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Zhou Y, Lu X, Hao J, Li S. Quantitative Acetylome Analysis of Differentially Modified Proteins in Virulence-Differentiated Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Isolates during Cucumber Colonization. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:920. [PMID: 37755028 PMCID: PMC10532600 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (Foc) is a prominent pathogen that adversely affects cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production. In the pathogen's parasitic lifestyle, the pathogenesis and virulence evolution may be regulated by lysine acetylation, as demonstrated in many living organisms. However, its specific function in Foc remains poorly understood. In this study, the acetylome profiles of a mild virulence strain (foc-3b) and its derived virulence-enhanced strain (Ra-4) were analyzed before and post-inoculation on cucumber plants. In total, 10,664 acetylation sites were identified corresponding to 3874 proteins, and 45 conserved acetylation motifs were detected. Through comparison of the acetylomes, numerous differentially lysine-acetylated proteins were enriched in energy metabolism and protein processing processes, indicating the critical role of lysine acetylation during the transition from the saprotrophic lifestyle to the parasitic lifestyle. Comparative acetylome analyses on the two virulence-differentiated strains revealed that several differentially lysine-acetylated proteins were involved in pathways of defense response and energy metabolism. Ra-4 showed enhanced energy metabolism compared to foc-3b. This indicates that robust metabolic activity is required to achieve high virulence and facilitating adaptive evolution. Additionally, faster host responses are supported by an ample energy supply enhancing virulence. Thus, lysine acetylation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and virulence evolution of Foc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Shidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase: A Key Gene for Color Discrimination of Edible Mushroom Flammulina velutipes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030339. [PMID: 36983507 PMCID: PMC10053379 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature; Flammulina velutipes, also known as winter mushrooms, vary in the color of their fruiting bodies, from black, yellow, pale yellow, or beige to white. The purpose of this study was to compare the genome sequences of different colored strains of F. velutipes and to identify variations in the genes associated with fruiting body color. Comparative genomics of six F. velutipes strains revealed 70 white-strain-specific variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels), in the genome sequences. Among them, 36 variations were located in the open reading frames, and only one variation was identified as a mutation with a disruptive in-frame deletion (ΔGCGCAC) within the annotated gene phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 (Fvpal1). This mutation was found to cause a deletion, without a frameshift, of two amino acids at positions 112 and 113 (arginine and threonine, respectively) in the Fvpal1 gene of the white strain. Specific primers to detect this mutation were designed, and amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to evaluate whether the mutation is color specific for the F. velutipes fruiting body. PCR analysis of a total of 95 F. velutipes strains revealed that this mutation was present only in white strains. In addition, monospores of the heterozygous mutant were isolated, and whether this mutation was related to the color of the fruiting body was evaluated by a mating assay. In the mating analysis of monospores with mutations in Fvpal1, it was found that this mutation plays an important role in determining the color of the fruiting body. Furthermore, the deletion (Δ112RT113) in Fvpal1 is located between motifs that play a key role in the catalytic function of FvPAL1. These results suggest that this mutation can be used as an effective marker for the color-specific breeding of F. velutipes, a representative edible mushroom.
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Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzyme in Plant Microorganisms' Communication: A Focus on Grapevine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054695. [PMID: 36902126 PMCID: PMC10003686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 are ancient enzymes diffused in organisms belonging to all kingdoms of life, including viruses, with the largest number of P450 genes found in plants. The functional characterization of cytochromes P450 has been extensively investigated in mammals, where these enzymes are involved in the metabolism of drugs and in the detoxification of pollutants and toxic chemicals. The aim of this work is to present an overview of the often disregarded role of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in mediating the interaction between plants and microorganisms. Quite recently, several research groups have started to investigate the role of P450 enzymes in the interactions between plants and (micro)organisms, focusing on the holobiont Vitis vinifera. Grapevines live in close association with large numbers of microorganisms and interact with each other, regulating several vine physiological functions, from biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to fruit quality at harvest.
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Santos Gomes D, de Andrade Silva EM, de Andrade Rosa EC, Silva Gualberto NG, de Jesus Souza MÁ, Santos G, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. Identification of a key protein set involved in Moniliophthora perniciosa necrotrophic mycelium and basidiocarp development. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103635. [PMID: 34700000 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Moniliophthora perniciosa is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes witches' broom disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). The biotrophic fungal phase initiates the disease and is characterized by a monokaryotic mycelium, while the necrotrophic phase is characterized by a dikaryotic mycelium and leads to necrosis of infected tissues. A study of the necrotrophic phase was conducted on bran-based solid medium, which is the only medium that enables basidiocarp and basidiospore production. Six different fungal developmental phases were observed according to the mycelium colour or the organ produced: white, yellow, pink, dark pink, primordium and basidiocarp. In this study, we identified notable proteins in each phase, particularly those accumulated prior to basidiocarp formation. Proteins were analysed by proteomics; 2-D gels showed 300-550 spots. Statistically differentially accumulated spots were sequenced by mass spectrometry and 259 proteins were identified and categorized into nine functional classes. Proteins related to energy metabolism, protein folding and morphogenesis that were potentially involved in primordium and basidiocarp formation were identified; these proteins may represent useful candidates for further analysis related to the spread and pathogenesis of this fungus. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first proteomic analysis of the developmental phases of Moniliophthora perniciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayane Santos Gomes
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Mario de Andrade Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Caroline de Andrade Rosa
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Nina Gabriela Silva Gualberto
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Átila de Jesus Souza
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Gesivaldo Santos
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
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Minerdi D, Sadeghi SJ, Pautasso L, Morra S, Aigotti R, Medana C, Gilardi G, Gullino ML, Gilardi G. Expression and role of CYP505A1 in pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140268. [PMID: 31491588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are monooxygenases present in every domain of life. In fungi CYPs are involved in virulence. Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, is the most serious disease of lettuce. F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae MSA35 is an antagonistic fungus. Pathogenic formae specialis of F. oxysporum possess a CYP belonging to the new family CYP505. This enzyme hydroxylates saturated fatty acids that play a role in plant defence. METHODS Molecular tools were adopted to search for cyp505 gene in MSA35 genome. cyp505 gene expression analysis in pathogenic and antagonistic Fusarium was performed. The enzyme was expressed in its recombinant form and used for catalytic reactions with fatty acids, the products of which were characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS A novel MSA35 self-sufficient CYP505 is differentially expressed in antagonistic and pathogenic F. oxysporum. Its expression is induced by the host plant lettuce in both pathogenesis and antagonism during the early phase of the interaction, while it is silenced during the late phase only in antagonistic Fusarium. Mass-spectrometry investigations proved that CYP505A1 mono-hydroxylates lauric, palmitic and stearic acids. CONCLUSIONS The ability of CYP505A1 to oxidize fatty acids present in the cortical cell membranes together with its differential expression in its Fusarium antagonistic form point out to the possibility that this enzyme is associated with Fusarium pathogenicity in lettuce. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The CYP505 clan is present in pathogenic fungal phyla, making CYP505A1 enzyme a putative candidate as a new target for the development of novel antifungal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lara Pautasso
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Morra
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Riccardo Aigotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gilardi
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Agroinnova, Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Liu J, Shamoun SF, Leal I, Kowbel R, Sumampong G, Zamany A. Characterization of Heterobasidion occidentale transcriptomes reveals candidate genes and DNA polymorphisms for virulence variations. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:537-550. [PMID: 29611344 PMCID: PMC5954486 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of genes involved in differentiation of pathogen species and isolates with variations of virulence traits provides valuable information to control tree diseases for meeting the challenges of sustainable forest health and phytosanitary trade issues. Lack of genetic knowledge and genomic resources hinders novel gene discovery, molecular mechanism studies and development of diagnostic tools in the management of forest pathogens. Here, we report on transcriptome profiling of Heterobasidion occidentale isolates with contrasting virulence levels. Comparative transcriptomic analysis identified orthologous groups exclusive to H. occidentale and its isolates, revealing biological processes involved in the differentiation of isolates. Further bioinformatics analyses identified an H. occidentale secretome, CYPome and other candidate effectors, from which genes with species- and isolate-specific expression were characterized. A large proportion of differentially expressed genes were revealed to have putative activities as cell wall modification enzymes and transcription factors, suggesting their potential roles in virulence and fungal pathogenesis. Next, large numbers of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, including more than 14 000 interisolate non-synonymous SNPs. These polymorphic loci and species/isolate-specific genes may contribute to virulence variations and provide ideal DNA markers for development of diagnostic tools and investigation of genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Jun Liu
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Simon Francis Shamoun
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Isabel Leal
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Robert Kowbel
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Grace Sumampong
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoriaBCV8Z 1M5Canada
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Saprotrophic proteomes of biotypes of the witches' broom pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:743-753. [PMID: 28800846 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nine geographically diverse Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches' broom disease pathogen) isolates were cultured in vitro. They included six C-biotypes differing in virulence on cacao (Theobroma cacao), two S-biotypes (solanaceous hosts), and an L-biotype (liana hosts). Mycelial growth rates and morphologies differed considerably, but no characters were observed to correlate with virulence or biotype. In plant inoculations using basidiospores, one C-biotype caused symptoms on tomato (an S-biotype host), adding to evidence of limited host adaptation in these biotypes. Mycelial proteomes were analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and 619 gel spots were indexed on all replicate gels of at least one strain. Multivariate analysis of gel spots discriminated the L-biotype, but not the S-biotypes, from the remaining strains. The proteomic similarity of the S- and C-biotypes is consistent with their reported lack of phylogenetic distinction. Sequences from tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides from major 2-DE spots were matched with Moniliophthora genome and transcript sequences on NCBI and WBD Transcriptome Atlas databases. Protein-spot identifications indicated that M. perniciosa saprotrophic mycelial proteomes expressed functions potentially connected with a 'virulence life-style', including peroxiredoxin, heat-shock proteins, nitrilase, formate dehydrogenase, a prominent complement of aldo-keto reductases, mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase, and central metabolism enzymes with proposed pathogenesis functions.
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8
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de Mattos-Shipley K, Ford K, Alberti F, Banks A, Bailey A, Foster G. The good, the bad and the tasty: The many roles of mushrooms. Stud Mycol 2016; 85:125-157. [PMID: 28082758 PMCID: PMC5220184 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the "Forgotten Kingdom", fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic fungal species such as the gilled mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. Basidiomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, carrying out vital ecosystem roles, particularly in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with a range of other organisms. Specifically in the context of human use, the basidiomycetes are a highly valuable food source and are increasingly medicinally important. In this review, seven main categories, or 'roles', for basidiomycetes have been suggested by the authors: as model species, edible species, toxic species, medicinal basidiomycetes, symbionts, decomposers and pathogens, and two species have been chosen as representatives of each category. Although this is in no way an exhaustive discussion of the importance of basidiomycetes, this review aims to give a broad overview of the importance of these organisms, exploring the various ways they can be exploited to the benefit of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.M.J. de Mattos-Shipley
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - K.L. Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - F. Alberti
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - A.M. Banks
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
- School of Biology, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A.M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - G.D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Zhang DD, Wang XY, Chen JY, Kong ZQ, Gui YJ, Li NY, Bao YM, Dai XF. Identification and characterization of a pathogenicity-related gene VdCYP1 from Verticillium dahliae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27979. [PMID: 27329129 PMCID: PMC4916405 DOI: 10.1038/srep27979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in a wide variety of crop plants, thereby causing extensive economic loss. In present study, one V. dahliae T-DNA mutant M01C06 showed the pathogenicity loss on cotton, and the expression of a flanking gene encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450, VdCYP1) was strongly repressed. P450s of fungi could affect the fungal pathogenicity by involving in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. However, there was no report about the pathogenic function of P450s in V. dahliae. VdCYP1 gene deletion and complementation experiments confirmed that VdCYP1 was the pathogenicity-related gene in V. dahliae. A comparison of culture supernatants of the VdCYP1 deletion mutants and wild-type strains indicates that at least 14 kinds of secondary metabolites syntheses were affected due to VdCYP1 gene deletion. One of these compounds, sulfacetamide, had the ability to induce the necrosis and wilting symptoms in cotton. Above results indicate that VdCYP1 could participate in pathogenesis by involving the secondary metabolism in V. dahliae, such as the compound sulfacetamide. In conclusion, VdCYP1 acts as an important pathogenicity-related factor to involve in secondary metabolism that likely contributes to the pathogenic process in V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Wang
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Jing Gui
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Yang Li
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- The Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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Litholdo CG, Leal GA, Albuquerque PSB, Figueira A. Differential expression of jasmonate biosynthesis genes in cacao genotypes contrasting for resistance against Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1747-1759. [PMID: 26071948 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The resistance mechanism of cacao against M. perniciosa is likely to be mediated by JA/ET-signaling pathways due to the preferential TcAOS and TcSAM induction in a resistant genotype. The basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa causes a serious disease in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), and the use of resistant varieties is the only sustainable long-term solution. Cacao resistance against M. perniciosa is characterized by pathogen growth inhibition with reduced colonization and an attenuation of disease symptoms, suggesting a regulation by jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. The hypothesis that genes involved in JA biosynthesis would be active in the interaction of T. cacao and M. perniciosa was tested here. The cacao JA-related genes were evaluated for their relative quantitative expression in susceptible and resistant genotypes upon the exogenous application of ET, methyl-jasmonate (MJ), and salicylic acid (SA), or after M. perniciosa inoculation. MJ treatment triggered changes in the expression of genes involved in JA biosynthesis, indicating that the mechanism of positive regulation by exogenous MJ application occurs in cacao. However, a higher induction of these genes was observed in the susceptible genotype. Further, a contrast in JA-related transcriptional expression was detected between susceptible and resistant plants under M. perniciosa infection, with the induction of the allene oxide synthase gene (TcAOS), which encodes a key enzyme in the JA biosynthesis pathway in the resistant genotype. Altogether, this work provides additional evidences that the JA-dependent signaling pathway is modulating the defense response against M. perniciosa in a cacao-resistant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso G Litholdo
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Gildemberg A Leal
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, BR 104, km 85 N, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo S B Albuquerque
- Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, ERJOH, BR 316 km 17, CP 46, Marituba, 67105-970, PA, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 303, CP 96, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-970, Brazil.
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11
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Yun YH, Koo JS, Kim SH, Kong WS. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase Gene in the Mycelium and Fruit Body of the Edible Mushroom Flammulina velutipes. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:327-332. [PMID: 26539050 PMCID: PMC4630440 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene is known to be expressed in plants, and is involved in the differentiation, growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites. However, its expression in fungi remains to be explored. To understand its expression in mushroom fungi, the PAL gene of the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes (Fvpal) was cloned and characterized. The cloned Fvpal consists of 2,175 bp, coding for a polypeptide containing 724 amino acids and having 11 introns. The translated amino acid sequence of Fvpal shares a high identity (66%) with that of ectomycorrhizal fungus Tricholoma matsutake. Distinctively, the Fvpal expression in the mycelium was higher in minimal medium supplemented with L-tyrosine than with other aromatic amino acids. During cultivation of the mushroom on sawdust medium, Fvpal expression in the fruit body correspondingly increased as the mushroom grew. In the fruiting body, Fvpal was expressed more in the stipe than in the pileus. These results suggest that F. velutipes PAL activity differs in the different organs of the mushroom. Overall, this is first report to show that the PAL gene expression is associated with mushroom growth in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Hong Yun
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ja Sun Koo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea. ; Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Biodiversity, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Won Sik Kong
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Korea
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Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPDT, Reis O, do Prado PFV, do Rio MCS, Fiorin GL, José J, Costa GGL, Negri VA, Mondego JMC, Mieczkowski P, Pereira GAG. High-resolution transcript profiling of the atypical biotrophic interaction between Theobroma cacao and the fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4245-69. [PMID: 25371547 PMCID: PMC4277218 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease (WBD), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most devastating diseases of Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree. In contrast to other hemibiotrophic interactions, the WBD biotrophic stage lasts for months and is responsible for the most distinctive symptoms of the disease, which comprise drastic morphological changes in the infected shoots. Here, we used the dual RNA-seq approach to simultaneously assess the transcriptomes of cacao and M. perniciosa during their peculiar biotrophic interaction. Infection with M. perniciosa triggers massive metabolic reprogramming in the diseased tissues. Although apparently vigorous, the infected shoots are energetically expensive structures characterized by the induction of ineffective defense responses and by a clear carbon deprivation signature. Remarkably, the infection culminates in the establishment of a senescence process in the host, which signals the end of the WBD biotrophic stage. We analyzed the pathogen's transcriptome in unprecedented detail and thereby characterized the fungal nutritional and infection strategies during WBD and identified putative virulence effectors. Interestingly, M. perniciosa biotrophic mycelia develop as long-term parasites that orchestrate changes in plant metabolism to increase the availability of soluble nutrients before plant death. Collectively, our results provide unique insight into an intriguing tropical disease and advance our understanding of the development of (hemi)biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paula Favoretti Vital do Prado
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Scatolin do Rio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lorencini Fiorin
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Victor Augusti Negri
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge Maurício Costa Mondego
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas SP 13001-970, Brazil
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Chen W, Lee MK, Jefcoate C, Kim SC, Chen F, Yu JH. Fungal cytochrome p450 monooxygenases: their distribution, structure, functions, family expansion, and evolutionary origin. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1620-34. [PMID: 24966179 PMCID: PMC4122930 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase superfamily contributes a broad array of biological functions in living organisms. In fungi, CYPs play diverse and pivotal roles in versatile metabolism and fungal adaptation to specific ecological niches. In this report, CYPomes in the 47 genomes of fungi belong to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota have been studied. The comparison of fungal CYPomes suggests that generally fungi possess abundant CYPs belonging to a variety of families with the two global families CYP51 and CYP61, indicating individuation of CYPomes during the evolution of fungi. Fungal CYPs show highly conserved characteristic motifs, but very low overall sequence similarities. The characteristic motifs of fungal CYPs are distinguishable from those of CYPs in animals, plants, and especially archaea and bacteria. The four representative motifs contribute to the general function of CYPs. Fungal CYP51s and CYP61s can be used as the models for the substrate recognition sites analysis. The CYP proteins are clustered into 15 clades and the phylogenetic analyses suggest that the wide variety of fungal CYPs has mainly arisen from gene duplication. Two large duplication events might have been associated with the booming of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. In addition, horizontal gene transfer also contributes to the diversification of fungal CYPs. Finally, a possible evolutionary scenario for fungal CYPs along with fungal divergences is proposed. Our results provide the fundamental information for a better understanding of CYP distribution, structure and function, and new insights into the evolutionary events of fungal CYPs along with the evolution of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Chen
- Department of Food Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, ChinaDepartment of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Colin Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Dae-Jon, Republic of Korea
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Department of Food Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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de O Barsottini MR, de Oliveira JF, Adamoski D, Teixeira PJPL, do Prado PFV, Tiezzi HO, Sforça ML, Cassago A, Portugal RV, de Oliveira PSL, de M Zeri AC, Dias SMG, Pereira GAG, Ambrosio ALB. Functional diversification of cerato-platanins in Moniliophthora perniciosa as seen by differential expression and protein function specialization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1281-93. [PMID: 23902259 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins (CP) are small, cysteine-rich fungal-secreted proteins involved in the various stages of the host-fungus interaction process, acting as phytotoxins, elicitors, and allergens. We identified 12 CP genes (MpCP1 to MpCP12) in the genome of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, and showed that they present distinct expression profiles throughout fungal development and infection. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of MpCP1, MpCP2, MpCP3, and MpCP5, representative of different branches of a phylogenetic tree and expressed at different stages of the disease. Structure-based biochemistry, in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, allowed us to define specialized capabilities regarding self-assembling and the direct binding to chitin and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) tetramers, a fungal cell wall building block, and to map a previously unknown binding region in MpCP5. Moreover, fibers of MpCP2 were shown to act as expansin and facilitate basidiospore germination whereas soluble MpCP5 blocked NAG6-induced defense response. The correlation between these roles, the fungus life cycle, and its tug-of-war interaction with cacao plants is discussed.
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Argôlo Santos Carvalho H, de Andrade Silva EM, Carvalho Santos S, Micheli F. Polygalacturonases from Moniliophthora perniciosa are regulated by fermentable carbon sources and possible post-translational modifications. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 60:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moktali V, Park J, Fedorova-Abrams ND, Park B, Choi J, Lee YH, Kang S. Systematic and searchable classification of cytochrome P450 proteins encoded by fungal and oomycete genomes. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:525. [PMID: 23033934 PMCID: PMC3505482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs) play diverse and pivotal roles in fungal metabolism and adaptation to specific ecological niches. Fungal genomes encode extremely variable "CYPomes" ranging from one to more than 300 CYPs. Despite the rapid growth of sequenced fungal and oomycete genomes and the resulting influx of predicted CYPs, the vast majority of CYPs remain functionally uncharacterized. To facilitate the curation and functional and evolutionary studies of CYPs, we previously developed Fungal Cytochrome P450 Database (FCPD), which included CYPs from 70 fungal and oomycete species. Here we present a new version of FCPD (1.2) with more data and an improved classification scheme. RESULTS The new database contains 22,940 CYPs from 213 species divided into 2,579 clusters and 115 clans. By optimizing the clustering pipeline, we were able to uncover 36 novel clans and to assign 153 orphan CYP families to specific clans. To augment their functional annotation, CYP clusters were mapped to David Nelson's P450 databases, which archive a total of 12,500 manually curated CYPs. Additionally, over 150 clusters were functionally classified based on sequence similarity to experimentally characterized CYPs. Comparative analysis of fungal and oomycete CYPomes revealed cases of both extreme expansion and contraction. The most dramatic expansions in fungi were observed in clans CYP58 and CYP68 (Pezizomycotina), clans CYP5150 and CYP63 (Agaricomycotina), and family CYP509 (Mucoromycotina). Although much of the extraordinary diversity of the pan-fungal CYPome can be attributed to gene duplication and adaptive divergence, our analysis also suggests a few potential horizontal gene transfer events. Updated families and clans can be accessed through the new version of the FCPD database. CONCLUSIONS FCPD version 1.2 provides a systematic and searchable catalogue of 9,550 fungal CYP sequences (292 families) encoded by 108 fungal species and 147 CYP sequences (9 families) encoded by five oomycete species. In comparison to the first version, it offers a more comprehensive clan classification, is fully compatible with Nelson's P450 databases, and has expanded functional categorization. These features will facilitate functional annotation and classification of CYPs encoded by newly sequenced fungal and oomycete genomes. Additionally, the classification system will aid in studying the roles of CYPs in the evolution of fungal adaptation to specific ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Moktali
- Integrative Biosciences program in Bioinformatics & Genomics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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