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Rangel DEN, Acheampong MA, Bignayan HG, Golez HG, Roberts DW. Conidial mass production of entomopathogenic fungi and tolerance of their mass-produced conidia to UV-B radiation and heat. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1524-1533. [PMID: 38097326 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated conidial mass production of eight isolates of six entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Aphanocladium album (ARSEF 1329), Beauveria bassiana (ARSEF 252 and 3462), Lecanicillium aphanocladii (ARSEF 6433), Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (ARSEF 2341), Metarhizium pingshaense (ARSEF 1545), and Simplicillium lanosoniveum (ARSEF 6430 and 6651) on white or brown rice at four moisture conditions (75-100%). The tolerance of mass-produced conidia of the eight fungal isolates to UV-B radiation and heat (45 °C) were also evaluated. For each moisture content compared, a 20-g sample of rice in a polypropylene bag was inoculated with each fungal isolate in three replicates and incubated at 28 ± 1 °C for 14 days. Conidia were then harvested by washing the substrate, and conidial concentrations determined by haemocytometer counts. Conidial suspensions were inoculated on PDAY with 0.002% benomyl in Petri plates and exposed to 978 mW m-2 of Quaite-weighted UV-B for 2 h. Additionally, conidial suspensions were exposed to 45 °C for 3 h, and aliquots inoculated on PDAY with benomyl. The plates were incubated at 28 ± 1 °C, and germination was assessed at 400 × magnification after 48 h. Conidial production was generally higher on white rice than on brown rice for all fungal species, except for L. aphanocladii ARSEF 6433, regardless of moisture combinations. The 100% moisture condition provided higher conidial production for B. bassiana (ARSEF 252 and ARSEF 3462) and M. anisopliae (ARSEF 2341) isolates, while the addition of 10% peanut oil enhanced conidial yield for S. lanosoniveum isolate ARSEF 6430. B. bassiana ARSEF 3462 on white rice with 100% water yielded the highest conidial production (approximately 1.3 × 1010 conidia g-1 of substrate). Conidia produced on white rice with the different moisture conditions did not differ in tolerance to UV-B radiation or heat. However, high tolerance to UV-B radiation and heat was observed for B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and A. album isolates. Heat-treated conidia of S. lanosoniveum and L. aphanocladii did not germinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drauzio E N Rangel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil; Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.
| | - Mavis A Acheampong
- Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, P.O. Box LG 44, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helen G Bignayan
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA; Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research, and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras, 5045, Philippines
| | - Hernani G Golez
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA; Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research, and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras, 5045, Philippines
| | - Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA
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Silva AM, Pedrini N, Pupin B, Roberts DW, Rangel DEN. Asphyxiation of Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth produces conidia with increased stress tolerance via increased expression of stress-related genes. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1209-1217. [PMID: 37495310 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of hypoxia and anoxia during mycelial growth on tolerance to different stress conditions of developing fungal conidia. Conidia of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii were produced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium under normoxia (control = normal oxygen concentrations), continuous hypoxia, and transient anoxia, as well as minimal medium under normoxia. The tolerance of the conidia produced under these different conditions was evaluated in relation to wet heat (heat stress), menadione (oxidative stress), potassium chloride (osmotic stress), UV radiation, and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (=4-NQO genotoxic stress). Growth under hypoxic condition induced higher conidial tolerance of M. robertsii to menadione, KCl, and UV radiation. Transient anoxic condition induced higher conidial tolerance to KCl and UV radiation. Nutritional stress (i.e., minimal medium) induced higher conidial tolerance to heat, menadione, KCl, and UV radiation. However, neither of these treatments induced higher tolerance to 4-NQO. The gene hsp30 and hsp101 encoding a heat shock protein was upregulated under anoxic condition. In conclusion, growth under hypoxia and anoxia produced conidia with higher stress tolerances than conidia produced in normoxic condition. The nutritive stress generated by minimal medium, however, induced much higher stress tolerances. This condition also caused the highest level of gene expression in the hsp30 and hsp101 genes. Thus, the conidia produced under nutritive stress, hypoxia, and anoxia had greater adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CONICET CCT La Plata-UNLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Breno Pupin
- Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Espaciais - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
| | - Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), 85660-000, Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
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Vrabl P, Zottele M, Colleselli L, Schinagl CW, Mayerhofer L, Siewert B, Strasser H. Light in the box-photobiological examination chamber with light trap ventilation system for studying fungal surface cultures illustrated with Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria brongniartii. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 37248509 PMCID: PMC10228068 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-023-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their versatile way of life as saprophytes, endophytes, and entomopathogens, fungi of the genera Metarhizium and Beauveria are exposed to varying illumination conditions in their natural habitats, which makes a thorough adaptation to light very likely. While the few available studies for these genera support this assumption, research in this field is still in its infancy and the data material restricted to only a few fungal species. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore how light influences growth, conidial production and secondary metabolite formation of two industrial relevant strains of M. brunneum (MA 43, formerly M. anisopliae var. anisopliae BIPESCO 5/F52) and B. brongniartii (BIPESCO 2). To achieve this, we constructed an easily adjustable illumination device for highly standardized photophysiological studies of fungi on Petri dishes, the so-called LIGHT BOX. With the aid of this device, M. brunneum and B. brongniartii were grown on S4G or S2G agar at 25 °C for 14 days either in complete darkness or under constant illumination with red light (λpeak = 635 nm), green light (λpeak = 519 nm) or blue light (λpeak = 452 nm). In addition, for each wavelength the effect of different illumination intensities was tested, i.e., intensities of red light ranging from 22.1 ± 0.1 to 136.5 ± 0.3 µW cm-2, green light from 16.5 ± 0.1 to 96.2 ± 0.1 µW cm-2, and blue light from 56.1 ± 0.2 to 188.9 ± 0.6 µW cm-2. Both fungi strongly responded in terms of growth, conidial production, pigmentation and morphology to changes in the wavelength and irradiation intensity. The wavelength-dependent production of the well-known secondary metabolite oosporein which is secreted by the genus Beauveria in particular, was also increased under green and blue light exposure. The established LIGHT BOX system allows not only to optimize conidial production yields with these biotechnologically relevant fungi, but also allows the photobiological exploration of other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Vrabl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Maria Zottele
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lucia Colleselli
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Walter Schinagl
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, MCI-The Entrepreneurial School, Maximilianstraße 2, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Mayerhofer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Strasser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Drosophila melanogaster as an emerging model host for entomopathogenic fungi. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Current developments in the resistance, quality, and production of entomopathogenic fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:115. [PMID: 35581403 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a worldwide concern to achieve food security with a sustainable approach, including the generation and implementation of techniques for the production of high-quality chemical-free crops. This food revolution has promoted the development and consolidation of programmes for integrated pest management. Some of those programmes include the use of diverse organisms (biological control agents) to suppress populations of pests potentially harmful to the crops. Among these biological control agents are entomopathogenic fungi that are highly effective in suppressing a diversity of insects and have, therefore, been produced and marketed throughout the world. However, the bottleneck for applying entomopathogenic fungi is the production of propagules (blastospores and conidia) with resistance to environment conditions and abiotic factors, maintaining high quality in terms of virulence. Therefore, this manuscript presents recent studies related to increasing resistance and quality using different bioreactors to produce conidia. The above presents a global panorama related to current developments that contribute to improving the resistance, quality, and production of entomopathogenic fungal propagules.
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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Low- or high-white light irradiance induces similar conidial stress tolerance in Metarhizium robertsii. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:83. [PMID: 34958400 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
White light during mycelial growth influences high conidial stress tolerance of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii, but little is known if low- or high-white light irradiances induce different stress tolerances. The fungus was grown either in the dark using two culture media: on minimal medium (Czapek medium without sucrose = MM) or on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or PDA medium under five different continuous white light irradiances. The stress tolerances of conidia produced on all treatments were evaluated by conidial germination on PDA supplemented with KCl for osmotic stress or on PDA supplemented with menadione for oxidative stress. Conidia produced on MM in the dark were more tolerant to osmotic and oxidative stress than conidia produced on PDA in the dark or under the light. For osmotic stress, growth under the lower to higher irradiances produced conidia with similar tolerances but more tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. For oxidative stress, conidia produced under the white light irradiances were generally more tolerant to menadione than conidia produced in the dark. Moreover, conidia produced in the dark germinated at the same speed when incubated in the dark or under lower irradiance treatment. However, at higher irradiance, conidial germination was delayed compared to germination in the dark, which germinated faster. Therefore, growth under light from low to high irradiances induces similar conidial higher stress tolerances; however, higher white light irradiances cause a delay in germination speed.
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Dias LP, Souza RKF, Pupin B, Rangel DEN. Conidiation under illumination enhances conidial tolerance of insect-pathogenic fungi to environmental stresses. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:891-904. [PMID: 34649676 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Light is an important signal for fungi in the environment and induces many genes with roles in stress and virulence responses. Conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Aschersonia aleyrodis, Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps fumosorosea, Lecanicillium aphanocladii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum, Metarhizium robertsii, Simplicillium lanosoniveum, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum, and Tolypocladium inflatum were produced on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium under continuous white light, on PDA medium in the dark, or under nutritional stress (= Czapek medium without sucrose = MM) in the dark. The conidial tolerance of these species produced under these different conditions were evaluated in relation to heat stress, oxidative stress (menadione), osmotic stress (KCl), UV radiation, and genotoxic stress caused by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO). Several fungal species demonstrated greater stress tolerance when conidia were produced under white light than in the dark; for instance white light induced higher tolerance of A. aleyrodis to KCl and 4-NQO; B. bassiana to KCl and 4-NQO; C. fumosorosea to UV radiation; M. anisopliae to heat and menadione; M. brunneum to menadione, KCl, UV radiation, and 4-NQO; M. robertsii to heat, menadione, KCl, and UV radiation; and T. cylindrosporum to menadione and KCl. However, conidia of L. aphanocladii, S. lanosoniveum, and T. inflatum produced under white light exhibited similar tolerance as conidia produced in the dark. When conidia were produced on MM, a much stronger stress tolerance was found for B. bassiana to menadione, KCl, UV radiation, and 4-NQO; C. fumosorosea to KCl and 4-NQO; Metarhizium species to heat, menadione, KCl, and UV radiation; T. cylindrosporum to menadione and UV radiation; and T. inflatum to heat and UV radiation. Again, conidia of L. aphanocladii and S. lanosoniveum produced on MM had similar tolerance to conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. Therefore, white light is an important factor that induces higher stress tolerance in some insect-pathogenic fungi, but growth in nutritional stress always provides in conidia with stronger stress tolerance than conidia produced under white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena da Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Pupin
- Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, 12227-010, Brazil
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Rangel DEN, Bignayan HG, Golez HG, Keyser CA, Evans EW, Roberts DW. Virulence of the insect-pathogenic fungi Metarhizium spp. to Mormon crickets, Anabrus simplex (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-8. [PMID: 34620258 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Mormon cricket (MC), Anabrus simplex Haldeman, 1852 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), has a long and negative history with agriculture in Utah and other western states of the USA. Most A. simplex populations migrate in large groups, and their feeding can cause significant damage to forage plants and cultivated crops. Chemical pesticides are often applied, but some settings (e.g. habitats of threatened and endangered species) call for non-chemical control measures. Studies in Africa, South America, and Australia have assessed certain isolates of Metarhizium acridum as very promising pathogens for Orthoptera: Acrididae (locust) biocontrol. In the current study, two isolates of Metarhizium robertsii, one isolate of Metarhizium brunneum, one isolate of Metarhizium guizhouense, and three isolates of M. acridum were tested for infectivity to MC nymphs and adults of either sex. Based on the speed of mortality, M. robertsii (ARSEF 23 and ARSEF 2575) and M. brunneum (ARSEF 7711) were the most virulent to instars 2 to 5 MC nymphs. M. guizhouense (ARSEF 7847) from Arizona was intermediate and the M. acridum isolates (ARSEF 324, 3341, and 3609) were the slowest killers. ARSEF 2575 was also the most virulent to instar 6 and 7 nymphs and adults of MC. All of the isolates at the conidial concentration of 1 × 107 conidia ml-1 induced approximately 100% mortality by 6 days post application of fungal conidia. In conclusion, isolates ARSEF 23, ARSEF 2575, and ARSEF 7711 acted most rapidly to kill MC under laboratory conditions. The M. acridum isolates, however, have much higher tolerance to heat and UV-B radiation, which may be critical to their successful use in field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drauzio E N Rangel
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
- Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP08230-030, Brazil
| | - Helen G Bignayan
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
- Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras5045, Philippines
| | - Hernani G Golez
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
- Bureau of Plant Industry, National Mango Research and Development Center, Jordan, Guimaras5045, Philippines
| | - Chad A Keyser
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
- AgBiome, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC27709, USA
| | - Edward W Evans
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
| | - Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-5305, USA
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Transcription in fungal conidia before dormancy produces phenotypically variable conidia that maximize survival in different environments. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1066-1081. [PMID: 34183813 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce millions of clonal asexual conidia (spores) that remain dormant until favourable conditions occur. Conidia contain abundant stable messenger RNAs but the mechanisms underlying the production of these transcripts and their composition and functions are unknown. Here, we report that the conidia of three filamentous fungal species (Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Talaromyces marneffei) are transcriptionally active and can synthesize mRNAs. We find that transcription in fully developed conidia is modulated in response to changes in the environment until conidia leave the developmental structure. Environment-specific transcriptional responses can alter conidial content (mRNAs, proteins and secondary metabolites) and change gene expression when dormancy is broken. Conidial transcription affects the fitness and capabilities of fungal cells after germination, including stress and antifungal drug (azole) resistance, mycotoxin and secondary metabolite production and virulence. The transcriptional variation that we characterize in fungal conidia explains how genetically identical conidia mature into phenotypically variable conidia. We find that fungal conidia prepare for the future by synthesizing and storing transcripts according to environmental conditions present before dormancy.
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González-Hernández GA, Padilla-Guerrero IE, Martínez-Vázquez A, Torres-Guzmán JC. Virulence Factors of the Entomopathogenic Genus Metarhizium. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:324-330. [PMID: 31951168 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200116092407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fungal genus Metarhizium has been used as an entomopathogen worldwide for approximately 140 years, and its mechanism of infection and its virulence factors have been studied. The present review is a compilation of virulence factors described in the literature to date and their participation in specific stages of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A González-Hernández
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Israel E Padilla-Guerrero
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Juan C Torres-Guzmán
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Dietary macronutrient balance and fungal infection as drivers of spermatophore quality in the mealworm beetle. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:100009. [PMID: 36003606 PMCID: PMC9387488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reyes-Ramírez A, Sandoval-García IA, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19492. [PMID: 33173125 PMCID: PMC7656247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76615-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In mating interactions, it is common in nature for both sexes to choose simultaneously. However, this mutual mate choice and its consequences for progeny has received relatively little study; an approach where both male and female condition is manipulated is thus desirable. We compared both sexes' preferences in Tenebrio molitor beetles when individual condition varied (healthy vs infected with a fungus), and observed the direct benefits of those preferences. We predicted that: (a) females and males in good condition would prefer high quality mates; (b) preferences would be weaker when the choosing individual is in poor condition (and thus less selective given, for example, time and energetic constrains); and, (c) high quality mates would lay a larger number of total eggs and/or viable eggs than low quality mates. We found that both males and females in good condition were not more likely to choose mates that were also in good condition. However, poor-condition animals were more likely to prefer similar quality animals, while high-condition animals did not necessarily prefer mates of similar condition. Choosing sick males or females had a negative impact on egg number and viability. Our results suggest a non-adaptive mate choice in this species. Possibly, a deteriorated condition may drive individuals to invest more in attracting mates, because their chances of surviving the infection are very low. However, we do not discount the possibility that the fungus is manipulating individuals to increase its transmission during mating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Iván Antonio Sandoval-García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Medina EQ, Oliveira AS, Medina HR, Rangel DE. Serendipity in the wrestle between Trichoderma and Metarhizium. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:418-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Rangel DEN, Alder-Rangel A. History of the International Symposium on Fungal Stress - ISFUS, a dream come true! Fungal Biol 2020; 124:525-535. [PMID: 32389316 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) was born in a dream that Drauzio Eduardo Naretto Rangel had in 2013. This article reviews the first three ISFUSs and prospects for the future meetings. Although ISFUS was born as a small family organized meeting, since the first meeting, ISFUS has achieved great success, receiving very important research grants from FAPESP, FAPEG, and CAPES to bring international scientists to Brazil. Moreover, three special issues in leading journals have been published with articles relating to the talks presented at each ISFUS. For the first meeting, most speakers published in a special issue in Current Genetics. From the second and third meeting, articles from the speakers were published in special issues of the top mycology journal, Fungal Biology, published by Elsevier on behalf of the British Mycological Society. Here we show that following the dreams with a full heart and adding lots of love, passion, and hard work can achieve success.
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16
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Brancini GTP, Ferreira MES, Rangel DEN, Braga GÚL. Combining Transcriptomics and Proteomics Reveals Potential Post-transcriptional Control of Gene Expression After Light Exposure in Metarhizium acridum. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2951-2961. [PMID: 31292157 PMCID: PMC6723126 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light is an important stimulus for fungi as it regulates many diverse and important biological processes. Metarhizium acridum is an entomopathogenic fungus currently used for the biological control of insect pests. The success of this approach is heavily dependent on tolerance to environmental stresses. It was previously reported that light exposure increases tolerance to ultraviolet radiation in M. acridum There is no information in the literature about how light globally influences gene expression in this fungus. We employed a combination of mRNA-Sequencing and high-throughput proteomics to study how light regulates gene expression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Mycelium was exposed to light for 5 min and changes at the mRNA and protein levels were followed in time-course experiments for two and four hours, respectively. After light exposure, changes in mRNA abundance were observed for as much as 1128 genes or 11.3% of the genome. However, only 57 proteins changed in abundance and at least 347 significant changes at the mRNA level were not translated to the protein level. We observed that light downregulated subunits of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, the eIF5A-activating enzyme deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, and ribosomal proteins. We hypothesize that light is perceived as a stress by the cell that responds to it by reducing translational activity. Overall, our results indicate that light acts both as a signal and a stressor to M. acridum and highlight the importance of measuring protein levels in order to fully understand light responses in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil and
| | - Márcia E S Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil and
| | | | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil and
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17
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Wang Z, Zhu H, Cheng Y, Jiang Y, Li Y, Huang B. The polyubiquitin gene MrUBI4 is required for conidiation, conidial germination, and stress tolerance in the filamentous fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060412. [PMID: 31146457 PMCID: PMC6627135 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyubiquitin gene is a highly conserved open reading frame that encodes different numbers of tandem ubiquitin repeats from different species, which play important roles in different biological processes. Metarhizium robertsii is a fungal entomopathogen that is widely applied in the biological control of pest insects. However, it is unclear whether the polyubiquitin gene is required for fungal development, stress tolerance, and virulence in the entomopathogenic fungus. In the present study, the polyubiquitin gene (MrUBI4, MAA_02160) was functionally characterized via gene deletion in M. robertsii. Compared to the control strains, the MrUBI4 deletion mutant showed delayed conidial germination and significantly decreased conidial yields (39% of the wild-type 14 days post-incubation). Correspondingly, the transcript levels of several genes from the central regulatory pathways associated with conidiation, including brlA, abaA, and wetA, were significantly downregulated, which indicated that MrUBI4 played an important role in asexual sporulation. Deletion of MrUBI4 especially resulted in increased sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) and heat-shock stress based on conidial germination analysis between mutant and control strains. The significant increase in sensitivity to heat-shock was accompanied with reduced transcript levels of genes related to heat-shock protein (hsp), trehalose, and mannitol accumulation (tps, tpp, nth, and mpd) in the MrUBI4 deletion mutant. Deletion of MrUBI4 has no effect on fungal virulence. Altogether, MrUBI4 is involved in the regulation of conidiation, conidial germination, UV stress, and heat-shock response in M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxun Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yuran Cheng
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yuandong Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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18
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Dias LP, Pedrini N, Braga GUL, Ferreira PC, Pupin B, Araújo CAS, Corrochano LM, Rangel DEN. Outcome of blue, green, red, and white light on Metarhizium robertsii during mycelial growth on conidial stress tolerance and gene expression. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:263-272. [PMID: 32389288 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi sense light and utilize it as a source of environmental information to prepare against many stressful conditions in nature. In this study, Metarhizium robertsii was grown on: 1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in the dark (control); 2) under nutritive stress in the dark; and 3) PDA under continuous (A) white light; (B) blue light lower irradiance = LI; (C) blue light higher irradiance = HI; (D) green light; and (E) red light. Conidia produced under these treatments were tested against osmotic stress and UV radiation. In addition, a suite of genes usually involved in different stress responses were selected to study their expression patterns. Conidia produced under nutritive stress in the dark were the most tolerant to both osmotic stress and UV radiation, and the majority of their stress- and virulence-related genes were up-regulated. For osmotic stress tolerance, conidia produced under white, blue LI, and blue HI lights were the second most tolerant, followed by conidia produced under green light. Conidia produced under red light were the least tolerant to osmotic stress and less tolerant than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. For UV tolerance, conidia produced under blue light LI were the second most tolerant to UV radiation, followed by the UV tolerances of conidia produced under white light. Conidia produced under blue HI, green, and red lights were the least UV tolerant and less tolerant than conidia produced in the dark. The superoxide dismutases (sod1 and sod2), photolyases (6-4phr and CPDphr), trehalose-phosphate synthase (tps), and protease (pr1) genes were highly up-regulated under white light condition, suggesting a potential role of these proteins in stress protection as well as virulence after fungal exposure to visible spectrum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Dias
- Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo (EEL/USP), Lorena, SP, 12602-810, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ferreira
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Breno Pupin
- Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, 12244-000, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080, Seville, Spain
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The contribution of the White Collar complex to Cryptococcus neoformans virulence is independent of its light-sensing capabilities. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 121:56-64. [PMID: 30266690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The White Collar complex is responsible for sensing light and transmitting that signal in many fungal species. In Cryptococcus neoformans and C. deneoformans the complex is involved in protection against damage from ultraviolet (UV) light, repression of mating in response to light, and is also required for virulence. The mechanism by which the Bwc1 photoreceptor contributes to virulence is unknown. In this study, a bwc1 deletion mutant of C. neoformans was transformed with three versions of the BWC1 gene, the wild type, BWC1C605A or BWC1C605S, in which the latter two have the conserved cysteine residue replaced with either alanine or serine within the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain that interacts with the flavin chromophore. The bwc1+ BWC1 strain complemented the UV sensitivity and the repression of mating in the light. The bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S strains were not fully complemented for either of the phenotypes, indicating that these BWC1 alleles impair the light responses for strains with them. Transcript analysis showed that neither of the mutated strains (bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S) showed the light-inducible expression pattern of the HEM15 and UVE1 genes as occurs in the wild type strain. These results indicate that the conserved flavin-binding site in the LOV domain of Bwc1 is required for sensing and responding to light in C. neoformans. In contrast to defects in light responses, the wild type, bwc1+ BWC1, bwc1+ BWC1C605A and bwc1+ BWC1C605S strains were equally virulent, whereas the bwc1 knock out mutant was less virulent. Furthermore, pre-exposure of the strains to light prior to inoculation had no influence on the outcome of infection. These findings define a division in function of the White Collar complex in fungi, in that in C. neoformans the role of Bwc1 in virulence is independent of light sensing.
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Rangel DE, Roberts DW. Possible source of the high UV-B and heat tolerance of Metarhizium acridum (isolate ARSEF 324). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:32-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Dias LP, Araújo CA, Pupin B, Ferreira PC, Braga GÚ, Rangel DE. The Xenon Test Chamber Q-SUN® for testing realistic tolerances of fungi exposed to simulated full spectrum solar radiation. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:592-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Rangel DE, Finlay RD, Hallsworth JE, Dadachova E, Gadd GM. Fungal strategies for dealing with environment- and agriculture-induced stresses. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:602-612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Oliveira AS, Rangel DEN. Transient anoxia during Metarhizium robertsii growth increases conidial virulence to Tenebrio molitor. J Invertebr Pathol 2018. [PMID: 29530642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the phenotypic effects of hypoxia and transient anoxia on the virulence of an entomopathogenic fungus. Conidia of Metarhizium robertsii were produced on: (1) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) under normoxia; (2) PDA medium under continuous hypoxia; (3) PDA medium under transient anoxia; and (4) minimal medium with lactose (MML) under normoxia. Conidia produced under transient anoxia and produced on MML were the most virulent to Tenebrio molitor. Conidia produced under normoxia and hypoxia were the least virulent. Conidial production and germination speed of conidia produced under normoxia, hypoxia, and transient anoxia were similar; however, MML produced less conidia, but germinated faster than any other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil.
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25
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Alder-Rangel A, Bailão AM, da Cunha AF, Soares CMA, Wang C, Bonatto D, Dadachova E, Hakalehto E, Eleutherio ECA, Fernandes ÉKK, Gadd GM, Braus GH, Braga GUL, Goldman GH, Malavazi I, Hallsworth JE, Takemoto JY, Fuller KK, Selbmann L, Corrochano LM, von Zeska Kress MR, Bertolini MC, Schmoll M, Pedrini N, Loera O, Finlay RD, Peralta RM, Rangel DEN. The second International Symposium on Fungal Stress: ISFUS. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:386-399. [PMID: 29801782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The topic of 'fungal stress' is central to many important disciplines, including medical mycology, chronobiology, plant and insect pathology, industrial microbiology, material sciences, and astrobiology. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brought together researchers, who study fungal stress in a variety of fields. The second ISFUS was held in May 8-11 2017 in Goiania, Goiás, Brazil and hosted by the Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. It was supported by grants from CAPES and FAPEG. Twenty-seven speakers from 15 countries presented their research related to fungal stress biology. The Symposium was divided into seven topics: 1. Fungal biology in extreme environments; 2. Stress mechanisms and responses in fungi: molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and cellular biology; 3. Fungal photobiology in the context of stress; 4. Role of stress in fungal pathogenesis; 5. Fungal stress and bioremediation; 6. Fungal stress in agriculture and forestry; and 7. Fungal stress in industrial applications. This article provides an overview of the science presented and discussed at ISFUS-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Genética Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 90040-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 13565-905, RS, Brazil
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Elias Hakalehto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.B. 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey M Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcia R von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Octavio Loera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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