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Han X, Gu S, Xu R, Kong Y, Lou Y, Wang Q, Gao Y, Shang S, Song Z, Song J, Li J. Efficient Control of Rhizoctonia solani Using Environmentally Friendly pH-Responsive Tannic Acid-Rosin Nano-Microcapsules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38597955 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A nanomicrocapsule system was constructed through the polymerization of tannic acid (TA) and emulsifier OP-10 (OP-10), followed by the chelation of iron ions, to develop a safe and effective method for controlling Rhizoctonia solani in agriculture. The encapsulated active component is a rosin-based triazole derivative (RTD) previously synthesized by our research group (RTD@OP10-TA-Fe). The encapsulation efficiency of the nanomicrocapsules is 82.39%, with an effective compound loading capacity of 96.49%. Through the encapsulation of the RTD via nanomicrocapsules, we improved its water solubility, optimized its stability, and increased its adhesion to the leaf surface. Under acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), the release rate of nanomicrocapsules at 96 h is 96.31 ± 0.8%, which is 2.04 times higher than the release rate under normal conditions (pH = 7.0). Additionally, the results of in vitro and in vivo antifungal assays indicate that compared with the original compound, the nanomicrocapsules exhibit superior antifungal activity (EC50 values of RTD and RTD@OP10-TA-Fe are 1.237 and 0.860 mg/L, respectively). The results of field efficacy trials indicate that compared with RTD, RTD@OP10-TA-Fe exhibits a more prolonged period of effectiveness. Even after 3 weeks, the antifungal rate of RTD@OP10-TA-Fe remains at 40%, whereas RTD, owing to degradation, shows an antifungal rate of 11.11% during the same period. Furthermore, safety assessment results indicate that compared with the control, RTD@OP10-TA-Fe has almost no impact on the growth of rice seedlings and exhibits low toxicity to zebrafish. This study provides valuable insights into controlling R. solani and enhancing the compound performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihao Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Renle Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Kong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Lou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qifan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanqian Song
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan 48502, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Han X, Xu R, Gu S, Kong Y, Lou Y, Gao Y, Shang S, Song Z, Song J, Li J. Discovery of novel acrylopimaric acid triazole derivatives as promising antifungal agents. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38529554 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To further develop potential natural fungicides, two series of new acrylopimaric acid triazole derivatives were synthesized, and their antifungal activities were tested and evaluated. RESULTS In vitro antifungal activity results indicated that compound 5m exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Rhizoctonia solani with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 1.528 mg/L. Its antifungal effect was comparable to that of the commercially available fungicide fluconazole, epoxiconazole and propiconazole (EC50 values of 1.441, 0.815 and 1.173 mg/L). Subsequently, in vivo studies were conducted on compound 5m, which revealed its significant protective and curative effects against R. solani. In addition, physiological and biochemical studies showed that compound 5m could disrupt the morphology and ultrastructure of R. solani mycelium, increase cell membrane permeability, inhibit ergosterol synthesis, and enhance the activity of defense enzymes in rice plants. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies revealed that the molecular structure significantly influenced the binding of compound 5m to the receptor, thereby enhancing its antifungal activity. CONCLUSION Compound 5m exhibits excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, making it a promising candidate fungicide for the prevention and control of R. solani. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Renle Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Yue Kong
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Yuhang Lou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Shibin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqian Song
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Materials, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
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Ali Q, Khan AR, Tao S, Rajer FU, Ayaz M, Abro MA, Gu Q, Wu H, Kuptsov V, Kolomiets E, Gao X. Broad-spectrum antagonistic potential of Bacillus spp. volatiles against Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14087. [PMID: 38148207 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) are the two major diseases affecting the quality and quantity of rice production. In the current study, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Bacillus spp. were used as green biocontrol agents for plant diseases. In in vitro experiments, Bacillus spp. FZB42, NMTD17, and LLTC93-VOCs displayed strong antimicrobial volatile activity with inhibition rates of 76, 66, and 78% for R. solani and 78, 81, and 76% for Xoo, respectively, compared to control. The synthetic VOCs, namely Pentadecane (PDC), Benzaldehyde (BDH), 1,2-Benz isothiazol-3(2H)-one (1,2-BIT), and mixture (MIX) of VOCs showed high volatile activity with inhibition rates of 86, 86, 89, and 92% against R. solani and 81, 81, 82, and 86%, respectively, against Xoo as compared to control. In addition, the scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM and TEM) analyses were performed to examine the effect of Bacillus and synthetic VOC treatments on R. solani and Xoo morphology. The analysis revealed the deformed and irregularized morphology of R. solani mycelia and Xoo cells after VOC treatments. The microscopic analysis showed that the rapid inhibition was due to severe oxidative productions inside the R. solani mycelia and Xoo cells. By using molecular docking, it was determined that the synthetic VOCs entered the active binding site of trehalase and NADH dehydrogenase proteins, causing R. solani and Xoo cells to die prematurely and an accumulation of ROS. In the greenhouse experiment, FZB42, NMTD17, and LLTC93-VOCs significantly reduced the lesions of R. solani 8, 7, and 6 cm, and Xoo 7, 6, and 6 cm, respectively, then control. The synthetic VOCs demonstrated that the PDC, BDH, 1,2-BIT, and MIX-VOCs significantly reduced R. solani lesions on leaves 6, 6, 6, and 5 cm and Xoo 6, 5, 5, and 4 cm, respectively, as compared to control. Furthermore, plant defence-related genes and antioxidant enzymes were upregulated in rice plants. These findings provide novel mechanisms by which Bacillus antimicrobial VOCs control plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Abdur Rashid Khan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Sheng Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Faheem Uddin Rajer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Manzoor Ali Abro
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan
| | - Qin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Vladislav Kuptsov
- State Scientific Production Association "Chemical synthesis and biotechnology", Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Emilia Kolomiets
- State Scientific Production Association "Chemical synthesis and biotechnology", Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
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van Zijll de Jong E, Kandula J, Rostás M, Kandula D, Hampton J, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Fungistatic Activity Mediated by Volatile Organic Compounds Is Isolate-Dependent in Trichoderma sp. " atroviride B". J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020238. [PMID: 36836354 PMCID: PMC9965825 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. produce multiple bioactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While the bioactivity of VOCs from different Trichoderma species is well documented, information on intraspecific variation is limited. The fungistatic activity of VOCs emitted by 59 Trichoderma sp. "atroviride B" isolates against the pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was investigated. Eight isolates representing the two extremes of bioactivity against R. solani were also assessed against Alternaria radicina, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. VOCs profiles of these eight isolates were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify a correlation between specific VOCs and bioactivity, and 11 VOCs were evaluated for bioactivity against the pathogens. Bioactivity against R. solani varied among the fifty-nine isolates, with five being strongly antagonistic. All eight selected isolates inhibited the growth of all four pathogens, with bioactivity being lowest against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In total, 32 VOCs were detected, with individual isolates producing between 19 and 28 VOCs. There was a significant direct correlation between VOC number/quantity and bioactivity against R. solani. 6-pentyl-α-pyrone was the most abundant VOC produced, but 15 other VOCs were also correlated with bioactivity. All 11 VOCs tested inhibited R. solani growth, some by >50%. Some of the VOCs also inhibited the growth of the other pathogens by >50%. This study demonstrates significant intraspecific differences in VOC profiles and fungistatic activity supporting the existence of biological diversity within Trichoderma isolates from the same species, a factor in many cases ignored during the development of biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline van Zijll de Jong
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Linnaeus Laboratory Ltd., Gisborne 4010, New Zealand
| | - Janaki Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diwakar Kandula
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - John Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.M.-M.)
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (A.M.-M.)
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Wang K, Wu Y, Yao J, Cui B, Chen Z. Anti-Fungal Activity of Moutan cortex Extracts against Rice Sheath Blight ( Rhizoctonia solani) and Its Action on the Pathogen's Cell Membrane. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47048-47055. [PMID: 36570206 PMCID: PMC9773796 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight (RSB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most destructive diseases of rice (Oryza sativa). Although chemical fungicides are the most important control methods, their long-term unreasonable application has brought about problems such as environmental pollution, food risks, and non-target poisoning. Therefore, considering the extraction of fungistatic substances from plants may be an alternative in the future. In this study, we found that the Moutan cortex ethanol extract has excellent antifungal activity against R. solani, with a 100% inhibition rate at 1000 μg/mL, which aroused our great exploration interest. In-depth exploration found that the antifungal active ingredients of M. cortex were mainly concentrated in the petroleum ether extract of the M. cortex ethanol extract, which still maintained a 100% inhibition rate with 250 μg/mL, and its effective medium concentration (EC50) was 145.33 μg/mL against R. solani. Through the measurement of extracellular relative conductivity and OD260, the petroleum ether extract induced leakage of intracellular electrolytes and nucleic acids, indicating that the cell membrane was ruined. Therefore, we preliminarily determined that the cell membrane may be the target of the petroleum ether extract. Moreover, we found that petroleum ether extract reduced the content of ergosterol, a component of the cell membrane, which may be one of the reasons for the cell membrane destruction. Furthermore, the increase of MDA content would lead to membrane lipid peroxidation, further aggravating membrane damage, resulting in increased membrane permeability. Also, the destruction of the cell membrane was observed by the phenomenon of the mycelium being transparent and broken. In conclusion, this is the first report of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract exhibiting excellent antifungal activity against R. solani. The effect of the M. cortex petroleum ether extract on R. solani may be on the cell membrane, inducing the disorder of intracellular substances and metabolism, which may be one of the antifungal mechanisms against R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Xinge Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Yanchun Wu
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Jia Yao
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Baolu Cui
- College
of Life Science and Agriculture, Qiannan
Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou558000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry
of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou550025, China
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Li X, An M, Xu C, Jiang L, Yan F, Yang Y, Zhang C, Wu Y. Integrative transcriptome analysis revealed the pathogenic molecular basis of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 TB at three progressive stages of infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1001327. [PMID: 36304957 PMCID: PMC9593035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1001327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani has a broad host range and results in significant losses in agricultural production. Here, an integrated transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal the critical genes responsible for the pathogenesis of R. solani AG-3 TB on Nicotiana tabacum at different infection stages. The results showed that various differential expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in fatty acid metabolism, amino sugar, carbon metabolism, and cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process at the early (6–12 hpi), middle (24–36 hpi), and late stage (48–72 hpi) of infection. Specifically, several critical genes such as shikimate kinase that were involved in the biosynthesis of an important fungal toxin, phenylacetic acid (PAA) showed markedly increase at 24 hpi. Additionally, the genes expression levels of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) were significantly increased at the late infection stage. Furthermore, we identified 807 potential secreted proteins and 78 small cysteine-rich proteins, which may function as fungal effectors and involved in the pathogenicity. These results provide valuable insights into critical and potential genes as well as the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of R. solani AG-3 TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuantao Xu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Luzhou Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Luzhou, China
| | - Lianqiang Jiang
- Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Xichang, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Panzhihua, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Yibin Branch of Sichuan Province Tobacco Company, Yibin, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Chong Zhang,
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Yuanhua Wu,
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Borin GP, Oliveira JVDC. Assessing the intracellular primary metabolic profile of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger grown on different carbon sources. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:998361. [PMID: 37746225 PMCID: PMC10512294 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.998361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger are efficient biological platforms for the production of various industrial products, including cellulases and organic acids. Nevertheless, despite the extensive research on these fungi, integrated analyses of omics-driven approaches are still missing. In this study, the intracellular metabolic profile of T. reesei RUT-C30 and A. niger N402 strains grown on glucose, lactose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB) as carbon sources for 48 h was analysed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The aim was to verify the changes in the primary metabolism triggered by these substrates and use transcriptomics data from the literature to better understand the dynamics of the observed alterations. Glucose and CMC induced higher fungal growth whereas fungi grown on lactose showed the lowest dry weight. Metabolic profile analysis revealed that mannitol, trehalose, glutamate, glutamine, and alanine were the most abundant metabolites in both fungi regardless of the carbon source. These metabolites are of particular interest for the mobilization of carbon and nitrogen, and stress tolerance inside the cell. Their concomitant presence indicates conserved mechanisms adopted by both fungi to assimilate carbon sources of different levels of recalcitrance. Moreover, the higher levels of galactose intermediates in T. reesei suggest its better adaptation in lactose, whereas glycolate and malate in CMC might indicate activation of the glyoxylate shunt. Glycerol and 4-aminobutyrate accumulated in A. niger grown on CMC and lactose, suggesting their relevant role in these carbon sources. In SEB, a lower quantity and diversity of metabolites were identified compared to the other carbon sources, and the metabolic changes and higher xylanase and pNPGase activities indicated a better utilization of bagasse by A. niger. Transcriptomic analysis supported the observed metabolic changes and pathways identified in this work. Taken together, we have advanced the knowledge about how fungal primary metabolism is affected by different carbon sources, and have drawn attention to metabolites still unexplored. These findings might ultimately be considered for developing more robust and efficient microbial factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pagotto Borin
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Li Y, Li S, Liang Z, Cai Q, Zhou T, Zhao C, Wu X. RNA-seq Analysis of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4HGI Strain BJ-1H Infected by a New Viral Strain of Rhizoctonia solani Partitivirus 2 Reveals a Potential Mechanism for Hypovirulence. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1373-1385. [PMID: 34965159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0349-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 (RsPV2), in the genus Alphapartitivirus, confers hypovirulence on R. solani AG-1-IA, the causal agent of rice sheath blight. In this study, a new strain of RsPV2 obtained from R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H, the causal agent of black scurf on potato, wasidentified and designated as Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 strain BJ-1H (RsPV2-BJ). An RNA sequencing analysis of strain BJ-1H and the virus RsPV2-BJ-free strain BJ-1H-VF derived from strain BJ-1H was conducted to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of hypovirulence induced by RsPV2-BJ. In total, 14,319 unigenes were obtained, and 1,341 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 570 DEGs being down-regulated and 771 being up-regulated. Notably, several up-regulated DEGs were annotated to cell wall degrading enzymes, including β-1,3-glucanases. Strain BJ-1H exhibited increased expression of β-1,3-glucanase after RsPV2-BJ infection, suggesting that cell wall autolysis activity in R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H might be promoted by RsPV2-BJ, inducing hypovirulence in its host fungus R. solani AG-4HGI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the potential mechanism of hypovirulence induced by a mycovirus in R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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9
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Onwe RO, Onwosi CO, Ezugworie FN, Ekwealor CC, Okonkwo CC. Microbial trehalose boosts the ecological fitness of biocontrol agents, the viability of probiotics during long-term storage and plants tolerance to environmental-driven abiotic stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150432. [PMID: 34560451 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive gain in agricultural production and greater availability of food, a large portion of the world population is affected by food shortages and nutritional imbalance. This is due to abiotic stresses encountered by plants as a result of environmental-driven perturbations, loss of viability of starter cultures (probiotics) for functional foods during storage as well as the vulnerability of farm produce to postharvest pathogens. The use of compatible solutes (e.g., trehalose, proline, etc.) has been widely supported as a solution to these concerns. Trehalose is one of the widely reported microbial- or plant-derived metabolites that help microorganisms (e.g., biocontrol agents, probiotics and plant growth-promoting bacteria) and plants to tolerate harsh environmental conditions. Due to its recent categorization as generally regarded as safe (GRAS), trehalose is an essential tool for promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture by replacing the overuse of chemical agents (e.g., pesticides, herbicides). Therefore, the current review evaluated the progress currently made in the application of trehalose in sustainable agriculture. The challenges, opportunities, and future of this biometabolite in food security were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben O Onwe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chito C Ekwealor
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Faculty of Biosciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Chigozie C Okonkwo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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10
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Zhao M, Wang C, Wan J, Li Z, Liu D, Yamamoto N, Zhou E, Shu C. Functional validation of pathogenicity genes in rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani by a novel host-induced gene silencing system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1587-1598. [PMID: 34453407 PMCID: PMC8578826 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani, causes severe yield losses worldwide. Elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of R. solani is highly desired. However, the lack of a stable genetic transformation system has made it challenging to examine genes' functions in this fungus. Here, we present functional validation of pathogenicity genes in the rice sheath blight pathogen R. solani by a newly established tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system using the virulent R. solani AG-1 IA strain GD-118. RNA interference constructs of 33 candidate pathogenicity genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with the TRV-HIGS system. Of these constructs, 29 resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by GD-118 infection. For further validation of one of the positive genes, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Rstps2), stable rice transformants harbouring the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) construct for Rstps2 were created. The transformants exhibited reduced gene expression of Rstps2, virulence, and trehalose accumulation in GD-118. We showed that the dsRNA for Rstps2 was taken up by GD-118 mycelia and sclerotial differentiation of GD-118 was inhibited. These findings offer gene identification opportunities for the rice sheath blight pathogen and a theoretical basis for controlling this disease by spray-induced gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chenjiaozi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zanfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice BreedingGuangzhouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Erxun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Canwei Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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11
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Shang XF, Dai LX, Zhang ZJ, Yang CJ, Du SS, Wu TL, He YH, Zhu JK, Liu YQ, Yan YF, Miao XL, Zhang JY. Integrated Proteomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveals the Possible Antifungal Mechanism of an Indoloquinoline Alkaloid Neocryptolepine against Rhizoctonia solani. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6455-6464. [PMID: 34075744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes serious plant diseases. Neocryptolepine presented the significant antifungal activity against R. solani, however the mode of action is unclear. In this paper, we investigated the potential mode of action of neocryptolepine against R. solani integrated the proteomics and transcriptomics. Results showed that after treatment with neocryptolepine, 1012 differentially expressed proteins and 10 920 differentially expressed genes of R. solani were found, most of them were enriched in mitochondrial respiratory chain. It affected oxidative phosphorylation led to the enrichment of ROS and the decrease of MMP, and inhibited complex III activity with the inhibition rate of 63.51% at 10 μg/mL. The mitochondrial structural and function were damaged. Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske (UQCRFS1) with the high binding score to neocryptolepine was found as a potential target. In addition, it inhibited the sclerotia formation and presented antifungal efficacy by decreasing the diameter of a wound in potato in a concentration-dependent manner. Above results indicated that neocryptolepine inhibited the complex III activity by binding UQCRFS1 and blocked the ion transfer to cause the death of R. solani mycelia. This study laid the foundation for the future development of neocryptolepine as an alternative biofungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xia Dai
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Lin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Kai Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Fang Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lou Miao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
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12
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Li D, Li S, Wei S, Sun W. Strategies to Manage Rice Sheath Blight: Lessons from Interactions between Rice and Rhizoctonia solani. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 14:21. [PMID: 33630178 PMCID: PMC7907341 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-021-00466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is an important phytopathogenic fungus with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. The anastomosis group AG1 IA of R. solani has been identified as the predominant causal agent of rice sheath blight, one of the most devastating diseases of crop plants. As a necrotrophic pathogen, R. solani exhibits many characteristics different from biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens during co-evolutionary interaction with host plants. Various types of secondary metabolites, carbohydrate-active enzymes, secreted proteins and effectors have been revealed to be essential pathogenicity factors in R. solani. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species, phytohormone signaling, transcription factors and many other defense-associated genes have been identified to contribute to sheath blight resistance in rice. Here, we summarize the recent advances in studies on molecular interactions between rice and R. solani. Based on knowledge of rice-R. solani interactions and sheath blight resistance QTLs, multiple effective strategies have been developed to generate rice cultivars with enhanced sheath blight resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, 130118, Changchun, Jilin, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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13
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Abstract
The mycomembrane layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope is a barrier to environmental, immune, and antibiotic insults. There is considerable evidence of mycomembrane plasticity during infection and in response to host-mimicking stresses. The mycomembrane layer of the mycobacterial cell envelope is a barrier to environmental, immune, and antibiotic insults. There is considerable evidence of mycomembrane plasticity during infection and in response to host-mimicking stresses. Since mycobacteria are resource and energy limited under these conditions, it is likely that remodeling has distinct requirements from those of the well-characterized biosynthetic program that operates during unrestricted growth. Unexpectedly, we found that mycomembrane remodeling in nutrient-starved, nonreplicating mycobacteria includes synthesis in addition to turnover. Mycomembrane synthesis under these conditions occurs along the cell periphery, in contrast to the polar assembly of actively growing cells, and both liberates and relies on the nonmammalian disaccharide trehalose. In the absence of trehalose recycling, de novo trehalose synthesis fuels mycomembrane remodeling. However, mycobacteria experience ATP depletion, enhanced respiration, and redox stress, hallmarks of futile cycling and the collateral dysfunction elicited by some bactericidal antibiotics. Inefficient energy metabolism compromises the survival of trehalose recycling mutants in macrophages. Our data suggest that trehalose recycling alleviates the energetic burden of mycomembrane remodeling under stress. Cell envelope recycling pathways are emerging targets for sensitizing resource-limited bacterial pathogens to host and antibiotic pressure.
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Li R, Xie H, Zhang C, Sun Y, Yin H. ROS-Responsive Polymeric Micelle for Improving Pesticides Efficiency and Intelligent Release. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9052-9060. [PMID: 32806117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The low utilization rate of pesticides causes serious problems such as food safety and environmental pollution. Stimulus-responsive release can effectively improve the utilization rate of pesticides. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, as an early event of plant-pathogen interaction, can stimulate the release of pesticides. In this work, a polymeric micelle with ROS-responsive was prepared and then Validamycin (Vail) was loaded into polymeric micelle to prepare Vail-loaded polymeric micelle. The Vail-loaded polymeric micelle displayed excellent ROS-dependent release kinetics. In vitro and in vivo antifungal experiments confirmed that the Vail-loaded polymeric micelle could improve antifungal efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani than with the Vail reagent. Therefore, as a biostimulation and controlled release system, ROS-responsive polymeric micelles can improve the utilization rate of pesticides and alleviate the problem of food safety and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Li
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hongguo Xie
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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15
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Singh P, Mazumdar P, Harikrishna JA, Babu S. Sheath blight of rice: a review and identification of priorities for future research. PLANTA 2019; 250:1387-1407. [PMID: 31346804 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight research should prioritise optimising biological control approaches, identification of resistance gene mechanisms and application in genetic improvement and smart farming for early disease detection. Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG1-1A, is one of the most devasting diseases of the crop. To move forward with effective crop protection against sheath blight, it is important to review the published information related to pathogenicity and disease management and to determine areas of research that require deeper study. While progress has been made in the identification of pathogenesis-related genes both in rice and in the pathogen, the mechanisms remain unclear. Research related to disease management practices has addressed the use of agronomic practices, chemical control, biological control and genetic improvement: Optimising nitrogen fertiliser use in conjunction with plant spacing can reduce spread of infection while smart agriculture technologies such as crop monitoring with Unmanned Aerial Systems assist in early detection and management of sheath blight disease. Replacing older fungicides with natural fungicides and use of biological agents can provide effective sheath blight control, also minimising environmental impact. Genetic approaches that show promise for the control of sheath blight include treatment with exogenous dsRNA to silence pathogen gene expression, genome editing to develop rice lines with lower susceptibility to sheath blight and development of transgenic rice lines overexpressing or silencing pathogenesis related genes. The main challenges that were identified for effective crop protection against sheath blight are the adaptive flexibility of the pathogen, lack of resistant rice varieties, abscence of single resistance genes for use in breeding and low access of farmers to awareness programmes for optimal management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subramanian Babu
- VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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16
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Nassimi Z, Taheri P, Tarighi S. Farnesol altered morphogenesis and induced oxidative burst-related responses in Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA. Mycologia 2019; 111:359-370. [PMID: 31021706 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1600315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Farnesol induces morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis in filamentous fungi. Growth-inhibitory effect and induced features of apoptosis on Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA were observed in our study by addition of exogenous farnesol to the culture. The obtained results implied that farnesol triggered apoptosis-like features, such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in R. solani AG1-IA and that there was increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the presence of farnesol, as well as decreased fungal biomass. Light microscopic analysis showed that farnesol disrupted the cytoplasm and deformed the hyphae of R. solani AG1-IA. The diameter of the hyphal cross-section in the fungus treated with farnesol decreased compared with control. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed marked alternations in the cell wall, cell membrane, parenthesome, septum, and septal pore of the fungal cells. The findings of this work suggest that farnesol is deleterious to R. solani and has potential for use as an antifungal compound against this destructive phytopathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Nassimi
- a Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , P.O. Box 91775-1163 , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Parissa Taheri
- a Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , P.O. Box 91775-1163 , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Saeed Tarighi
- a Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture , Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , P.O. Box 91775-1163 , Mashhad , Iran
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