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García-Álvarez MA, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Cytotoxic activity and gene expression during in vitro adaptive cell-mediated cytotoxicity of head-kidney cells from betanodavirus-infected European sea bass. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105124. [PMID: 38145864 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) is essential in eradicating virus-infected cells, involving CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells, through the activation of different pathways. This immune response is well-studied in mammals but scarcely in teleost fish. Our aim was to investigate the adaptive CMC using head-kidney (HK) cells from European sea bass infected at different times with nodavirus (NNV), as effector cells, and the European sea bass brain cell line (DLB-1) infected with different NNV genotypes, as target cells. Results showed low and unaltered innate cytotoxic activity through the infection time. However, adaptive CMC against RGNNV and SJNNV/RGNNV-infected target cells increased from 7 to 30 days post-infection, peaking at 15 days, demonstrating the specificity of the cytotoxic activity and suggesting the involvement of CTLs. At transcriptomic level, we observed up-regulation of genes related to T cell activation, perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL effector pathways as well as apoptotic cell death. Further studies are necessary to understand the adaptive role of European sea bass CTLs in the elimination of NNV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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García-Álvarez MA, Cervera L, Valero Y, González-Fernández C, Mercado L, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Regulation and distribution of European sea bass perforins point to their role in the adaptive cytotoxic response against NNV. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109244. [PMID: 38000653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a complex immune mechanism that involves the release of several killing molecules, being perforin (PRF) one of the most important effector players. Perforin is synthesized by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in mammals and responsible for the formation of pores on the target cell membrane during the killing process. Although perforin has been extensively studied in higher vertebrates, this knowledge is very limited in fish. Therefore, in this study we have identified four prf genes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and evaluated their mRNA levels. All sea bass prf genes showed the typical and conserved domains of its human orthologue and were closely clustered by the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, all genes showed constitutive and ubiquitous tissular expression, being prf1.9 gene the most highly expressed in immune tissues. Subsequently, in vitro stimulation of head-kidney (HK) cells with phytohemagglutinin, a T-cell activator, showed an increase of all prf gene levels, except for prf1.3 gene. European sea bass HK cells increased the transcription of prf1.2 and prf1.9 during the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic target cells. In addition, sea bass infected with nodavirus (NNV) showed a similar expression pattern of all prf in HK and brain at 15 days post-infection, except for prf1.3 gene and in the gonad. Finally, the use of a polyclonal antibody against PRF1.9 showed an increase of positive cells in HK, brain and gonad from NNV-infected fish. Taken together, the data seem to indicate that all prf genes, except prf1.3, appear to be involved in the European sea bass immunity, and probably in the cell-mediated cytotoxic response, with PRF1.9 playing the most important role against nodavirus. The involvement of the PRFs and the CMC activity in the vertical transmission success of the virus is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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