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Majstorović J, Kyslík J, Klak K, Maciuszek M, Chan JTH, Korytář T, Holzer AS. Erythrocytes of the common carp are immune sentinels that sense pathogen molecular patterns, engulf particles and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines against bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407237. [PMID: 38947329 PMCID: PMC11211254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. Methods We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. Results qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. Discussion Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Majstorović
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Klak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justin T. H. Chan
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Okano M, Miyamae J, Sakurai K, Yamaguchi T, Uehara R, Katakura F, Moritomo T. Subgenomic T cell receptor alpha and delta (TRA/TRD) loci in common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109421. [PMID: 38325591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, the T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and delta (TRD) genes, which encode the TRα and TRδ chains, respectively, are located as a nested structure on a single chromosome. To date, no animal has been reported to harbor multiple TRA/TRD loci on different chromosomes. Therefore, herein, we describe the first full annotation of the TRA/TRD genomic regions of common carp, an allo-tetraploid fish species that experiences cyprinid-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) in evolution. Fine genomic maps of TRA/TRD genomic regions 1 and 2, on LG30 and LG22, respectively, were constructed using the annotations of complete sets of TRA and TRD genes, including TRA/TRD variable (V), TRA junction (J), and constant (C), TRD diversity (D), and the J and C genes. The structure and synteny of the TRA/TRD genomic regions were highly conserved in zebrafish, indicating that these regions are on individual chromosomes. Furthermore, analysis of the variable regions of the TRA and TRD genes in a monoclonal T cell line revealed that both subgenomic regions 1 and 2 were indeed rearranged. Although carp TRAV and TRDV genes were phylogenetically divided into different lineages, they were mixed and organized into the TRA/TRD V gene clusters on the genome, similar to that in other vertebrates. Notably, 285 potential TRA/TRD V genes were detected in the TRA/TRD genomic regions, which is the most abundant number of genes in vertebrates and approximately two-fold that in zebrafish. The recombination signal sequences (RSSs) at the end of each V gene differed between TRAV and TRDV, suggesting that RSS variations might separate each V gene into a TRα or TRδ chain. This study is the first to describe subgenomic TRA/TRD loci in animals. Our findings provide fundamental insights to elucidate the impact of WGD on the evolution of immune repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Okano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kanda-Surugadai 1-8-13, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Sakurai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ren Uehara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Mediani A, Albogami A, Misnan NM, Ismail NH, Parhar IS, Ogawa S, Hwa WE. 1H NMR metabolomics insights into comparative diabesity in male and female zebrafish and the antidiabetic activity of DL-limonene. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3823. [PMID: 38360784 PMCID: PMC10869695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have been utilized for many years as a model animal for pharmacological studies on diabetes and obesity. High-fat diet (HFD), streptozotocin and alloxan injection, and glucose immersion have all been used to induce diabetes and obesity in zebrafish. Currently, studies commonly used both male and female zebrafish, which may influence the outcomes since male and female zebrafish are biologically different. This study was designed to investigate the difference between the metabolites of male and female diabetic zebrafish, using limonene - a natural product which has shown several promising results in vitro and in vivo in treating diabetes and obesity-and provide new insights into how endogenous metabolites change following limonene treatment. Using HFD-fed male and female zebrafish, we were able to develop an animal model of T2D and identify several endogenous metabolites that might be used as diagnostic biomarkers for diabetes. The endogenous metabolites in males and females were different, even though both genders had high blood glucose levels and a high BMI. Treatment with limonene prevented high blood glucose levels and improved in diabesity zebrafish by limonene, through reversal of the metabolic changes caused by HFD in both genders. In addition, limonene was able to reverse the elevated expression of AKT during HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulaziz Albogami
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, 65779-7738, Alaqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norazlan Mohmad Misnan
- Institute for Medical Research Malaysia, No.1, Jalan Setia Murni U13/52, Seksyen U13, Setia Alam, 40170, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, UiTM Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Monash University (Malaysia) BRIMS, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Monash University (Malaysia) BRIMS, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Guo C, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Guo G, Yu G, Zhao D, Li M, Li G, Liu B. Screening and Stability Analysis of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Hybrid Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × Pelteobagrus vachelli ♂) Fed Diets Containing Different Soybean Meal Levels. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:1232518. [PMID: 37780581 PMCID: PMC10541299 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1232518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we screened the expression stability of six reference genes (18S rRNA, β-actin, GAPDH, EF1a, B2M, and HPRT1) in hybrid yellow catfish (n = 6), considering the SBM levels, sampling time points, and different tissues. Four different statistical programs, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Genorm, and Delta Ct, combined with a method that comprehensively considered all results, were used to evaluate the expression stability of these reference genes systematically. The results showed that SBM levels significantly impacted the expression stability of most of the reference genes studied and that this impact was time-, dose-, and tissue-dependent. The expression stability of these six reference genes varied depending on tissue, sampling time point, and SBM dosage. Additionally, more variations were found among different tissues than among different SBM levels or sampling time points. Due to its high expression, 18S rRNA was excluded from the list of candidate reference genes. β-actin and GAPDH in the liver and β-actin, HPRT1 and EF1a in the intestine were the most stable reference genes when SBM levels were considered. HPRT1, and EF1a in tissues sampled at 2 W and EF1a and β-actin in tissues sampled at 4 and 6 W were proposed as two stable reference genes when different tissues were considered. When the sampling time points were considered, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the top three stable reference genes in the intestine. In contrast, β-actin and B2M are the most stable reference genes in the liver. In summary, β-actin, EF1a, and HPRT1 were the more stable reference genes in this study. The stability of reference genes depends on the tissues, sampling time points, and SBM diet levels in hybrid yellow catfish. Therefore, attention should be paid to these factors before selecting suitable reference genes for normalizing the target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meina Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guojun Guo
- Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Daoquan Zhao
- Henan Academy of Fishery Sciences, Zhengzhou 450044, China
- Yiluo River Field Scientifical Observation and Reseaarch Station of Aquatic Animals in Yellow River Basin, Lushi 472200, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guoxi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Yiluo River Field Scientifical Observation and Reseaarch Station of Aquatic Animals in Yellow River Basin, Lushi 472200, China
| | - Bianzhi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Yiluo River Field Scientifical Observation and Reseaarch Station of Aquatic Animals in Yellow River Basin, Lushi 472200, China
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Li YY, Chen X, Yang JX, Chen Q, Song TY, Ge JQ. Evaluation of housekeeping genes as references for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of European eel, Anguilla anguilla. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:141-154. [PMID: 36222316 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eels are important aquaculture species for which an increasing number of reference genes are being identified and applied. In this study, five housekeeping genes [RPL7 (ribosomal protein L7), 18 S (18 S ribosomal RNA), EF1A (elongation factor 1α), ACTB (β-actin) and GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)] were chosen to evaluate their reliability as reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the study of Anguilla anguilla. The expression of the selected genes in different eel tissues was determined using qPCR at different growth stages or upon challenge by Anguillid herpesvirus (AngHV), and the expression levels of these genes were then compared and evaluated using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Then, RefFinder was used to comprehensively rank the examined housekeeping genes. Interestingly, the expression of the evaluated housekeeping genes exhibited tissue-dependent and treatment-dependent variations. In different growth periods A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: ACTB in mucus; 18 S in skin and kidney; RPL7 in muscle, gill, intestine and brain; EF1A in heart and liver; and GAPDH in spleen. In contrast, in AngHV-challenged A. anguilla tissues, the most stable genes were the following: 18 S in mucus; RPL7 in skin, gill, heart, spleen, kidney and intestine; EF1A in muscle and liver; and ACTB in brain. Further comparison analysis indicated that the expression of RPL7 and EF1A was stable in multiple A. anguilla tissues in different growth periods and in eels challenged by AngHV. Nonetheless, the expression level of GAPDH in eel tissues was lower, and it was unstable in several tissues. These results indicated that the selection of reference genes for qPCR analysis in A. anguilla should be made in accordance with experimental parameters, and both RPL7 and EF1A could be used as reference genes for qPCR study of A. anguilla at different growth stages or upon challenge by AngHV. The reference genes identified in this study could improve the accuracy of qPCR data and facilitate further studies aimed at understanding the biology of eels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Xian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tie-Ying Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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