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Antimony Hall sensor testing at ITER and DEMO relevant temperatures. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Entler S, Duran I, Kocan M, Vayakis G, Sladek P, Grover O, Sebek J, Vyborny K. Calibration of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Entler S, Soban Z, Duran I, Kovarik K, Vyborny K, Sebek J, Tazlaru S, Strelecek J, Sladek P. Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030721. [PMID: 33494501 PMCID: PMC7865485 DOI: 10.3390/s21030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic-chromium Hall sensors represent a temperature and radiation resistant alternative to Hall sensors based on semiconductors. Demand for these sensors is presently motivated by the ITER and DEMO nuclear fusion projects. The developed ceramic-chromium Hall sensors were tested up to a temperature of 550 °C and a magnetic field of 14 T. The magnitude of the sensitivity of the tested sensor was 6.2 mV/A/T at 20 °C and 4.6 mV/A/T at 500 °C. The sensitivity was observed to be weakly dependent on a temperature above 240 °C with an average temperature coefficient of 0.014%/°C and independent of the magnetic field with a relative average deviation below the measurement accuracy of 0.086%. A simulation of a neutron-induced transmutation was performed to assess changes in the composition of the chromium. After 5.2 operational years of the DEMO fusion reactor, the transmuted fraction of the chromium sensitive layer was found to be 0.27% at the most exposed sensor location behind the divertor cassette with a neutron fluence of 6.08 × 1025 n/m2. The ceramic-chromium Hall sensors show the potential to be suitable magnetic sensors for environments with high temperatures and strong neutron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomir Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-2-6605-3393
| | - Zbynek Soban
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Ivan Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Kovarik
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Josef Sebek
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Stana Tazlaru
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Strelecek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Petr Sladek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
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Entler S, Sebek J, Duran I, Vyborny K, Grover O, Kocan M, Vayakis G. High magnetic field test of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field Hall sensors at ITER relevant temperature. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10J112. [PMID: 30399944 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field sensor diagnostics consist of sixty sensor units. Each sensor unit features a pair of ceramic-metal Hall sensors with a sensing layer made of bismuth. The sensors were tested simultaneously in the magnetic field ranging from -12 T to +12 T at the temperature range from 27 to 127 °C. The Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of the bismuth layer related to the sensors were identified. In the sensor operating conditions, the Hall coefficient dependence on temperature was fitted with an exponential function with a relative error of less than 0.08%, and the dependence on the magnetic field was fitted with a Gaussian-like function with a relative error of less than 0.11%. An alternative expression based on the physical understanding of the free charge carrier transport in semimetals was derived to describe the dependence of the Hall coefficient on the magnetic field, and its fitting error of 1.2 mT in terms of the magnetic field measurement has met the ITER measurement accuracy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Sebek
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - O Grover
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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Kocan M, Duran I, Entler S, Vayakis G, Agostinetti P, Brombin M, Carmona JM, Gambetta G, Jirman T, Marconato N, Moreau P, Peruzzo S, Spuig P, Walsh M. Steady state magnetic sensors for ITER and beyond: Development and final design (invited). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10J119. [PMID: 30399664 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of the magnetic field in tokamaks such as ITER and DEMO will be challenging due to the long pulse duration, high neutron flux, and elevated temperatures. The long duration of the plasma pulse makes standard techniques, such as inductive coils, prone to errors. At the same time, the hostile environment, with repairs possible only on blanket exchange, if at all, requires a robust magnetic sensor. This contribution presents the final design of novel, steady-state, magnetic sensors for ITER. A poloidal array of 60 sensors mounted on the vacuum vessel outer shell contributes to the measurement of the plasma current, plasma-wall clearance, low-frequency MHD modes and will allow for crosscheck with the outer-vessel inductive coils. Each sensor hosts a pair of bismuth Hall probes, themselves an outcome of extensive R&D, including neutron irradiations (to 1023 n/m2), temperature cycling tests (73-473 K) and tests at high magnetic field (to 12 T). A significant effort has been devoted to optimize the sensor housing by design and prototyping. The production version features an indium-filled cell for in situ recalibration of the onboard thermocouple, vital for the interpretation of the Hall sensor measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - P Agostinetti
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - M Brombin
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - J M Carmona
- AVS, Pol. Ind. Sigma Xixilion Kalea 2, Bajo Pabellón 10, 20870 Elgoibar, Spain
| | - G Gambetta
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - T Jirman
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N Marconato
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Moreau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - S Peruzzo
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Spuig
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - M Walsh
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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Ďuran I, Entler S, Kočan M, Kohout M, Viererbl L, Mušálek R, Chráska T, Vayakis G. Development of Bismuth Hall sensors for ITER steady state magnetic diagnostics. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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