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Silva GA, Oliveira MES, Rêgo GMS, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Ferreira MA. Chrysoporthe brasiliensis sp. nov. pathogenic to Melastomataceae in southeast Brazil. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1790-1799. [PMID: 38796263 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Species in the Melastomataceae (Myrtales) include trees and woody shrubs that are amongst the most common hosts of Chrysoporthe and related fungi. These fungi cause stem cankers, branch death and in extreme cases, kill their hosts. Chrysoporthe-like fungi were observed on Miconia spp. and Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) plants during tree disease surveys in south-eastern Brazil including the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify the fungi utilising morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. This led to the identification of a new species of Chrysoporthe described here as Chrysoporthe brasilensis sp.nov. Inoculations were conducted on R. grandiflora and M. theaezans, showing that C. brasiliensis is an aggressive pathogen. This study adds to a growing number of reports of new and pathogenic species of Chrysoporthe that potentially threaten native Myrtales globally, including important trees such as Eucalyptus, both in natural ecosystems and in planted forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Avelar Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maria Alves Ferreira
- Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Wang W, Chen S. Identification and pathogenicity of Aurifilum species (Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales) on Terminalia species in Southern China. MycoKeys 2023; 98:37-58. [PMID: 37287768 PMCID: PMC10242525 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) contains many important tree pathogens and the hosts are wide-ranging. Tree species of Terminalia were widely planted as ornamental trees alongside city roads and villages in southern China. Recently, stem canker and cracked bark were observed on 2-6 year old Terminalianeotaliala and T.mantaly in several nurseries in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. Typical conidiomata of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissue. In this study, we used DNA sequence data (ITS, BT2/BT1, TEF-1α, rpb2) and morphological characteristics to identify the strains from Terminalia trees. Our results showed that isolates obtained in this study represent two species of Aurifilum, one previously described species, A.terminali, and an unknown species, which we described as A.cerciana sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that both A.terminali and A.cerciana were able to infect T.neotaliala and two tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting the potential for Aurifilum fungi to become new pathogens of Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryZhanjiangChina
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryZhanjiangChina
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Cryphonectriaceae on Myrtales in China: phylogeny, host range, and pathogenicity. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2021; 45:101-131. [PMID: 34456373 PMCID: PMC8375347 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2020.45.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plantation-grown Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) and other trees residing in the Myrtales have been widely planted in southern China. These fungal pathogens include species of Cryphonectriaceae that are well-known to cause stem and branch canker disease on Myrtales trees. During recent disease surveys in southern China, sporocarps with typical characteristics of Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the surfaces of cankers on the stems and branches of Myrtales trees. In this study, a total of 164 Cryphonectriaceae isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequences of the partial conserved nuclear large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions including the 5.8S gene of the ribosomal DNA operon, two regions of the β-tubulin (tub2/tub1) gene, and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene region, as well as their morphological characteristics. The results showed that eight species reside in four genera of Cryphonectriaceae occurring on the genera Eucalyptus, Melastoma (Melastomataceae), Psidium (Myrtaceae), Syzygium (Myrtaceae), and Terminalia (Combretaceae) in Myrtales. These fungal species include Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Celoporthe syzygii, Cel. eucalypti, Cel. guangdongensis, Cel. cerciana, a new genus and two new species, as well as one new species of Aurifilum. These new taxa are hereby described as Parvosmorbus gen. nov., Par. eucalypti sp. nov., Par. guangdongensis sp. nov., and Aurifilum terminali sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests showed that the eight species of Cryphonectriaceae are pathogenic to two Eucalyptus hybrid seedlings, Melastoma sanguineum branches, and Psidium guajava and Syzygium jambos seedlings. The overall data showed that Chr. deuterocubensis is the most aggressive, followed by Par. eucalypti. Significant differences in tolerance were observed between the two tested Eucalyptus hybrid genotypes, suggesting that disease-tolerant genotypes can be selected for disease management in the Eucalyptus industry.
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Hernández-Hernández T, Miller EC, Román-Palacios C, Wiens JJ. Speciation across the Tree of Life. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1205-1242. [PMID: 33768723 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we know about speciation comes from detailed studies of well-known model systems. Although there have been several important syntheses on speciation, few (if any) have explicitly compared speciation among major groups across the Tree of Life. Here, we synthesize and compare what is known about key aspects of speciation across taxa, including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and major animal groups. We focus on three main questions. Is allopatric speciation predominant across groups? How common is ecological divergence of sister species (a requirement for ecological speciation), and on what niche axes do species diverge in each group? What are the reproductive isolating barriers in each group? Our review suggests the following patterns. (i) Based on our survey and projected species numbers, the most frequent speciation process across the Tree of Life may be co-speciation between endosymbiotic bacteria and their insect hosts. (ii) Allopatric speciation appears to be present in all major groups, and may be the most common mode in both animals and plants, based on non-overlapping ranges of sister species. (iii) Full sympatry of sister species is also widespread, and may be more common in fungi than allopatry. (iv) Full sympatry of sister species is more common in some marine animals than in terrestrial and freshwater ones. (v) Ecological divergence of sister species is widespread in all groups, including ~70% of surveyed species pairs of plants and insects. (vi) Major axes of ecological divergence involve species interactions (e.g. host-switching) and habitat divergence. (vii) Prezygotic isolation appears to be generally more widespread and important than postzygotic isolation. (viii) Rates of diversification (and presumably speciation) are strikingly different across groups, with the fastest rates in plants, and successively slower rates in animals, fungi, and protists, with the slowest rates in prokaryotes. Overall, our study represents an initial step towards understanding general patterns in speciation across all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A.,Catedrática CONACYT asignada a LANGEBIO-UGA Cinvestav, Libramiento Norte Carretera León Km 9.6, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth C Miller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, U.S.A
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Roux J, Kamgan Nkuekam G, Marincowitz S, van der Merwe NA, Uchida J, Wingfield MJ, Chen S. Cryphonectriaceae associated with rust-infected Syzygium jambos in Hawaii. MycoKeys 2020; 76:49-79. [PMID: 33505197 PMCID: PMC7790811 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.76.58406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Syzygium jambos (Myrtales, Myrtaceae) trees in Hawaii are severely affected by a rust disease caused by Austropuccinia psidii (Pucciniales, Sphaerophragmiaceae), but they are commonly co-infected with species of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales). In this study, S. jambos and other trees in the Myrtales were examined on three Hawaiian Islands for the presence of Cryphonectriaceae. Bark samples with fruiting bodies were collected from infected trees and fungi were isolated directly from these structures. Pure cultures were produced and the fungi were identified using DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, part of the β-tubulin (BT1) gene and the transcription elongation factor-1α (TEF1) gene. Five species in three genera of Cryphonectriaceae were identified from Myrtaceae tree samples. These included Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Microthia havanensis and three previously-unknown taxa described here as Celoporthe hauoliensis sp. nov., Cel. hawaiiensis sp. nov. and Cel. paradisiaca sp. nov. Representative isolates of Cel. hauoliensis, Cel. hawaiiensis, Cel. paradisiaca, Chr. deuterocubensis and Mic. havanensis were used in artificial inoculation studies to consider their pathogenicity on S. jambos. Celoporthe hawaiiensis, Cel. paradisiaca and Chr. deuterocubensis produced lesions on young S. jambos trees in inoculation trials, suggesting that, together with A. psidii, they may contribute to the death of trees. Microsatellite markers were subsequently used to consider the diversity of Chr. deuterocubensis on the Islands and thus to gain insights into its possible origin in Hawaii. Isolates of this important Myrtaceae and particularly Eucalyptus pathogen were found to be clonal. This provides evidence that Chr. deuterocubensis was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as a single introduction, from a currently unknown source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Gilbert Kamgan Nkuekam
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Seonju Marincowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - Janice Uchida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Tropical Plant Pathology Program, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USAUniversity of PretoriaZhanjiangChina
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, ChinaChina Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of ForestryZhanJiangChina
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Comparative Genomics Analyses of Lifestyle Transitions at the Origin of an Invasive Fungal Pathogen in the Genus Cryphonectria. mSphere 2020; 5:5/5/e00737-20. [PMID: 33055257 PMCID: PMC7565894 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00737-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health, are threatened by emerging pathogens. Following decimation of chestnuts in the United States, the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica colonized Europe. After establishment, the pathogen population gave rise to a highly successful lineage that spread rapidly across the continent. Core to our understanding of what makes a successful pathogen is the genetic repertoire enabling the colonization and exploitation of host species. Here, we have assembled >100 genomes across two related genera to identify key genomic determinants leading to the emergence of chestnut blight. We found subtle yet highly specific changes in the transition from saprotrophy to latent pathogenicity mostly determined by enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Large-scale genomic analyses of genes underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens. Emerging fungal pathogens are a threat to forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health. How pathogens evolve from nonpathogenic ancestors is still poorly understood, making the prediction of future outbreaks challenging. Most pathogens have evolved lifestyle adaptations, which were enabled by specific changes in the gene content of the species. Hence, understanding transitions in the functions encoded by genomes gives valuable insight into the evolution of pathogenicity. Here, we studied lifestyle evolution in the genus Cryphonectria, including the prominent invasive pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight on Castanea species. We assembled and compared the genomes of pathogenic and putatively nonpathogenic Cryphonectria species, as well as sister group pathogens in the family Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales, Ascomycetes), to investigate the evolution of genome size and gene content. We found a striking loss of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism (CAZymes) in C. parasitica compared to other Cryphonectriaceae. Despite substantial CAZyme gene loss, experimental data suggest that C. parasitica has retained wood colonization abilities shared with other Cryphonectria species. Putative effectors substantially varied in number, cysteine content, and protein length among species. In contrast, secondary metabolite gene clusters show a high degree of conservation within the genus. Overall, our results underpin the recent lifestyle transition of C. parasitica toward a more pathogenic lifestyle. Our findings suggest that a CAZyme loss may have promoted pathogenicity of C. parasitica on Castanea species. Analyzing gene complements underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens. IMPORTANCE Forest and agroecosystems, as well as animal and human health, are threatened by emerging pathogens. Following decimation of chestnuts in the United States, the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica colonized Europe. After establishment, the pathogen population gave rise to a highly successful lineage that spread rapidly across the continent. Core to our understanding of what makes a successful pathogen is the genetic repertoire enabling the colonization and exploitation of host species. Here, we have assembled >100 genomes across two related genera to identify key genomic determinants leading to the emergence of chestnut blight. We found subtle yet highly specific changes in the transition from saprotrophy to latent pathogenicity mostly determined by enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Large-scale genomic analyses of genes underlying key nutrition modes can facilitate the detection of species with the potential to emerge as pathogens.
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The mating system of the Eucalyptus canker pathogen Chrysoporthe austroafricana and closely related species. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 123:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Aylward J, Roets F, Dreyer LL, Wingfield MJ. Teratosphaeria stem canker of Eucalyptus: two pathogens, one devastating disease. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:8-19. [PMID: 30311749 PMCID: PMC6430483 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teratosphaeria gauchensis and T. zuluensis are closely related fungi that cause Teratosphaeria (previously Coniothyrium) stem canker disease on Eucalyptus species propagated in plantations for commercial purposes. This disease is present in many countries in which Eucalyptus trees are planted, and continues to spread with the international trade of infected plant germplasm. TAXONOMY Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae, Teratosphaeria. IDENTIFICATION The causal agents form dark masses of pycnidia that are visible on the surface of distinct stem cankers that typically form on young green stem tissues. Accurate diagnosis of the causal agents requires DNA sequence data. HOST RANGE Nine species of Eucalyptus are known to be affected. Of these, E. grandis and its hybrids, which include some of the most important planting stock globally, appear to be particularly vulnerable. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Small necrotic lesions develop on young green stem tissue. These lesions coalesce to form large cankers that exude gum. Epicormic shoots develop below the girdling canker and, in severe cases, trees die. USEFUL WEBSITES Mycobank, https://www.mycobank.org; Publications of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/index.php/journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Leánne L. Dreyer
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
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Wang W, Liu Q, Li G, Liu F, Chen S. Phylogeny and Pathogenicity of Celoporthe Species from Plantation Eucalyptus in Southern China. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1915-1927. [PMID: 30265219 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-2002-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) includes many important tree pathogens, such as those that cause severe cankers on Eucalyptus trees. Recently, stem canker and cracked bark were observed on 8-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla trees in a plantation in southern China. Fruiting structures typical of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissues. In this study, the isolated fungi were identified based on DNA sequence analyses and morphological characteristics, and their pathogenicity was tested on three Eucalyptus clones. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (including the intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene), two regions of β-tubulin (BT2/BT1), and partial translation elongation factor1-α (TEF-1α), indicated that these isolates represent Celoporthe syzygii and one previously undescribed species. The undescribed species was also morphologically distinct from the other species of Celoporthe. The new species was described and named C. cerciana sp. nov. The results of this study based on the ITS, BT2/BT1, and TEF-1α sequences indicated that more than one haplotype was isolated from the same Eucalyptus tree. The findings of a previous study, whereby C. eucalypti was isolated from the same plantation as that of this study, revealed the high species diversity of Celoporthe within a single plantation, which is associated with a single Eucalyptus sp. in southern China. The results further suggested that hybridization may occur between C. syzygii and C. eucalypti. In addition to the Eucalyptus trees, C. syzygii was also isolated from native Melastoma candidum in the same Eucalyptus plantation. The inoculation results showed that these fungi isolated from E. grandis × E. urophylla and M. candidum are pathogenic to all three tested E. grandis hybrid clones. Significant differences in tolerance were observed between the tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting that disease-tolerant Eucalyptus genotypes can be selected for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - QianLi Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - GuoQing Li
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - FeiFei Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
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Sugarcane bagasse saccharification by purified β-glucosidases from Chrysoporthe cubensis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Dos Santos TT, de Souza Leite T, de Queiroz CB, de Araújo EF, Pereira OL, de Queiroz MV. High genetic variability in endophytic fungi from the genus Diaporthe isolated from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:388-401. [PMID: 26541097 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The goals of the present study were to identify, to analyse the phylogenetic relations and to evaluate the genetic variability in Diaporthe endophytic isolates from common bean. METHODS AND RESULTS Diaporthe sp., D. infecunda and D. phaseolorum strains were identified using multilocus phylogeny (rDNA ITS region; EF1-α, β-tubulin, and calmodulin genes). IRAP (Inter-Retrotransposon Amplified Polymorphism) and REMAP (Retrotransposon-Microsatellite Amplified Polymorphism) molecular markers reveal the existence of high genetic variability, especially among D. infecunda isolates. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the multilocus phylogenetic approach was more effective than individual analysis of ITS sequences, in identifying the isolates to species level, and that IRAP and REMAP markers can be used for studying the genetic variability in the genus Diaporthe particularly at the intraspecific level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The combined use of molecular tools such as multilocus phylogenetic approach and molecular markers, as performed in this study, is the best way to distinguish endophytic strains of Diaporthe isolated from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia das Águas, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém, Brazil
| | - T de Souza Leite
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - C B de Queiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - E F de Araújo
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - O L Pereira
- Department of Phytopathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - M V de Queiroz
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Burgess TI, Wingfield MJ. Pathogens on the Move: A 100-Year Global Experiment with Planted Eucalypts. Bioscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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13
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Mausse-Sitoe SND, Rodas CA, Wingfield MJ, Chen S, Roux J. Endophytic Cryphonectriaceae on native Myrtales: Possible origin of Chrysoporthe canker on plantation-grown Eucalyptus. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:827-35. [PMID: 27268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chrysoporthe austroafricana (Cryphonectriaceae) is a damaging canker pathogen on Eucalyptus species in Southern Africa. Recent studies have shown that the fungus occurs on native Syzygium species and that it has apparently undergone a host range expansion from these native trees to infect non-native Eucalyptus. The aim of this study was to consider whether Chr. austroafricana and other Cryphonectriaceae might exist as endophytes in native Myrtaceae, providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native Myrtales. Healthy branches were collected from Myrtaceae in Mozambique, incubated in florist foam, allowed to dry gradually and monitored for the appearance of fruiting bodies resembling species in the Cryphonectriaceae. Isolates were identified based on DNA sequence data. Two species in the Cryphonectriaceae were obtained, representing the first evidence that species in the Cryphonectriaceae occur as endophytes on native Myrtales, thus providing a source of inoculum to infect non-native and susceptible trees. This has important implications regarding the movement of planting stock used by ornamental tree and forestry enterprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N D Mausse-Sitoe
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Carlos A Rodas
- Forestry Protection Programme, Smurfit Kappa - Colombia, Calle 15 #18-109, Puerto Isaacs, Yumbo, Valle, 760502, Colombia
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa; China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang, 524088, Guangdong, China
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Intron Derived Size Polymorphism in the Mitochondrial Genomes of Closely Related Chrysoporthe Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156104. [PMID: 27272523 PMCID: PMC4894602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Chrysoporthe austroafricana (190,834 bp), C. cubensis (89,084 bp) and C. deuterocubensis (124,412 bp) were determined. Additionally, the mitochondrial genome of another member of the Cryphonectriaceae, namely Cryphonectria parasitica (158,902 bp), was retrieved and annotated for comparative purposes. These genomes showed high levels of synteny, especially in regions including genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer, unique open reading frames (uORFs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), as well as intron positions. Comparative analyses revealed signatures of duplication events, intron number and length variation, and varying intronic ORFs which highlighted the genetic diversity of mt genomes among the Cryphonectriaceae. These mt genomes showed remarkable size polymorphism. The size polymorphism in the mt genomes of these closely related Chrysoporthe species was attributed to the varying number and length of introns, coding sequences and to a lesser extent, intergenic sequences. Compared to publicly available fungal mt genomes, the C. austroafricana mt genome is the second largest in the Ascomycetes thus far.
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15
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Wingfield BD, Barnes I, Wilhelm de Beer Z, De Vos L, Duong TA, Kanzi AM, Naidoo K, Nguyen HD, Santana QC, Sayari M, Seifert KA, Steenkamp ET, Trollip C, van der Merwe NA, van der Nest MA, Markus Wilken P, Wingfield MJ. IMA Genome-F 5: Draft genome sequences of Ceratocystis eucalypticola, Chrysoporthe cubensis, C. deuterocubensis, Davidsoniella virescens, Fusarium temperatum,Graphilbum fragrans, Penicillium nordicum, and Thielaviopsis musarum. IMA Fungus 2015; 6:493-506. [PMID: 26734552 PMCID: PMC4681265 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of Ceratocystis eucalypticola, Chrysoporthe cubensis, Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Davidsoniella virescens, Fusarium temperatum, Graphilbum fragrans, Penicillium nordicum and Thielaviopsis musarum are presented in this genome announcement. These seven genomes are from plant pathogens and otherwise economically important fungal species. The genome sizes range from 28 Mb in the case of T. musarum to 45 Mb for Fusarium temperatum. These genomes include the first reports of genomes for the genera Davidsoniella, Graphilbum and Thielaviopsis. The availability of these genome data will provide opportunities to resolve longstanding questions regarding the taxonomy of species in these genera. In addition these genome sequences through comparative studies with closely related organisms will increase our understanding of how these pathogens cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Irene Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Aquillah M. Kanzi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Hai D.T. Nguyen
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Quentin C. Santana
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Mohammad Sayari
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Keith A. Seifert
- Biodiversity (Mycology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Conrad Trollip
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Magriet A. van der Nest
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - P. Markus Wilken
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
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16
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Wingfield BD, Ades PK, Al-Naemi FA, Beirn LA, Bihon W, Crouch JA, de Beer ZW, De Vos L, Duong TA, Fields CJ, Fourie G, Kanzi AM, Malapi-Wight M, Pethybridge SJ, Radwan O, Rendon G, Slippers B, Santana QC, Steenkamp ET, Taylor PW, Vaghefi N, van der Merwe NA, Veltri D, Wingfield MJ. IMA Genome-F 4: Draft genome sequences of Chrysoporthe austroafricana, Diplodia scrobiculata, Fusarium nygamai, Leptographium lundbergii, Limonomyces culmigenus, Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and Thielaviopsis punctulata. IMA Fungus 2015; 6:233-48. [PMID: 26203426 PMCID: PMC4500086 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.01.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of Chrysoporthe austroafricana, Diplodia scrobiculata, Fusarium nygami, Leptographium lundbergii, Limonomyces culmigenus, Stagonosporopsis tanaceti, and Thielaviopsis punctulata are presented in this genome announcement. These seven genomes are from endophytes, plant pathogens and economically important fungal species. The genome sizes range from 26.6 Mb in the case of Leptographium lundbergii to 44 Mb for Chrysoporthe austroafricana. The availability of these genome data will provide opportunities to resolve longstanding questions regarding the taxonomy of species in these genera, and may contribute to our understanding of the lifestyles through comparative studies with closely related organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Peter K. Ades
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Fatima A. Al-Naemi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lisa A. Beirn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Wubetu Bihon
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council, Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, P. Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jo Anne Crouch
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- High Performance Biological Computing Group, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center/W.M. Keck Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Aquillah M. Kanzi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Martha Malapi-Wight
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Osman Radwan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA and Department of Plant Production, College of Technology, Zagazig University, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Gloria Rendon
- High Performance Biological Computing Group, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center/W.M. Keck Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Quentin C. Santana
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T. Steenkamp
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Paul W.J. Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Daniel Veltri
- Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Oak Ridge Laboratories ARS Research Participation Program, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, P. bag x20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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17
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Genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres net and spot populations as revealed by microsatellite analysis. Fungal Biol 2013; 118:180-92. [PMID: 24528640 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of the fungal pathogen Pyrenophora teres, collected mainly from different regions of the Czech and Slovak Republics, was examined using a microsatellite analyses (SSR). Among 305 P. teres f. teres (PTT) and 82 P. teres f. maculata (PTM) isolates that were collected, the overall gene diversity was similar (ĥ = 0.12 and ĥ = 0.13, respectively). A high level of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.46; P < 0.001) indicated the existence of population structure. Nine clusters that were found using a Bayesian approach represent the genetic structure of the studied P. teres populations. Two clusters consisted of PTM populations; PTT populations formed another seven clusters. An exact test of population differentiation confirmed the results that were generated by Structure. There was no difference between naturally infected populations over time, and genetic distance did not correlate with geographical distance. The facts that all individuals had unique multilocus genotypes and that the hypothesis of random mating could not be rejected in several populations or subpopulations serve as evidence that a mixed mating system plays a role in the P. teres life cycle. Despite the fact that the genetic differentiation value between PTT and PTM (FST = 0.30; P < 0.001) is lower than it is between the populations within each form (FST = 0.40 (PTT); FST = 0.35 (PTM); P < 0.001) and that individuals with mixed PTT and PTM genomes were found, the two forms of P. teres form genetically separate populations. Therefore, it can be assumed that these populations have most likely undergone speciation.
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18
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Diversimorbus metrosiderotis gen. et sp. nov. and three new species of Holocryphia (Cryphonectriaceae) associated with cankers on native Metrosideros angustifolia trees in South Africa. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:289-310. [PMID: 23719217 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Cryphonectriaceae includes important tree pathogens, especially on the Myrtales. During a routine disease survey in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, a fungus resembling the Eucalyptus pathogen Holocryphia eucalypti was observed on native Metrosideros angustifolia (Myrtales). The aims of this study were to identify the fungus and to expand surveys for fungi in the Cryphonectriaceae on M. angustifolia. Fungi were identified based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphological features, and their pathogenicity was tested on M. angustifolia under field conditions. Based on morphology and multigene phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from six gene regions, we describe a new genus including a single species and three new species of Holocryphia (Cryphonectriaceae) from M. angustifolia. These fungi are provided with the names Diversimorbus metrosiderotis gen. et sp. nov., Holocryphia capensis sp. nov., Holocryphia gleniana sp. nov., and Holocryphia mzansi sp. nov. We also revise H. eucalypti, the type of the genus, to include only isolates from Eucalyptus in South Africa. Research results indicated that H. mzansi may undergo host shifts between different tree genera in the Myrtaceae. Inoculation tests showed that isolates of all the newly described species can cause lesions on the branches of M. angustifolia, indicating that they are all pathogens of this tree.
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19
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Vermeulen M, Gryzenhout M, Wingfield MJ, Roux J. Species delineation in the tree pathogen genus Celoporthe (Cryphonectriaceae) in southern Africa. Mycologia 2012; 105:297-311. [PMID: 23233512 DOI: 10.3852/12-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The genus Celoporthe was first described when C. dispersa was discovered in South Africa associated with dieback and cankers on trees in the Myrtales. Four additional species were recently described from Eucalyptus and Syzygium cumini in China as well as S. aromaticum and Eucalyptus in Indonesia. Inoculation trials have shown that all Celoporthe species, including those that have not been found on Eucalyptus species in nature, are pathogenic to Eucalyptus and they are thus potentially threatening to commercial Eucalyptus forestry. New isolates, morphologically similar to Celoporthe, have been collected from S. legatti in South Africa and S. guineense in Zambia. Multigene phylogenetic analyses based on DNA sequences of the ITS region, TEF1α gene and two areas of the β-tubulin gene revealed additional cryptic species in Celoporthe. Phylogenetic data were supported by morphological differences. These resulted in the description of two previously unknown species of Celoporthe, namely C. fontana and C. woodiana, for two of these cryptic groups, while the third group represented C. dispersa. These species all can readily infect Eucalyptus as well as several species of Syzygium, the latter of which are native to Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcele Vermeulen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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20
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Deng JX, Paul NC, Park MS, Yu SH. Molecular characterization, morphology, and pathogenicity of Alternaria panax from araliaceous plants in Korea. Mycol Prog 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-012-0844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Chemical and molecular characterization of Phomopsis and Cytospora-like endophytes from different host plants in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2011; 116:249-60. [PMID: 22289771 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phomopsis and related taxa comprise important endophytic and plant pathogenic species, and are known for the production of a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Species concepts within this group based on morphological characters and assumed host specificity do not reflect phylogenetic affinities. Additional phenotypic characters, such as profiles of secondary metabolites, are needed for practical species recognition. We investigated 36 strains of Phomopsis spp. and Cytospora-like fungi, obtained as endophytes of different host plants in Brazil, using metabolite profiling based on HPLC-UV/liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with cluster analysis of the results. Strains were also subjected to phylogenetic analyses based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Six chemotypes were identified. Chemotypes 1-5 contained Phomopsis strains, while Cytospora-like strains formed the chemotype 6. Strains of chemotype 1 typically produced alternariols, altenusin, altenuene, cytosporones, and dothiorelones. Alternariol and seven unknown compounds were consistently produced by strains of chemotype 2. Members of chemotypes 3-5 produced poor metabolite profiles containing few chemical markers. Cytospora-like endophytes (chemotype 6) produced a characteristic set of metabolites including cytosporones and dothiorelones. Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony (MP) trees classified strains of each chemotype into single phylogenetic lineages or closely related groups. Strains of chemotypes 1 and 2 formed a monophyletic group along with Diaporthe neotheicola. The remaining Phomopsis strains formed monophyletic (chemotype 4) or polyphyletic (chemotypes 3 and 5) lineages inside a large and well supported clade. Cytospora-like strains formed a monophyletic lineage located at an intermediary position between Diaporthe/Phomopsis and Valsa/Cytospora clades. The combined results show that the production of secondary metabolites by Phomopsis and related Diaporthales may be species-specific, giving support to the use of metabolite profiling and chemical classification for phenotypic recognition and delimitation of species.
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22
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Chen S, Gryzenhout M, Roux J, Xie Y, Wingfield MJ, Zhou X. Novel species of Celoporthe from Eucalyptus and Syzygium trees in China and Indonesia. Mycologia 2011; 103:1384-410. [PMID: 21700641 DOI: 10.3852/11-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Many species in the Cryphonectriaceae cause diseases of trees, including those in the genera Eucalyptus and Syzygium. During disease surveys on these trees in southern China, fruiting structures typical of fungi in the Cryphonectriaceae and associated with dying branches and stems were observed. Morphological comparisons suggested that these fungi were distinct from the well known Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, also found on these trees in China. The aim of this study was to identify these fungi and evaluate their pathogenicity to Eucalyptus clones/species as well as Syzygium cumini. Three morphologically similar fungal isolates collected previously from Indonesia also were included in the study. Isolates were characterized based on comparisons of morphology and DNA sequence data for the partial LSU and ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA, β-tubulin and TEF-1α gene regions. After glasshouse trials to select virulent isolates field inoculations were undertaken to screen different commercial Eucalyptus clones/species and S. cumini trees for susceptibility to infection. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the Chinese isolates and those from Indonesia reside in a clade close to previously identified South African Celoporthe isolates. Based on morphology and DNA sequence comparisons, four new Celoporthe spp. were identified and they are described as C. syzygii, C. eucalypti, C. guangdongensis and C. indonesiensis. Field inoculations indicated that the three Chinese Celoporthe spp., C. syzygii, C. eucalypti and C. guangdongensis, are pathogenic to all tested Eucalyptus and S. cumini trees. Significant differences in the susceptibility of the inoculated Eucalyptus clones/species suggest that it will be possible to select disease-tolerant planting stock for forestry operations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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