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Hu Y, Wu Y, Song J, Ma M, Xiao Y, Zeng B. Advancing Cordyceps militaris Industry: Gene Manipulation and Sustainable Biotechnological Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:783. [PMID: 39199741 PMCID: PMC11351413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is considered to be of great medicinal potential due to its remarkable pharmacological effects, safety, and edible characteristics. With the completion of the genome sequence and the advancement of efficient gene-editing technologies, coupled with the identification of gene functions in Cordyceps militaris, this fungus is poised to emerge as an outstanding strain for medicinal engineering applications. This review focuses on the development and application of genomic editing techniques, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), PEG-mediated protoplast transformation (PMT), and CRISPR/Cas9. Through the application of these techniques, researchers can engineer the biosynthetic pathways of valuable secondary metabolites to boost yields; such metabolites include cordycepin, polysaccharides, and ergothioneine. Furthermore, by identifying and modifying genes that influence the growth, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stress in Cordyceps militaris, it is possible to stimulate growth, enhance desirable traits, and increase resilience to unfavorable conditions. Finally, the green sustainable industrial development of C. militaris using agricultural waste to produce high-value-added products and the future research directions of C. militaris were discussed. This review will provide future directions for the large-scale production of bioactive ingredients, molecular breeding, and sustainable development of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (M.M.); (Y.X.)
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2
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Graziosi S, Puliga F, Iotti M, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A. In vitro interactions between Bradyrhizobium spp. and Tuber magnatum mycelium. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13271. [PMID: 38692852 PMCID: PMC11062863 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Tuber magnatum is the most expensive truffle, but its large-scale cultivation is still a challenge compared to other valuable Tuber species. T. magnatum mycelium has never been grown profitably until now, which has led to difficulties to studying it in vitro. This study describes beneficial interactions between T. magnatum mycelium and never before described bradyrhizobia, which allows the in vitro growth of T. magnatum mycelium. Three T. magnatum strains were co-isolated on modified Woody Plant Medium (mWPM) with aerobic bacteria and characterised through microscopic observations. The difficulties of growing alone both partners, bacteria and T. magnatum mycelium, on mWPM demonstrated the reciprocal dependency. Three bacterial isolates for each T. magnatum strain were obtained and molecularly characterised by sequencing the 16S rRNA, glnII, recA and nifH genes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all nine bacterial strains were distributed among five subclades included in a new monophyletic lineage belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus within the Bradyrhizobium jicamae supergroup. The nifH genes were detected in all bacterial isolates, suggesting nitrogen-fixing capacities. This is the first report of consistent T. magnatum mycelium growth in vitro conditions. It has important implications for the development of new technologies in white truffle cultivation and for further studies on T. magnatum biology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Graziosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food SciencesUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental ScienceUniversity of L'AquilaL'AquilaItaly
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3
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Bao Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Yang H, Yan R, Zhu D. Heat stress-induced NO enhanced perylenequinone biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. via calcium signaling pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:317. [PMID: 38700737 PMCID: PMC11068690 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Perylenequinones (PQs) are natural photosensitizing compounds used as photodynamic therapy, and heat stress (HS) is the main limiting factor of mycelial growth and secondary metabolism of fungi. This study aimed to unravel the impact of HS-induced Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway on PQ biosynthesis of Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). Meanwhile, the intricate interplay between HS-induced NO and Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway was investigated. The outcomes disclosed that Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway activated by HS could effectively enhance the production of PQs in Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). Further investigations elucidated the specific mechanism through which NO signaling molecules induced by HS act upon the Ca2+/CaM (calmodulin) signaling pathway, thus propelling PQ biosynthesis in Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). This was substantiated by decoding the downstream positioning of the CaM/CaN (calcineurin) pathway in relation to NO through comprehensive analyses encompassing transcript levels, enzyme assays, and the introduction of chemical agents. Concurrently, the engagement of Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway in heat shock signaling was also evidenced. The implications of our study underscore the pivotal role of HS-induced Ca2+ and the calcium signaling pathway, which not only participate in heat shock signal transduction but also play an instrumental role in promoting PQ biosynthesis. Consequently, our study not only enriches our comprehension of the mechanisms driving HS signaling transduction in fungi but also offers novel insights into the PQ synthesis paradigm within Shiraia sp. Slf14(w). KEY POINTS: • The calcium signaling pathway was proposed to participate in PQ biosynthesis under HS. • HS-induced NO was revealed to act upon the calcium signaling pathway for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Bao
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yunni Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Riming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
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4
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Steidinger BS, Büntgen U, Stobbe U, Tegel W, Sproll L, Haeni M, Moser B, Bagi I, Bonet J, Buée M, Dauphin B, Martínez‐Peña F, Molinier V, Zweifel R, Egli S, Peter M. The fall of the summer truffle: Recurring hot, dry summers result in declining fruitbody production of Tuber aestivum in Central Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7376-7390. [PMID: 36200354 PMCID: PMC9828532 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is pushing populations outside their range of physiological tolerance. According to the environmental envelope framework, the most vulnerable populations occur near the climatic edge of their species' distributions. In contrast, populations from the climatic center of the species range should be relatively buffered against climate warming. We tested this latter prediction using a combination of linear mixed effects and machine learning algorithms on an extensive, citizen-scientist generated dataset on the fruitbody productivity of the Burgundy (aka summer) truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.), a keystone, ectomycorrhizal tree-symbiont occurring on a wide range of temperate climates. T. aestivum's fruitbody productivity was monitored at 3-week resolution over up to 8 continuous years at 20 sites distributed in the climatic center of its European distribution in southwest Germany and Switzerland. We found that T. aestivum fruitbody production is more sensitive to summer drought than would be expected from the breadth of its species' climatic niche. The monitored populations occurring nearly 5°C colder than the edge of their species' climatic distribution. However, interannual fruitbody productivity (truffle mass year-1 ) fell by a median loss of 22% for every 1°C increase in summer temperature over a site's 30-year mean. Among the most productive monitored populations, the temperature sensitivity was even higher, with single summer temperature anomalies of 3°C sufficient to stop fruitbody production altogether. Interannual truffle productivity was also related to the phenology of host trees, with ~22 g less truffle mass for each 1-day reduction in the length of the tree growing season. Increasing summer drought extremes are therefore likely to reduce fruiting among summer truffle populations throughout Central Europe. Our results suggest that European T. aestivum may be a mosaic of vulnerable populations, sensitive to climate-driven declines at lower thresholds than implied by its species distribution model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Steidinger
- Department of EcologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Global Change Research Centre (Czech Globe)BrnoCzech Republic
- Department of GeographyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Geography, Faculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Willy Tegel
- Forest GrowthAlbert‐Ludwigs UniversityFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Matthias Haeni
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Marc Buée
- Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE‐Grand Est, Interactions Arbres/MicroorganismesINRAE, UMR 1136 INRAE‐University of LorraineChampenouxFrance
| | - Benjamin Dauphin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Fernando Martínez‐Peña
- Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon CITAZaragozaSpain
- European Mycological Institute EGTC‐EMISoriaSpain
| | - Virginie Molinier
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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5
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Sisti D, Donati Zeppa S, Amicucci A, Vittori Antisari L, Vianello G, Puliga F, Leonardi P, Iotti M, Zambonelli A. The bianchetto truffle (Tuber borchii) a lead-resistant ectomycorrhizal fungus increases Quercus cerris phytoremediation potential. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6439-6452. [PMID: 36325818 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tuber borchii is a European edible truffle which forms ectomycorrhizas with several soft- and hardwood plants. In this article, the effects of high level of Pb on the in vitro growth of five T. borchii strains and the molecular mechanisms involved in Pb tolerance were studied. Moreover, the effects of the Pb treatment on T. borchii ectomycorrhizas and on the growth, element uptake and distribution in different organs of Quercus cerris seedlings were investigated. The results showed an extraordinary tolerance of T. borchii mycelium to Pb: all the tested strains were able to grow at Pb concentration over 4000 mg L-1 . The mechanisms of tolerance seem related to Pb sequestration in the vacuole and its immobilization as crystal of Pb oxalate outside the hyphae rather than detoxification processes, considering the low expression of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin genes. T. borchii-Q. cerris mycorrhizas tolerate a soil concentration of Pb from 1869 to 4030 mg kg-1 although, at these Pb concentrations, T. borchii showed a reduced ability to colonize roots. T. borchii mycorrhization increased the uptake of Pb by Q. cerris. Mycorrhization and Pb treatment also significantly influenced the uptake and translocation in the plant of other elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Donati Zeppa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Gilmo Vianello
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Puliga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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6
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Gwon JH, Park H, Eom AH. Effect of Temperature, pH, and Media on the Mycelial Growth of Tuber koreanum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2022; 50:238-243. [PMID: 36158045 PMCID: PMC9467589 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2112586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Tuber are ectomycorrhizal fungi; this genus includes more than 180 species worldwide. In the present study, the optimal pH, temperature, and medium suitable for the mycelial growth of the Korean truffle, Tuber koreanum, were determined. Mycelium of T. koreanum, isolated from fruiting bodies collected in Korea, was used to investigate the effects of these environmental factors. The results showed that malt extract agar and potato dextrose agar were the most suitable for the mycelial growth of T. koreanum when cultured at a pH of 6.0 at 25 °C for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hui Gwon
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeok Park
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ahn-Heum Eom
- Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, South Korea
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7
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Liu Q, Johnson LJ, Applegate ER, Arfmann K, Jauregui R, Larking A, Mace WJ, Maclean P, Walker T, Johnson RD. Identification of Genetic Diversity, Pyrrocidine-Producing Strains and Transmission Modes of Endophytic Sarocladium zeae Fungi from Zea Crops. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071415. [PMID: 35889134 PMCID: PMC9316807 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to reveal the inherent genetic variation within the haploid fungi Sarocladium zeae isolated from diverse Zea germplasm, including modern Zea mays and its wild progenitors—the teosintes. In accordance with broad host relationship parameters, GBS analysis revealed significant host lineages of S. zeae genetic diversity, indicating that S. zeae genetic variation may associate with different evolutionary histories of host species or varieties. Based on a recently identified PKS-NRPS gene responsible for pyrrocidine biosynthesis in S. zeae fungi, a novel PCR assay was developed to discriminate pyrrocidine-producing S. zeae strains. This molecular method for screening bioactive strains of S. zeae is complementary to other approaches, such as chemical analyses. An eGFP-labelled S. zeae strain was also developed to investigate the endophytic transmission of S. zeae in Z. mays seedlings, which has further improved our understanding of the transmission modes of S. zeae endophytes in maize tissues.
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8
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Nakano S, Kinoshita A, Obase K, Nakamura N, Furusawa H, Noguchi K, Yamanaka T. Physiological characteristics of pure cultures of a white-colored truffle <i>Tuber japonicum</i>. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:53-57. [PMID: 37092006 PMCID: PMC9999085 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A white-colored truffle Tuber japonicum, indigenous to Japan, is an ascomycetous ectomycorrhizal fungus. To clarify the physiological characteristics of this fungus, we investigated the influence of culture medium, temperature, and sources of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) on the growth of five strains. Tuber japonicum strains grew better on malt extract and modified Melin-Norkrans medium, and showed peak growth at 20 °C or 25 °C. This fungus utilized inorganic (NH4 + and NO3 -) and organic N sources (casamino acids, glutamine, peptone, urea, and yeast extract). Additionally, this fungus utilized various C sources, such as monosaccharide (arabinose, fructose, galactose, glucose, and mannose), disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, and trehalose), polysaccharide (dextrin and soluble starch), and sugar alcohol (mannitol). However, nutrient sources that promote growth and their effects on growth promotion widely varied among strains. This can result from the strain difference in enzyme activities involved in the assimilation and metabolism of these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akihiko Kinoshita
- Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
| | | | | | | | - Kyotaro Noguchi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
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9
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Luo L, Zhang S, Wu J, Sun X, Ma A. Heat stress in macrofungi: effects and response mechanisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7567-7576. [PMID: 34536103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the key factors that affects the growth and development of macrofungi. Heat stress not only negatively affects the morphology and growth rate of macrofungi, but also destroys cell structures and influences cell metabolism. Due to loosed structure of cell walls and increased membrane fluidity, which caused by heat stress, the outflow of intracellular nutrients makes macrofungi more vulnerable to invasion by pathogens. Macrofungi accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, and nitric oxide (NO) when heat-stressed, which transmit and amplify the heat stimulation signal through intracellular signal transduction pathways. Through regulation of some transcription factors including heat response factors (HSFs), POZCP26 and MYB, macrofungi respond to heat stress by different mechanisms. In this paper, we present mechanisms used by macrofungi to adapt and survive under heat stress conditions, including antioxidant defense systems that eliminate the excess ROS, increase in trehalose levels that prevent enzymes and proteins deformation, and stabilize cell structures and heat shock proteins (HSPs) that repair damaged proteins and synthesis of auxins, which increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. All of these help macrofungi resist and adapt to heat stress. KEY POINTS: • The effects of heat stress on macrofungal growth and development were described. • The respond mechanisms to heat stress in macrofungi were summarized. • The further research directions of heat stress in macrofungi were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyue Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xueyan Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Aimin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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10
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Effect of Quercetin on Mycorrhizal Synthesis between Tuberborchii and Arbutusunedo L. In Vitro Plants. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbutus unedo L. is a Mediterranean species used for fruit production; it is tolerant to drought and shows regeneration ability following forest fires. Mycorrhizal plants with Tuber borchii add resilience and value. This study aims to test the effect of quercetin on mycorrhizal synthesis between T. borchii and A. unedo. Two genotypes selected for fruit production and hydric stress tolerance, were micropropagated for mycorrhizal synthesis, accomplished during ex vitro rooting in perlite, using lyophilized spores of T. borchii suspended in culture media with different quercetin levels (0–10 µM). Six months after inoculation, plants were transferred to pots and maintained in nursery. Ten and 12 months after inoculation, roots were morphological examined and molecularly characterized using ITS1-5.8SITS2 rDNA region and specific primers. Results showed that mycorrhizae establishment was dependent on studied factors (genotype, quercetin level, and culture medium) and their interaction (genotype X culture medium). Quercetin levels up to 2.0 µM favored mycorrhizae establishment and plant growth, although levels superior to 4 µM showed a toxic effect. Quercetin showed to be an efficient factor on inducing mycorrhiza thriving independent of the genotype. Morphological observations and molecular analysis confirmed the permanence of the fungus association 10 and 12 months after inoculation.
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11
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Ori F, Leonardi M, Faccio A, Sillo F, Iotti M, Pacioni G, Balestrini R. Synthesis and ultrastructural observation of arbutoid mycorrhizae of black truffles (Tuber melanosporum and T. aestivum). MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:715-723. [PMID: 33079241 PMCID: PMC7591440 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbutus unedo (the strawberry tree) is a Mediterranean shrub which forms arbutoid mycorrhizae with a variety of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. After the discovery of the mycorrhizal symbiosis between A. unedo and Tuber borchii, in this study, arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthetized in greenhouse with Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum. Six months after inoculation, both species colonized the roots of all inoculated A. unedo seedlings, but mature mycorrhizae were only observed after 12 months. Ultrastructure analysis of Tuber arbutoid mycorrhizae was described for the first time, showing, as observed in typical endosymbiosis, a rearrangement of host cells and the creation of an interface compartment with both truffle species. Immunolabelling experiments suggested that pectins are not present in the interface matrix surrounding the intracellular hyphae. Thus, the ability to establish symbiosis with A. unedo seems to be a common feature in the genus Tuber, opening up the possibility to use this plant for mycorrhization with valuable truffles. This could represent an important economic opportunity in Mediterranean areas by combining the production of truffles, edible fruits and valued honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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13
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Lee H, Nam K, Zahra Z, Farooqi MQU. Potentials of truffles in nutritional and medicinal applications: a review. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:9. [PMID: 32566240 PMCID: PMC7301458 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffles, the symbiotic hypogeous edible fungi, have been worldwide regarded as a great delicacy because of their unique flavor and high nutritional value. By identifying their bioactive components such as phenolics, terpenoids, polysaccharides, anandamide, fatty acids, and ergosterols, researchers have paid attention to their biological activities including antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. In addition, numerous factors have been investigating that can affect the quality and productivity of truffles to overcome their difficulty in culturing and preserving. To provide the information for their potential applications in medicine as well as in functional food, this review summarizes the relevant literature about the biochemical composition, aromatic and nutritional benefits, and biological properties of truffles. Besides, various factors affecting their productivity and quality as well as the preservation methods are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heayyean Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea.,Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, 02163 MA USA
| | - Kyungmin Nam
- Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, 02163 MA USA
| | - Zahra Zahra
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea.,Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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14
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Nakano S, Kinoshita A, Obase K, Nakamura N, Furusawa H, Noguchi K, Yamanaka T. Influence of pH on in vitro mycelial growth in three Japanese truffle species: Tuber japonicum, T. himalayense, and T. longispinosum. MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Amicucci A, Barbieri E, Sparvoli V, Gioacchini AM, Calcabrini C, Palma F, Stocchi V, Zambonelli A. Microbial and pigment profile of the reddish patch occurring within Tuber magnatum ascomata. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1134-1141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Heat and light stresses affect metabolite production in the fruit body of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4523-4533. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Picceri GG, Leonardi P, Iotti M, Gallo M, Baldi F, Zambonelli A, Amicucci A, Vallorani L, Piccoli G, Ciccimarra G, Arshakyan M, Burattini S, Falcieri E, Chiarantini L. Bacteria-produced ferric exopolysaccharide nanoparticles as iron delivery system for truffles (Tuber borchii). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1429-1441. [PMID: 29189902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles were biogenerated during ferric citrate fermentation by Klebsiella oxytoca DSM 29614. Before investigating their effects on Tuber borchii ("bianchetto" truffle) mycelium growth and morphology, they were tested on human K562 cell line and Lentinula edodes pure culture and shown to be non-toxic. Using these nanoparticles as iron supplement, the truffles showed extremely efficient iron uptake of over 300 times that of a commercial product. This avoided morphological changes in T. borchii due to lack of iron during growth and, with optimum nanoparticle dosage, increased growth without cell wall disruption or alteration of protoplasmatic hyphal content, the nuclei, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticula being preserved. No significant modifications in gene expression were observed. These advantages derive from the completely different mechanism of iron delivery to mycelia compared to commercial iron supplements. The present data, in fact, show the nanoparticles attached to the cell wall, then penetrating it non-destructively without damage to cell membrane, mitochondria, chromatin, or ribosome. Low dosage significantly improved mycelium growth, without affecting hyphal morphology. Increases in hyphal diameter and septal distance indicated a healthier state of the mycelia compared to those grown in the absence of iron or with a commercial iron supplement. These positive effects were confirmed by measuring fungal biomass as mycelium dry weight, total protein, and ergosterol content. This "green" method for biogenerating iron exopolysaccharide nanoparticles offers many advantages, including significant economic savings, without toxic effects on the ectomycorrhizal fungus, opening the possibility of using them as iron supplements in truffle plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Giusi Picceri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio (Coppito), 1, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Michele Gallo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Franco Baldi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University, via Torino 155, 30172 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, viale Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Luciana Vallorani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciccimarra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Marselina Arshakyan
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Burattini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
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