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Li H, Zhu J, Li Z, Xu P, Ma L, Zou Y, Qu S, Wu X. Contrasting effects of NADPH oxidases on the fungal hyphae growth and immune responses in Pleurotus ostreatus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387643. [PMID: 38962136 PMCID: PMC11220167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is one of the most consumed mushroom species, as it serves as a high-quality food, favors a rich secondary metabolism, and has remarkable adaptability to the environment and predators. In this study, we investigated the function of two key reactive oxygen species producing enzyme NADPH oxidase (PoNoxA and PoNoxB) in P. ostreatus hyphae growth, metabolite production, signaling pathway activation, and immune responses to different stresses. Characterization of the Nox mutants showed that PoNoxB played an important role in the hyphal formation of the multicellular structure, while PoNoxA regulated apical dominance. The ability of P. ostreatus to tolerate a series of abiotic stress conditions (e.g., osmotic, oxidative, membrane, and cell-wall stresses) and mechanical damage repair was enhanced with PoNoxA over-expression. PoNoxB had a greater responsibility in regulating the polysaccharide composition of the cell wall and methyl jasmonate and gibberellin GA1 biosynthesis, and improved mushroom resistance against Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Moreover, mutants were involved in the jasmonate and GA signaling pathway, and toxic protein defense metabolite production. Our findings shed light on how the oyster mushroom senses stress signals and responds to adverse environments by the complex regulators of Noxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiachun Zhu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihao Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxuan Qu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Stuart AKDC, Furuie JL, Cataldi TR, Stuart RM, Zawadneak MAC, Labate CA, Pimentel IC. Metabolomics of the interaction between a consortium of entomopathogenic fungi and their target insect: Mechanisms of attack and survival. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105369. [PMID: 36963938 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the most concerning pests that attack strawberries in Brazil is Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller), a non-native moth with no registered control methods to date. Our group recently observed that a fungal consortium formed by two strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) increased the mortality of D. fovealis more than inoculation with each strain on its own. However, the molecular interaction between the fungal consortium and the caterpillars is unknown. Thus, in this work, we sought to pioneer the evaluation of the molecular interaction between a fungal consortium of B. bassiana and D. fovealis caterpillars. We aimed to understand the biocontrol process involved in this interaction and the defense system of the caterpillar. Seven days after D. fovealis were inoculated with the consortium, the dead and surviving caterpillars were analyzed using GC-MS and LC-MS. Some of the metabolites identified in dead caterpillars have primarily antioxidant action. Other metabolites may have insecticidal potential, such as diltiazem-like and tamsulosin-like compounds, as well as 2,5-dimethoxymandelic acid. In surviving caterpillars, the main mechanisms are pro-inflammatory from 2-Palmitoylglycerol metabolite and the antifungal action of the metabolite Aegle marmelos Alkaloid-C. The metabolites identified in dead caterpillars may explain the increased mortality caused by the consortium due to its antioxidant mechanism, which can suppress the caterpillars' immune system, and insecticide action. In surviving caterpillars, the main resistance mechanisms may involve the stimulus to the immunity and antifungal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Katiski da Costa Stuart
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jason Lee Furuie
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani Cataldi
- Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz - Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Makowiecky Stuart
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Cassilha Zawadneak
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Agronomia Produção Vegetal, Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Laboratório de Genética de Plantas Max Feffer, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agronomia Luiz de Queiroz - Esalq/USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ida Chapaval Pimentel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular (LabMicro), Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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An insight in proteome profiling of Tuta absoluta larvae after entomopathogenic fungal infection. Sci Data 2022; 9:507. [PMID: 35986033 PMCID: PMC9391459 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTuta absoluta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a major pest of solanaceous plant species, causes serious losses in the agriculture sector around the globe. For better pest management, entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Purpureocillium lilacinum, play an efficient role in suppressing the pest population. The present study was carried out to analyse the effects post fungal infections through proteome profiling using an Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid mass spectrometer. A total of 2,201 proteins were identified from the fourth instar larvae of T. absoluta, of which 442 and 423 proteins were significantly dysregulated upon infection with P. lilacinum and B. bassiana respectively. The potential proteins related to immune systems as well as detoxification processes showed significant alterations after post fungal infection. Studies on T. absoluta proteomics and genomics as well as the consequences of entomopathogenic fungal infection on the immune response of this insect could provide an initial framework for exploring more fungus-host interactions for the development of better strategies for integrated pest management.
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Atriztán-Hernández K, Herrera-Estrella A. Drosophila attack inhibits hyphal regeneration and defense mechanisms activation for the fungus Trichoderma atroviride. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:149-158. [PMID: 34282283 PMCID: PMC8692604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capability to respond to wounding is a process shared by organisms of different kingdoms that can result in the regeneration of whole-body parts or lost structures or organs. Filamentous fungi constitute a rich food source that ensures survival and reproduction of their predators and are therefore continuously exposed to mechanical damage. Nevertheless, our understanding of how fungi respond to wounding and predators is scarce. Fungi like plants and animals respond to injury recognizing Damage- and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs/MAMPs) that activate Ca2+ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase dependent signaling for the activation of defense mechanisms. During herbivory, plants, in addition to activating pathways related to injury, activate specific responses to combat their predators. Using a transcriptional approach, we studied the capacity of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride to activate specific responses to injury and attack by different arthropods. Attack by Drosophila melanogaster inhibited the transcriptional activation of genes required for hyphal regeneration, and the fungal innate immune and chemical defense responses. We also provide mechanistic insight of this inhibition involving components of the D. melanogaster salivary glands that repress the expression of a set of genes and block hyphal regeneration.
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Rangel LI, Hamilton O, de Jonge R, Bolton MD. Fungal social influencers: secondary metabolites as a platform for shaping the plant-associated community. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:632-645. [PMID: 34510609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites (FSMs) are capable of manipulating plant community dynamics by inhibiting or facilitating the establishment of co-habitating organisms. Although production of FSMs is not crucial for survival of the producer, their absence can indirectly impair growth and/or niche competition of these fungi on the plant. The presence of FSMs with no obvious consequence on the fitness of the producer leaves questions regarding ecological impact. This review investigates how fungi employ FSMs as a platform to mediate fungal-fungal, fungal-bacterial and fungal-animal interactions associated with the plant community. We discuss how the biological function of FSMs may indirectly benefit the producer by altering the dynamics of surrounding organisms. We introduce several instances where FSMs influence antagonistic- or alliance-driven interactions. Part of our aim is to decipher the meaning of the FSM 'language' as it is widely noted to impact the surrounding community. Here, we highlight the contribution of FSMs to plant-associated interaction networks that affect the host either broadly or in ways that may have previously been unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I Rangel
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, US Dept. Agriculture, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Olivia Hamilton
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, US Dept. Agriculture, Fargo, ND, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, US Dept. Agriculture, Fargo, ND, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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6
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Liu L, Sasse C, Dirnberger B, Valerius O, Fekete-Szücs E, Harting R, Nordzieke DE, Pöggeler S, Karlovsky P, Gerke J, Braus GH. Secondary metabolites of Hülle cells mediate protection of fungal reproductive and overwintering structures against fungivorous animals. eLife 2021; 10:68058. [PMID: 34635205 PMCID: PMC8510581 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal Hülle cells with nuclear storage and developmental backup functions are reminiscent of multipotent stem cells. In the soil, Hülle cells nurse the overwintering fruiting bodies of Aspergillus nidulans. The genome of A. nidulans harbors genes for the biosynthesis of xanthones. We show that enzymes and metabolites of this biosynthetic pathway accumulate in Hülle cells under the control of the regulatory velvet complex, which coordinates development and secondary metabolism. Deletion strains blocked in the conversion of anthraquinones to xanthones accumulate emodins and are delayed in maturation and growth of fruiting bodies. Emodin represses fruiting body and resting structure formation in other fungi. Xanthones are not required for sexual development but exert antifeedant effects on fungivorous animals such as springtails and woodlice. Our findings reveal a novel role of Hülle cells in establishing secure niches for A. nidulans by accumulating metabolites with antifeedant activity that protect reproductive structures from animal predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Sasse
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benedict Dirnberger
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Enikő Fekete-Szücs
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela E Nordzieke
- University of Göttingen, Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- University of Göttingen, Genetics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gerke
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- University of Göttingen, Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Göttingen, Germany
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Brenes-Soto A, Tye M, Esmail MY. The Role of Feed in Aquatic Laboratory Animal Nutrition and the Potential Impact on Animal Models and Study Reproducibility. ILAR J 2020; 60:197-215. [PMID: 33094819 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed plays a central role in the physiological development of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Historically, the feeding practice of aquatic research species derived from aquaculture, farmed, or ornamental trades. These diets are highly variable, with limited quality control, and have been typically selected to provide the fastest growth or highest fecundity. These variations of quality and composition of diets may affect animal/colony health and can introduce confounding experimental variables into animal-based studies that impact research reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenes-Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Tye
- Zebrafish Core Facility, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Y Esmail
- Tufts Comparative Medicine Services, Tufts University Health Science Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Nguyen B, Ponton F, Than A, Taylor PW, Chapman T, Morimoto J. Interactions between ecological factors in the developmental environment modulate pupal and adult traits in a polyphagous fly. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6342-6352. [PMID: 31236225 PMCID: PMC6580268 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In holometabolous insects, adult fitness depends on the quantity and quality of resource acquired at the larval stage. Diverse ecological factors can influence larval resource acquisition, but little is known about how these factors in the larval environment interact to modulate larval development and adult traits.Here, we addressed this gap by considering how key ecological factors of larval density, diet nutritional composition, and microbial growth interact to modulate pupal and adult traits in a polyphagous tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (aka "Queensland fruit fly").Larvae were allowed to develop at two larval densities (low and high), on diets that were protein-rich, standard, or sugar-rich and prepared with or without preservatives to inhibit or encourage microbial growth, respectively.Percentage of adult emergence and adult sex ratio were not affected by the interaction between diet composition, larval density, and preservative treatments, although low preservative content increased adult emergence in sugar-rich diets but decreased adult emergence in protein-rich and standard diets.Pupal weight, male and female adult dry weight, and female (but not male) body energetic reserves were affected by a strong three-way interaction between diet composition, larval density, and preservative treatment, whereby in general, low preservative content increased pupal weight and female lipid storage in sugar-rich diets particularly at low-larval density and differentially modulated the decrease in adult body weight caused by larval density across diets.Our findings provide insights into the ecological factors modulating larval development of a polyphagous fly species and shed light into the ecological complexity of the larval developmental environment in frugivorous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Nguyen
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anh Than
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of EntomologyVietnam National University of AgricultureHanoiVietnam
| | - Phillip W. Taylor
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Toni Chapman
- New South Wales Department of Primary IndustriesThe Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural InstituteMeneagleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- Department of Biological SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth RydeNew South WalesAustralia
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Holighaus G, Rohlfs M. Volatile and non-volatile fungal oxylipins in fungus-invertebrate interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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He Y, Zhang W, Peng F, Lu R, Zhou H, Bao G, Wang B, Huang B, Li Z, Hu F. Metabolomic variation in wild and cultured cordyceps and mycelia of Isaria cicadae. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4478. [PMID: 30578653 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong He
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- Children's Hospital Affiliaten of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | - Fan Peng
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Ruili Lu
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Naval Postgraduate School; Monterey CA USA
| | - Guanhu Bao
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Zengzhi Li
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
| | - Fenglin Hu
- Anhui Agricultural University; Hefei China
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Trichoderma atroviride from Predator to Prey: Role of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Tmk3 in Fungal Chemical Defense against Fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster Larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01825-18. [PMID: 30389761 PMCID: PMC6328759 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01825-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response. The response to injury represents an important strategy for animals and plants to survive mechanical damage and predation. Plants respond to injury by activating a defense response that includes the production of an important variety of compounds that help them withstand predator attack and recover from mechanical injury (MI). Similarly, the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride responds to MI by strongly modifying its transcriptional profile and producing asexual reproduction structures (conidia). Here, we analyzed whether the response to MI in T. atroviride is related to a possible predator defense mechanism from a metabolic perspective. We found that the production of specific groups of secondary metabolites increases in response to MI but is reduced after fungivory by Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We further show that fungivory results in repression of the expression of genes putatively involved in the regulation of secondary metabolite production in T. atroviride. Activation of secondary metabolite production appears to depend on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Tmk3. Interestingly, D. melanogaster larvae preferred to feed on a tmk3 gene replacement mutant rather than on the wild-type strain. Consumption of the mutant strain, however, resulted in increased larval mortality. IMPORTANCE Fungi, like other organisms, have natural predators, including fungivorous nematodes and arthropods that use them as an important food source. Thus, they require mechanisms to detect and respond to injury. Trichoderma atroviride responds to mycelial injury by rapidly regenerating its hyphae and developing asexual reproduction structures. Whether this injury response is associated with attack by fungivorous insects is unknown. Therefore, determining the possible conservation of a defense mechanism to predation in T. atroviride and plants and elucidating the mechanisms involved in the establishment of this response is of major interest. Here, we describe the chemical response of T. atroviride to mechanical injury and fungivory and the role of a MAPK pathway in the regulation of this response.
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12
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Tracing the coevolution between Triatoma infestans and its fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 66:319-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Drott MT, Lazzaro BP, Brown DL, Carbone I, Milgroom MG. Balancing selection for aflatoxin in Aspergillus flavus is maintained through interference competition with, and fungivory by insects. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.2408. [PMID: 29263278 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microbial secondary metabolites in the ecology of the organisms that produce them remains poorly understood. Variation in aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus is maintained by balancing selection, but the ecological function and impact on fungal fitness of this compound are unknown. We hypothesize that balancing selection for aflatoxin production in A. flavus is driven by interaction with insects. To test this, we competed naturally occurring aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic fungal isolates against Drosophila larvae on medium containing 0-1750 ppb aflatoxin, using quantitative PCR to quantify A. flavus DNA as a proxy for fungal fitness. The addition of aflatoxin across this range resulted in a 26-fold increase in fungal fitness. With no added toxin, aflatoxigenic isolates caused higher mortality of Drosophila larvae and had slightly higher fitness than non-aflatoxigenic isolates. Additionally, aflatoxin production increased an average of 1.5-fold in the presence of a single larva and nearly threefold when the fungus was mechanically damaged. We argue that the role of aflatoxin in protection from fungivory is inextricably linked to its role in interference competition. Our results, to our knowledge, provide the first clear evidence of a fitness advantage conferred to A. flavus by aflatoxin when interacting with insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton T Drott
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Dan L Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ignazio Carbone
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael G Milgroom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Pedrini N. Molecular interactions between entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales) and their insect host: Perspectives from stressful cuticle and hemolymph battlefields and the potential of dual RNA sequencing for future studies. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:538-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chen L, Liu Y, Guo Q, Zheng Q, Zhang W. Metabolomic comparison between wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and artificial cultured Cordyceps militaris. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4279. [PMID: 29752731 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A systematic study on the metabolome differences between wild Ophiocordyceps sinensis and artificial cultured Cordyceps militaris was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis results showed that C. militaris grown on solid rice medium (R-CM) and C. militaris grown on tussah pupa (T-CM) evidently separated and individually separated from wild O. sinensis, indicating metabolome difference among wild O. sinensis, R-CM and T-CM. The metabolome differences between R-CM and T-CM indicated that C. militaris could accommodate to culture medium by differential metabolic regulation. Hierarchical clustering analysis was further performed to cluster the differential metabolites and samples based on their metabolic similarity. The higher content of amino acids (pyroglutamic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, phenylalanine and arginine), unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), peptides, mannitol, adenosine and succinoadenosine in O. sinensis make it as an excellent choice as a traditional Chinese medicine for invigoration or nutritional supplementation. Similar compositions with O. sinensis and easy cultivation make artificially cultured C. militaris a possible alternative to O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Research, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Guo
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Research, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wancun Zhang
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Research, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Regulin A, Kempken F. Fungal genotype determines survival of Drosophila melanogaster when competing with Aspergillus nidulans. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190543. [PMID: 29293643 PMCID: PMC5749846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce an astonishing variety of secondary metabolites, some of which belong to the most toxic compounds in the living world. Several fungal metabolites have anti-insecticidal properties which may yield advantages to the fungus in competition with insects for exploitation of environmental resources. Using the Drosophila melanogaster/Aspergillus nidulans ecological model system to assess secondary metabolite mutant genotypes, we find a major role for the veA allele in insect/fungal confrontations that exceeds the influence of other factors such as LaeA. VeA along with LaeA is a member of a transcriptional complex governing secondary metabolism in A. nidulans. However, historically a mutant veA allele, veA1 reduced in secondary metabolite output, has been used in many studies of this model organism. To test the significance of this allele in our system, Aspergillus nidulans veA wild type, veA1, ΔveA and ΔlaeA were evaluated in confrontation assays to analyze egg laying activity, and the survival rate of larvae. The veA1 genetic background led to a significant increase of larval survival. Adult flies were observed almost exclusively on veA1, ΔveA or ΔlaeA genetic backgrounds, suggesting a role for the velvet complex in insect/fungal interactions. This effect was most profound using the veA1 mutant. Hence, larval survival in confrontations is highly affected by the fungal genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Regulin
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Kempken
- Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Trienens M, Kraaijeveld K, Wertheim B. Defensive repertoire of Drosophila larvae in response to toxic fungi. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5043-5057. [PMID: 28746736 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare including insecticidal secondary metabolites is a well-known strategy for environmental microbes to monopolize a food source. Insects in turn have evolved behavioural and physiological defences to eradicate or neutralize the harmful microorganisms. We studied the defensive repertoire of insects in this interference competition by combining behavioural and developmental assays with whole-transcriptome time-series analysis. Confrontation with the toxic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans severely reduced the survival of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Nonetheless, the larvae did not behaviourally avoid the fungus, but aggregated at it. Confrontation with fungi strongly affected larval gene expression, including many genes involved in detoxification (e.g., CYP, GST and UGT genes) and the formation of the insect cuticle (e.g., Tweedle genes). The most strongly upregulated genes were several members of the insect-specific gene family Osiris, and CHK-kinase-like domains were over-represented. Immune responses were not activated, reflecting the competitive rather than pathogenic nature of the antagonistic interaction. While internal microbes are widely acknowledged as important, our study emphasizes the underappreciated role of environmental microbes as fierce competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Characterization of T-DNA insertion mutants with decreased virulence in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana JEF-007. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8889-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Metabolic responses of Beauveria bassiana to hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress using an LC-MS-based metabolomics approach. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 137:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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21
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Simonetti SO, Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. The 3,4-dioxygenated 5-hydroxy-4-aryl-quinolin-2(1H)-one alkaloids. Results of 20 years of research, uncovering a new family of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:1425-1446. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00064a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The title alkaloids are discussed. Emphasis is placed on their isolation, source microorganisms and structure, as well as relevant biological activities and synthetic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian O. Simonetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas – Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- (2000) Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Enrique L. Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas – Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- (2000) Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas – Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- (2000) Rosario
- Argentina
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22
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Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z, Abd Rahim AH, Ismail NA, Abdul Rahman W, Mohammad Zubairi KS, Dieng H, Satho T. Morphological and molecular characterization of fungus isolated from tropical bed bugs in Northern Peninsular Malaysia, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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A Caleosin-Like Protein with Peroxygenase Activity Mediates Aspergillus flavus Development, Aflatoxin Accumulation, and Seed Infection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6129-44. [PMID: 26116672 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00867-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caleosins are a small family of calcium-binding proteins endowed with peroxygenase activity in plants. Caleosin-like genes are present in fungi; however, their functions have not been reported yet. In this work, we identify a plant caleosin-like protein in Aspergillus flavus that is highly expressed during the early stages of spore germination. A recombinant purified 32-kDa caleosin-like protein supported peroxygenase activities, including co-oxidation reactions and reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides. Deletion of the caleosin gene prevented fungal development. Alternatively, silencing of the gene led to the increased accumulation of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides and antioxidant activities but to a reduction of fungal growth and conidium formation. Two key genes of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, aflR and aflD, were downregulated in the strains in which A. flavus PXG (AfPXG) was silenced, leading to reduced aflatoxin B1 production in vitro. Application of caleosin/peroxygenase-derived oxylipins restored the wild-type phenotype in the strains in which AfPXG was silenced. PXG-deficient A. flavus strains were severely compromised in their capacity to infect maize seeds and to produce aflatoxin. Our results uncover a new branch of the fungal oxylipin pathway and may lead to the development of novel targets for controlling fungal disease.
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Lobo LS, Luz C, Fernandes ÉKK, Juárez MP, Pedrini N. Assessing gene expression during pathogenesis: Use of qRT-PCR to follow toxin production in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana during infection and immune response of the insect host Triatoma infestans. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 128:14-21. [PMID: 25912088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi secrete toxic secondary metabolites during the invasion of the insect hemocoel as part of the infection process. Although these compounds have been frequently mentioned as virulence factors, the roles of many of them remain poorly understood, including the question of whether they are expressed during the infection process. A major hurdle to this issue remains the low sensitivity of biochemical detection techniques (e.g., HPLC) within the complex samples that may contain trace quantities of fungal molecules inside the insect. In this study, quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to measure the transcript levels within the insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana, that encode for the synthetase enzymes of the secondary metabolites tenellin (BbtenS), beauvericin (BbbeaS) and bassianolide (BbbslS) during the infection of Triatoma infestans, a Chagas disease insect vector. Absolute quantification was performed at different time periods after insect treatment with various concentrations of propagules, either by immersing the insects in conidial suspensions or by injecting them with blastospores. Both BbtenS and BbbeaS were highly expressed in conidia-treated insects at days 3 and 12 post-treatment. In blastospore-injected insects, BbtenS and BbbeaS expression peaked at 24h post-injection and were also highly expressed in insect cadavers. The levels of BbbslS transcripts were much lower in all conditions tested. The expression patterns of insect genes encoding proteins that belong to the T. infestans humoral immune system were also evaluated with the same technique. This qPCR-based methodology can contribute to decifering the dynamics of entomopathogenic fungal infection at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana S Lobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP, CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Brazil
| | - M Patricia Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP, CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP, CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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25
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Rohlfs M. Fungal secondary metabolite dynamics in fungus-grazer interactions: novel insights and unanswered questions. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:788. [PMID: 25628619 PMCID: PMC4292314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to fungivore grazing fungi are assumed to have evolved secondary metabolite-based defense mechanisms that harm and repel grazers, and hence provide a benefit to the metabolite producer. However, since research into the ecological meaning of highly diverse fungal secondary metabolites is still in its infancy, many central questions still remain. Which components of the enormous metabolite diversity of fungi act as direct chemical defense mechanisms against grazers? Is the proposed chemical defense of fungi induced by grazer attack? Which role do volatile compounds play in communicating noxiousness to grazers? What is the relative impact of grazers and that of interactions with competing microbes on the evolution of fungal secondary metabolism? Here, I briefly summarize and discuss the results of the very few studies that have tried to tackle some of these questions by (i) using secondary metabolite mutant fungi in controlled experiments with grazers, and by (ii) investigating fungal secondary metabolism as a flexible means to adapt to grazer-rich niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Rohlfs
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Fungal Secondary Metabolism in the Light of Animal–Fungus Interactions: From Mechanism to Ecological Function. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2531-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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27
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Ferrie GM, Alford VC, Atkinson J, Baitchman E, Barber D, Blaner WS, Crawshaw G, Daneault A, Dierenfeld E, Finke M, Fleming G, Gagliardo R, Hoffman EA, Karasov W, Klasing K, Koutsos E, Lankton J, Lavin SR, Lentini A, Livingston S, Lock B, Mason T, McComb A, Morris C, Pessier AP, Olea-Popelka F, Probst T, Rodriguez C, Schad K, Semmen K, Sincage J, Stamper MA, Steinmetz J, Sullivan K, Terrell S, Wertan N, Wheaton CJ, Wilson B, Valdes EV. Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:485-501. [PMID: 25296396 PMCID: PMC4685711 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian biology is intricate, and there are many inter-related factors that need to be understood before establishing successful Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs). Nutritional needs of amphibians are highly integrated with disease and their husbandry needs, and the diversity of developmental stages, natural habitats, and feeding strategies result in many different recommendations for proper care and feeding. This review identifies several areas where there is substantial room for improvement in maintaining healthy ex situ amphibian populations specifically in the areas of obtaining and utilizing natural history data for both amphibians and their dietary items, achieving more appropriate environmental parameters, understanding stress and hormone production, and promoting better physical and population health. Using a scientific or research framework to answer questions about disease, nutrition, husbandry, genetics, and endocrinology of ex situ amphibians will improve specialists' understanding of the needs of these species. In general, there is a lack of baseline data and comparative information for most basic aspects of amphibian biology as well as standardized laboratory approaches. Instituting a formalized research approach in multiple scientific disciplines will be beneficial not only to the management of current ex situ populations, but also in moving forward with future conservation and reintroduction projects. This overview of gaps in knowledge concerning ex situ amphibian care should serve as a foundation for much needed future research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Ferrie
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Vance C. Alford
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jim Atkinson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Andy Daneault
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | - Greg Fleming
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | - Eric A. Hoffman
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - William Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kirk Klasing
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate Program in Avian Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Julia Lankton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shana R. Lavin
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Shannon Livingston
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan P. Pessier
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Tom Probst
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Carlos Rodriguez
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kristine Schad
- European Association of Zoos and Aquaria, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kent Semmen
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jamie Sincage
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - M. Andrew Stamper
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Jason Steinmetz
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Kathleen Sullivan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Scott Terrell
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Nina Wertan
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Catharine J. Wheaton
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
| | - Brad Wilson
- Amphibian Ark, Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA
| | - Eduardo V. Valdes
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Guo Z, Döll K, Dastjerdi R, Karlovsky P, Dehne HW, Altincicek B. Effect of fungal colonization of wheat grains with Fusarium spp. on food choice, weight gain and mortality of meal beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor). PLoS One 2014; 9:e100112. [PMID: 24932485 PMCID: PMC4059719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Fusarium have significant agro-economical and human health-related impact by infecting diverse crop plants and synthesizing diverse mycotoxins. Here, we investigated interactions of grain-feeding Tenebrio molitor larvae with four grain-colonizing Fusarium species on wheat kernels. Since numerous metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. are toxic to insects, we tested the hypothesis that the insect senses and avoids Fusarium-colonized grains. We found that only kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or Beauveria bassiana (an insect-pathogenic fungal control) were avoided by the larvae as expected. Kernels colonized with F. proliferatum, F. poae or F. culmorum attracted T. molitor larvae significantly more than control kernels. The avoidance/preference correlated with larval feeding behaviors and weight gain. Interestingly, larvae that had consumed F. proliferatum- or F. poae-colonized kernels had similar survival rates as control. Larvae fed on F. culmorum-, F. avenaceum- or B. bassiana-colonized kernels had elevated mortality rates. HPLC analyses confirmed the following mycotoxins produced by the fungal strains on the kernels: fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin by F. proliferatum, enniatins and beauvericin by F. poae, enniatins by F. avenaceum, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by F. culmorum. Our results indicate that T. molitor larvae have the ability to sense potential survival threats of kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or B. bassiana, but not with F. culmorum. Volatiles potentially along with gustatory cues produced by these fungi may represent survival threat signals for the larvae resulting in their avoidance. Although F. proliferatum or F. poae produced fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin during kernel colonization, the larvae were able to use those kernels as diet without exhibiting increased mortality. Consumption of F. avenaceum-colonized kernels, however, increased larval mortality; these kernels had higher enniatin levels than F. proliferatum or F. poae-colonized ones suggesting that T. molitor can tolerate or metabolize those toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Guo
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Döll
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Raana Dastjerdi
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Wilhelm Dehne
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boran Altincicek
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES-Phytomedicine), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Holighaus G, Weißbecker B, von Fragstein M, Schütz S. Ubiquitous eight-carbon volatiles of fungi are infochemicals for a specialist fungivore. CHEMOECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-014-0151-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Caballero Ortiz S, Trienens M, Rohlfs M. Induced fungal resistance to insect grazing: reciprocal fitness consequences and fungal gene expression in the Drosophila-Aspergillus model system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74951. [PMID: 24023705 PMCID: PMC3758311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are key dietary resources for many animals. Fungi, in consequence, have evolved sophisticated physical and chemical defences for repelling and impairing fungivores. Expression of such defences may entail costs, requiring diversion of energy and nutrients away from fungal growth and reproduction. Inducible resistance that is mounted after attack by fungivores may allow fungi to circumvent the potential costs of defence when not needed. However, no information exists on whether fungi display inducible resistance. We combined organism and fungal gene expression approaches to investigate whether fungivory induces resistance in fungi. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that grazing by larval fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, induces resistance in the filamentous mould, Aspergillus nidulans, to subsequent feeding by larvae of the same insect. Larval grazing triggered the expression of various putative fungal resistance genes, including the secondary metabolite master regulator gene laeA. Compared to the severe pathological effects of wild type A. nidulans, which led to 100% insect mortality, larval feeding on a laeA loss-of-function mutant resulted in normal insect development. Whereas the wild type fungus recovered from larval grazing, larvae eradicated the chemically deficient mutant. In contrast, mutualistic dietary yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reached higher population densities when exposed to Drosophila larval feeding. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study presents novel evidence that insect grazing is capable of inducing resistance to further grazing in a filamentous fungus. This phenotypic shift in resistance to fungivory is accompanied by changes in the expression of genes involved in signal transduction, epigenetic regulation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Depending on reciprocal insect-fungus fitness consequences, fungi may be selected for inducible resistance to maintain high fitness in fungivore-rich habitats. Induced fungal defence responses thus need to be included if we wish to have a complete conception of animal-fungus co-evolution, fungal gene regulation, and multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caballero Ortiz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Monika Trienens
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Luo F, Lu R, Zhou H, Hu F, Bao G, Huang B, Li Z. Metabolic effect of an exogenous gene on transgenic Beauveria bassiana using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7008-7017. [PMID: 23822565 DOI: 10.1021/jf401703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of Beauveria bassiana with the scorpion neurotoxin aaIT gene can distinctly increase its insecticidal activity, whereas the effect of this exogenous gene on the metabolism of B. bassiana is unknown until now. Thus, we investigate the global metabolic profiling of mycelia and conidia of transgenic and wild-type B. bassiana by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) reveal clear discrimination of wild-type mycelia and conidia from transgenic mycelia and conidia. The decrease of glycerophospholipids, carnitine, and fatty acids and the increase of oxylipins, glyoxylate, pyruvic acid, acetylcarnitine, fumarate, ergothioneine, and trehalose in transgenic mycelia indicate the enhanced oxidative reactions. In contrast, most metabolites related to oxidative stress are not altered significantly in conidia, which implies that there will be no significant oxidative stress reaction when the aaIT gene is quiescent in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Luo
- Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Yin W, Amaike S, Wohlbach DJ, Gasch AP, Chiang YM, Wang CC, Bok J, Rohlfs M, Keller NP. An Aspergillus nidulans bZIP response pathway hardwired for defensive secondary metabolism operates through aflR. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:1024-34. [PMID: 22283524 PMCID: PMC3288630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic bZIP transcription factors are critical players in organismal response to environmental challenges. In fungi, the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) is hypothesized as one of the responses to environmental insults, e.g. attack by fungivorous insects, yet little data to support this hypothesis exists. Here we establish a mechanism of bZIP regulation of SMs through RsmA, a recently discovered YAP-like bZIP protein. RsmA greatly increases SM production by binding to two sites in the Aspergillus nidulans AflR promoter region, a C6 transcription factor known for activating production of the carcinogenic and anti-predation SM, sterigmatocystin. Deletion of aflR in an overexpression rsmA (OE:rsmA) background not only eliminates sterigmatocystin production but also significantly reduces asperthecin synthesis. Furthermore, the fungivore, Folsomia candida, exhibited a distinct preference for feeding on wild type rather than an OE:rsmA strain. RsmA may thus have a critical function in mediating direct chemical resistance against predation. Taken together, these results suggest RsmA represents a bZIP pathway hardwired for defensive SM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Yin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
| | - Saori Amaike
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dana J. Wohlbach
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
| | - Audrey P. Gasch
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, CA, United States
| | - Clay C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, CA, United States
| | - JinWoo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- J.F Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg August University Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, United States
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