1
|
Yuschenkoff D, Cole GA, D'Agostino J, Lock B, Cox S, Sladky KK. PHARMACOKINETICS OF TRAMADOL AND O-DESMETHYLTRAMADOL IN GIANT TORTOISES ( CHELONOIDIS VANDENBURGHI, CHELONOIDIS VICINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:86-91. [PMID: 38453491 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of two orally administered doses of tramadol (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) and its metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol (M1) in giant tortoises (Chelonoidis vandenburghi, Chelonoidis vicina). Eleven giant tortoises (C. vandenburghi, C. vicina) received two randomly assigned, oral doses of tramadol (either 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg), with a washout period of 3 wk between each dose. The half-life (t½) of orally administered tramadol at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg was 11.9 ± 4.6 h and 13.2 ± 6.1 h, respectively. After oral administration of tramadol at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, the maximum concentration (Cmax) was 125 ± 69 ng/ml and 518 ± 411 ng/ml, respectively. There were not enough data points to determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for the M1 metabolite from either dose. Tramadol administered orally to giant tortoises at both doses provided measurable plasma concentrations of tramadol for approximately 48 h with occasional transient sedation. Oral tramadol at 5 mg/kg, on average, achieves concentrations of >100 ng/ml, the reported human therapeutic threshold, for 24 h. Based on the low levels of M1 seen in this study, M1 may not be a major metabolite in this taxon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brad Lock
- Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma City, OK 73111, USA
| | - Sherry Cox
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kurt K Sladky
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wines MP, Johnson VM, Lock B, Antonio F, Godwin JC, Rush EM, Guyer C. Optimal husbandry of hatchling Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi) during a captive head-start program. Zoo Biol 2015; 34:230-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Wines
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| | | | - Brad Lock
- Curator of Herpetology; Zoo Atlanta; 800 Cherokee Avenue, SE, Atlanta Georgia
| | - Fred Antonio
- Director; Central Florida Zoo's Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation; 3755 NW 17/92, Sanford Florida
| | - James C. Godwin
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| | - Elizabeth M. Rush
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferrie GM, Alford VC, Atkinson J, Baitchman E, Barber D, Blaner WS, Crawshaw G, Daneault A, Dierenfeld E, Finke M, Fleming G, Gagliardo R, Hoffman EA, Karasov W, Klasing K, Koutsos E, Lankton J, Lavin SR, Lentini A, Livingston S, Lock B, Mason T, McComb A, Morris C, Pessier AP, Olea-Popelka F, Probst T, Rodriguez C, Schad K, Semmen K, Sincage J, Stamper MA, Steinmetz J, Sullivan K, Terrell S, Wertan N, Wheaton CJ, Wilson B, Valdes EV. Nutrition and health in amphibian husbandry. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:485-501. [PMID: 25296396 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian biology is intricate, and there are many inter-related factors that need to be understood before establishing successful Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs). Nutritional needs of amphibians are highly integrated with disease and their husbandry needs, and the diversity of developmental stages, natural habitats, and feeding strategies result in many different recommendations for proper care and feeding. This review identifies several areas where there is substantial room for improvement in maintaining healthy ex situ amphibian populations specifically in the areas of obtaining and utilizing natural history data for both amphibians and their dietary items, achieving more appropriate environmental parameters, understanding stress and hormone production, and promoting better physical and population health. Using a scientific or research framework to answer questions about disease, nutrition, husbandry, genetics, and endocrinology of ex situ amphibians will improve specialists' understanding of the needs of these species. In general, there is a lack of baseline data and comparative information for most basic aspects of amphibian biology as well as standardized laboratory approaches. Instituting a formalized research approach in multiple scientific disciplines will be beneficial not only to the management of current ex situ populations, but also in moving forward with future conservation and reintroduction projects. This overview of gaps in knowledge concerning ex situ amphibian care should serve as a foundation for much needed future research in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Ferrie
- Animals, Science and Environment, Walt Disney World Resort, Lake Buena Vista, FL; Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lock B, Castro L, Mitchell M, McCaskill L, Fleming G, Stetter M. Protein Electrophoresis Values in Captive Adult Male Nile Crocodiles (Crocodilus niloticus) over Time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-24.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Lock
- Disney's Animal Programs, Veterinary Services, PO Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Lidia Castro
- Disney's Animal Programs, Veterinary Services, PO Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Mark Mitchell
- University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Lonnie McCaskill
- Disney's Animal Kingdom, Disney's Animal Programs, PO Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Greg Fleming
- Disney's Animal Programs, Veterinary Services, PO Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Mark Stetter
- Disney's Animal Programs, Veterinary Services, PO Box 10,000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND There were 900 exotic venomous snakebites reported from 2000 to 2009. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums' recommends institutions housing venomous reptiles have protocols for appropriate and timely transport of envenomed individuals to hospitals. The study objective was to evaluate functional aspects and potential problems of our emergency operation procedure designed for handling the response to an exotic venomous snakebite during implementation via a simulated drill. The emergency operation procedure consists of two protocols, the protocol for zoo personnel and exotic snakebite protocol for hospital personnel. METHODS Before the exercise the poison center (PC), zoo, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), receiving hospital emergency department (ED), and pharmacy were contacted. The emergency operation procedure was reviewed to determine areas of deficiency. A checklist of all required actions for each participating institution was created for use during the exercise. The exercise was divided into four phases: zoo, EMS, PC, and ED. Each phase was evaluated by an independent observer. RESULTS Review of the emergency operation procedure revealed sufficient and easy to follow information for zoo personnel. However, the exotic snakebite protocol for hospital personnel lacked details regarding signs and symptoms expected from each exotic venomous species in the zoo; and indications, dosing, and instructions on reconstitution for each of the antivenom carried by the zoo. Zoo, EMS, ED, and PC personnel completed 95%, 90%, 83%, and 25% of the required tasks, respectively. The PC encountered problems communicating the exotic snakebite protocol for hospital personnel to the ED due to phone and fax equipment failures. Creative solutions to the PC system issues were not identified in a timely manner. Despite the shortcomings, the time from simulated envenomation to antivenom (AV) administration was under an hour. CONCLUSIONS This drill identified several issues leading to revision of our exotic snakebite protocol for hospital personnel. We also identified suboptimal PC response in the application of the emergency operation procedure. We encourage every poison center in cooperation with local zoos to perform a similar exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rittirak Othong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
|
8
|
Hargrove L, Losier Y, Lock B, Englehart K, Hudgins B. A real-time pattern recognition based myoelectric control usability study implemented in a virtual environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:4842-5. [PMID: 18003090 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition based myoelectric control systems have been well researched; however very few systems have been implemented in a clinical environment. Although classification accuracy or classification error is the metric most often reported to describe how well these control systems perform, very little work research has been conducted to relate this measure to the usability of the system. This work presents a virtual clothespin usability test to assess the performance of pattern recognition based myoelectric control systems. The results suggest that users can complete the virtual task in reasonable time frames when using systems with high classification accuracies. Additionally, results indicate that a clinically-supported classifier training approach (inclusion of the transient potion of contraction signals) may reduce classification accuracy but increase real-time performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hargrove
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
An adult female Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was evaluated for a 10-day history of progressive ataxia and weakness. The bird had been exposed intermittently over a 3-day period to a cage that had previously housed juvenile raccoons. Results of diagnostic tests were inconclusive and, despite supportive care, the bird died 7 days after the initial presentation. Histopathologic examination revealed a single nematode larva in the midbrain that was consistent with Baylisascaris species and multifocal granulomas in the left ventricle of the heart. The neurologic disease in this bird was attributed to encephalitis caused by neural larval migration of the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Wolf
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Myers DA, Mitchell MA, Fleming G, Mayer J, Lock B, Rivera S, Gill A. Determining the Value of Bovine Albumin as a Blood Cell Stabilizer for Pancake Tortoise, Malacochersus tornieri, Blood Smears. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651.18.3-4.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A. Myers
- 1. Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100101, Gainesville, FL 32610-0101, USA
| | - Mark A. Mitchell
- 2. Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 W. Hazelwood, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Gregory Fleming
- 3. Disney's Animal Kingdom, PO Box 10000, Lake Buena Vista, FL 32830, USA
| | - Jörg Mayer
- 4. Department of Clinical Services, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Brad Lock
- 5. Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - Sam Rivera
- 5. Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - Amy Gill
- 6. School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The field of reptilian clinical endocrinology is still in its infancy. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are intimately involved with many basic metabolic functions. These glands have been the subject of extensive research studies in reptilian species; however, the effects of abnormal gland function have been poorly documented in clinical cases. These glands play a major role in maintaining physiologic homeostasis in all vertebrates. With the advent of more sensitive assays, it should be possible to measure the small amounts of hormones found in reptilian species. The purpose of this article is to review the literature regarding clinical endocrinology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Rivera
- Department of Animal Health, Zoo Atlanta, 800 Cherokee Avenue SE, Atlanta, GA 30315-1440, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mendelson JR, Lips KR, Gagliardo RW, Rabb GB, Collins JP, Diffendorfer JE, Daszak P, Ibáñez D R, Zippel KC, Lawson DP, Wright KM, Stuart SN, Gascon C, da Silva HR, Burrowes PA, Joglar RL, La Marca E, Lötters S, du Preez LH, Weldon C, Hyatt A, Rodriguez-Mahecha JV, Hunt S, Robertson H, Lock B, Raxworthy CJ, Frost DR, Lacy RC, Alford RA, Campbell JA, Parra-Olea G, Bolaños F, Domingo JJC, Halliday T, Murphy JB, Wake MH, Coloma LA, Kuzmin SL, Price MS, Howell KM, Lau M, Pethiyagoda R, Boone M, Lannoo MJ, Blaustein AR, Dobson A, Griffiths RA, Crump ML, Wake DB, Brodie ED. Biodiversity. Confronting amphibian declines and extinctions. Science 2006; 313:48. [PMID: 16825553 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
13
|
Lock B. Evidence Detectives: Integration of Research Methodology, Searching, and Critical Appraisal Curricula into a Dynamic Monthly Exercise. Acad Emerg Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Lock B, Heard D, Detrisac C, Jacobson E. An epizootic of chronic regurgitation associated with chlamydophilosis in recently imported emerald tree boas (Corallus caninus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2004; 34:385-93. [PMID: 15077716 DOI: 10.1638/02-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and five wild-caught emerald tree boas (Corallus caninus) were added to a collection of 15 others. in Central Florida, during a 4-mo period. Eighty-one boas (67%) developed repetitive regurgitation during the 23-mo period after the initial introduction, and 61 (75%) of these died. Regurgitation occurred 3-4 days after feeding. Prevalence of regurgitation in this population of snakes was 25%/mo (range 0-42%), and incidence was 3.52/mo (range 0-13/mo). The cumulative mortality for those boas developing repetitive regurgitation (61 of 120) during the 23-mo epizootic was 51%. Hematologic findings included anemia and leukocytosis, with lymphocytosis, monocytosis, and azurophilia. Histologic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract showed multifocal to diffuse lymphoplasmacytic inflammation with granuloma formation and positive immunohistochemical staining for chlamydial antigen. Electron microscopic evaluation of granulomas showed organisms consistent with Chlamydophila sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Lock
- Departments of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
An 18- to 25-yr-old intact female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) was diagnosed antemortem and postmortem with nasopharyngeal myxosarcoma metastatic to the lung, chronic lymphoplasmacytic otitis media, and lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic stomatitis. Myxosarcomas are rare in domestic animals and seldom metastasize; this tumor has not been previously reported in an exotic felid. Computed tomography of the skull was used during the diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Ringling Brothers and Baerum & Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation, 12850 Old Grade Road, Polk City, Florida 33868, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|