng 12120, Thailand
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Machimbirike VI, Pornputtapong N, Senapin S, Wangkahart E, Srisapoome P, Khunrae P, Rattanarojpong T. A multi-epitope chimeric protein elicited a strong antibody response and partial protection against Edwardsiella ictaluri in Nile tilapia. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1-18. [PMID: 34472110 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri infects several fish species and protection of the all the susceptible fish hosts from the pathogen using a monovalent vaccine is impossible because the species is composed of host-based genotypes that are genetic, serological and antigenic heterogenous. Here, immunoinformatic approach was employed to design a cross-immunogenic chimeric EiCh protein containing multi-epitopes. The chimeric EiCh protein is composed of 11 B-cell epitopes and 7 major histocompatibility complex class II epitopes identified from E. ictaluri immunogenic proteins previously reported. The 49.32 kDa recombinant EiCh protein was expressed in vitro in Escherichia coli BL-21 (DE3) after which inclusion bodies were successfully solubilized and refolded. Ab initio protein modelling revealed secondary and tertiary structures. Secondary structure was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Antigenicity of the chimeric EiCh protein was exhibited by strong reactivity with serum from striped catfish and Nile tilapia experimentally infected with E. ictaluri. Furthermore, immunogenicity of the chimeric EiCh protein was investigated in vivo in Nile tilapia juveniles and it was found that the protein could strongly induce production of specific antibodies conferring agglutination activity and partially protected Nile tilapia juveniles with a relative survival percentage (RPS) of 42%. This study explored immunoinformatics as reverse vaccinology approach in vaccine design for aquaculture to manage E. ictaluri infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimbai Irene Machimbirike
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pornputtapong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Eakapol Wangkahart
- Division of Fisheries, Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Khunrae
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Triwit Rattanarojpong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, Thailand
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14
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Aich N, Paul A, Choudhury TG, Saha H. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) disease: Current status of understanding. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Lertwanakarn T, Trongwongsa P, Yingsakmongkol S, Khemthong M, Tattiyapong P, Surachetpong W. Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin against Tilapia tilapinevirus in Fish Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121616. [PMID: 34959571 PMCID: PMC8705004 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel Tilapia tilapinevirus or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is having a severe economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. Effective treatments and vaccines for TiLV are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of ribavirin against TiLV in E-11 cells. Our findings revealed that at concentrations above 100 μg/mL, ribavirin efficiently attenuates the cytopathic effect of the TiLV infection in fish cells. When administered in a dose-dependent manner, ribavirin significantly improved cell survival compared to the untreated control cells. Further investigation revealed that the cells exposed to ribavirin and TiLV had a lower viral load (p < 0.05) than the untreated cells. However, at concentrations above 1000 μg/mL, ribavirin led to cell toxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the efficacy of this antiviral drug against TiLV and could be a useful tool for future research on the pathogenesis and replication mechanism of TiLV as well as other piscine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pirada Trongwongsa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Matepiya Khemthong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Genetic Engineering Program, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Genetic Engineering Program, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-0899006117
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16
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Mai TT, Kayansamruaj P, Taengphu S, Senapin S, Costa JZ, del‐Pozo J, Thompson KD, Rodkhum C, Dong HT. Efficacy of heat-killed and formalin-killed vaccines against Tilapia tilapinevirus in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2097-2109. [PMID: 34477227 PMCID: PMC9291230 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia tilapinevirus (also known as tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is considered to be a new threat to the global tilapia industry. The objective of this study was to develop simple cell culture-based heat-killed (HKV) and formalin-killed (FKV) vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by TiLV. The fish were immunized with 100 µl of either HKV or FKV by intraperitoneal injection with each vaccine containing 1.8 × 106 TCID50- inactivated virus. A booster vaccination was carried out at 21-day post-vaccination (dpv) using the same protocol. The fish were then challenged with a lethal dose of TiLV at 28 dpv. The expression of five immune genes (IgM, IgD, IgT, CD4 and CD8) in the head kidney and spleen of experimental fish was assessed at 14 and 21 dpv and again after the booster vaccination at 28 dpv. TiLV-specific IgM responses were measured by ELISA at the same time points. The results showed that both vaccines conferred significant protection, with relative percentage survival of 71.3% and 79.6% for HKV and FKV, respectively. Significant up-regulation of IgM and IgT was observed in the head kidney of fish vaccinated with HKV at 21 dpv, while IgM, IgD and CD4 expression increased in the head kidney of fish receiving FKV at the same time point. After booster vaccination, IgT and CD8 transcripts were significantly increased in the spleen of fish vaccinated with the HKV, but not with FKV. Both vaccines induced a specific IgM response in both serum and mucus. In summary, this study showed that both HKV and FKV are promising injectable vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by TiLV in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Thu Mai
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- Division of Aquacultural BiotechnologyBiotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh CityHo Chi MinhVietnam
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health ManagementFaculty of FisheriesKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | - Janina Z. Costa
- Aquaculture Research GroupMoredun Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Jorge del‐Pozo
- Infection and Immunity DivisionRoslin InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Aquaculture Research GroupMoredun Research InstituteEdinburghUK
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST)Faculty of Veterinary ScienceChulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and TechnologySuan Sunandha Rajabhat UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Food, Agriculture and BioresourcesSchool of Environment, Resources and DevelopmentAsian Institute of TechnologyPathum ThaniThailand
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17
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Piewbang C, Tattiyapong P, Techangamsuwan S, Surachetpong W. Tilapia lake virus immunoglobulin G (TiLV IgG) antibody: Immunohistochemistry application reveals cellular tropism of TiLV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:115-123. [PMID: 34186182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a notable contagious agent that causes massive economic losses in the tilapia industry globally. Evaluations of the histological changes associated with TiLV infection are not only crucial for diagnosis, but also to gain an understanding of the disease. We therefore synthesized a rabbit polyclonal immunoglobulin G antibody against TiLV and developed an immunohistochemical (IHC) procedure to detect TiLV localization in the tissues of infected fish for comparison with in situ hybridization (ISH) testing. A total of four different sample cohorts derived from TiLV-infected fish was used to validate the IHC procedure. The TiLV IHC application was successfully developed and facilitated nuclear and cytoplasmic immunolabelling in the intestines, gills, brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys that corresponded with the ISH results. Apart from the ISH results, TiLV-IHC signals were clearly evident in the endothelial cells of various organs, the circulating leukocytes in the blood vessels, and the areas of tissue inflammation. Among the tested sample cohorts, the intestines, gills, and brain had IHC-positive signals, highlighting the possibility of these organs as common TiLV targets. Immunological staining pattern and distribution corresponded with the TiLV viral load but not the inoculation route. The TiLV IHC was also capable of detecting TiLV infection in the experimentally challenged ornamental cichlids, Mozambique tilapia, giant gourami, and naturally infected tilapia, indicating the dynamic range of IHC for TiLV detection. Overall, our study delivers the first IHC platform to detect TiLV infection and provides novel evidence of cellular tropism during TiLV infection. Our findings also reveal the TiLV distribution pattern of infected fish and propose the endotheliotropism and lymphotropism of this virus, which requires further elaboration. Importantly, this new IHC procedure could be applied to study the pathogenesis and interaction of TiLV in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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18
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Abstract
In Bangladesh, aquaculture is critically important in terms of providing food and nutrition, sustainable livelihoods, income, and export earnings. Nevertheless, aquaculture in Bangladesh has faced recent concerns due to climate change. Aquaculture is vulnerable to a combination of climatic factors, such as global warming, rainfall variation, flood, drought, temperature fluctuation, and salinity change. Considering the vulnerability of fish production to the impacts of climate change, tilapia farming is one of the possible strategies for adaptation to climate change. The positive culture attributes of tilapia are their tolerance to low water levels and poor water quality with rainfall variation, temperature fluctuation, and salinity change. In fact, tilapia farming is possible in a wide range of water environments, including freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater conditions. We suggest that appropriate tilapia culture strategies with institutional support and collaboration with key stakeholders are needed for adaptation to environmental change.
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An Age-Structured Model for Tilapia Lake Virus Transmission in Freshwater with Vertical and Horizontal Transmission. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:90. [PMID: 34232396 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a mathematical model for tilapia lake virus (TiLV) transmission in wild and farmed tilapias within freshwater. This model takes into account two routes of transmission: vertical and horizontal. This latter route integrates both the direct and indirect transmission. We define an explicit formula for the reproductive number [Formula: see text] and show by means of the Fatou's lemma that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we find an explicit formula of the endemic equilibria and study its local stability as well as the uniform persistence of the disease when [Formula: see text]. Finally, a numerical scheme to solve the model is developed and some parameters of the model are estimated based on biological data. The numerical results illustrate the role of routes of transmission on the epidemic evolution.
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Contreras H, Vallejo A, Mattar S, Ruiz L, Guzmán C, Calderón A. First report of tilapia lake virus emergence in fish farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. Vet World 2021; 14:865-872. [PMID: 34083933 PMCID: PMC8167540 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.865-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In 2016, the tilapia-producing farms in the department of Córdoba, Colombia, had witnessed outbreaks of disease with clinical signs compatible with those caused by the tilapia lake virus (TiLV). This study was conducted to confirm the presence of TiLV in some fish farms in the department of Córdoba. Materials and Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven farms using a non-random sampling method from July 2016 to December 2017. A total of 66 fish, including 33 healthy fish and 33 fish with clinical signs, were caught, from which 178 tissue samples of spleen, liver, and brain were collected. RNA was extracted from each organ using TRIzol®. cDNA was synthesized using a retrotranscriptase and a universal amplification primer. The polymerase chain reaction was performed using primers specific to TiLV, in which the primers were amplified in a 491 bp region in segment 3 of TiLV, and the amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method. Results Of the seven farms surveyed, 3 (42.85%) had TiLV in the collected fish. Of the 66 collected fish, 18 (27.27%) were infected with TiLV. The virus was detected in the brain (64.3%, 18/28), spleen (61.9%, 13/21), and liver (35.7%, 10/28). The sequences were recorded in GenBank with the codes MH338228, MH350845, and MH350846. Nucleotide homology analyses revealed that this study's circulating strains exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain (GenBank KU751816.1). Conclusion This is the first official report of TiLV in the department of Córdoba, Colombia. The circulating strains detected in this study exhibited 97% identity with the Israeli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Contreras
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Adriana Vallejo
- Aquatic Health and Water Quality laboratory, Aquaculture Program, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Salim Mattar
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Luis Ruiz
- Aquatic Health and Water Quality laboratory, Aquaculture Program, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Camilo Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Calderón
- Institute of Biological Research of the Tropic, University of Córdoba, Colombia
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Surachetpong W, Roy SRK, Nicholson P. Tilapia lake virus: The story so far. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1115-1132. [PMID: 32829488 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a highly contagious pathogen that has detrimental effects on tilapia farming. This virus was discovered in 2014 and has received tremendous global attention from the aquaculture sector due to its association with high fish mortalities and its strong economic impact on the tilapia aquaculture industry. Currently, TiLV has been reported in 16 countries, and this number is continuing to rise due to improved diagnostic assays and surveillance activities around the world. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge of TiLV with regard to TiLV host species, the clinical signs of a TiLV infection, the affected tissues, pathogenesis and potential disease risk factors. We also describe the reported information concerning the virus itself: its morphology, genetic make-up and transmission pathways. We review the current methods for virus detection and potential control measures. We close the review of the TiLV story so far, by offering a commentary on the major TiLV research gaps, why these are delaying future TiLV research and why the TiLV field needs to come together and proceed as a more collaborative scientific community if there is any hope limiting the impact of this serious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sri Rajiv Kumar Roy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pamela Nicholson
- Next Generation Sequencing Platform, Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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