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Horacek J, Lukes S, Adamek J, Havlicek J, Entler S, Seidl J, Cavalier J, Cikhardt J, Sedmidubsky V. Novel concept suppressing plasma heat pulses in a tokamak by fast divertor sweeping. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17013. [PMID: 36220883 PMCID: PMC9554185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the remaining challenges in magnetic thermonuclear fusion is survival of the heat shield protecting the tokamak reactor vessel against excessive plasma heat fluxes. Unmitigated high confinement edge localized mode (ELM) is a regular heat pulse damaging the heat shield. We suggest a novel concept of magnetic sweeping of the plasma contact strike point fast and far enough in order to spread this heat pulse. We demonstrate feasibility of a dedicated copper coil in a resonant circuit, including the induced currents and power electronics. We predict the DEMO ELM properties, simulate heat conduction, 3D particles motion and magnetic fields of the plasma and coil in COMSOL Multiphysics and Matlab. The dominant system parameter is voltage, feasible 18 kV yields 1 kHz sweeping frequency, suppressing the ELM-induced surface temperature rise by a factor of 3. Multiplied by other known mitigation concepts, ELMs might be mitigated enough to ensure safe operation of DEMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horacek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - S Lukes
- FNSPE, Czech Technical University, Břehová 7, 115 19, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Adamek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Havlicek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Seidl
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Cavalier
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Cikhardt
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,FEL, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vondracek P, Panek R, Hron M, Havlicek J, Weinzettl V, Todd T, Tskhakaya D, Cunningham G, Hacek P, Hromadka J, Junek P, Krbec J, Patel N, Sestak D, Varju J, Adamek J, Balazsova M, Balner V, Barton P, Bielecki J, Bilkova P, Błocki J, Bocian D, Bogar K, Bogar O, Boocz P, Borodkina I, Brooks A, Bohm P, Burant J, Casolari A, Cavalier J, Chappuis P, Dejarnac R, Dimitrova M, Dudak M, Duran I, Ellis R, Entler S, Fang J, Farnik M, Ficker O, Fridrich D, Fukova S, Gerardin J, Hanak I, Havranek A, Herrmann A, Horacek J, Hronova O, Imrisek M, Isernia N, Jaulmes F, Jerab M, Kindl V, Komm M, Kovarik K, Kral M, Kripner L, Macusova E, Majer T, Markovic T, Matveeva E, Mikszuta-Michalik K, Mohelnik M, Mysiura I, Naydenkova D, Nemec I, Ortwein R, Patocka K, Peterka M, Podolnik A, Prochazka F, Prevratil J, Reboun J, Scalera V, Scholz M, Svoboda J, Swierblewski J, Sos M, Tadros M, Titus P, Tomes M, Torres A, Tracz G, Turjanica P, Varavin M, Veselovsky V, Villone F, Wąchal P, Yanovskiy V, Zadvitskiy G, Zajac J, Zak A, Zaloga D, Zelda J, Zhang H. Preliminary design of the COMPASS upgrade tokamak. Fusion Engineering and Design 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Entler S, Sebek J, Duran I, Vyborny K, Grover O, Kocan M, Vayakis G. High magnetic field test of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field Hall sensors at ITER relevant temperature. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10J112. [PMID: 30399944 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic field sensor diagnostics consist of sixty sensor units. Each sensor unit features a pair of ceramic-metal Hall sensors with a sensing layer made of bismuth. The sensors were tested simultaneously in the magnetic field ranging from -12 T to +12 T at the temperature range from 27 to 127 °C. The Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of the bismuth layer related to the sensors were identified. In the sensor operating conditions, the Hall coefficient dependence on temperature was fitted with an exponential function with a relative error of less than 0.08%, and the dependence on the magnetic field was fitted with a Gaussian-like function with a relative error of less than 0.11%. An alternative expression based on the physical understanding of the free charge carrier transport in semimetals was derived to describe the dependence of the Hall coefficient on the magnetic field, and its fitting error of 1.2 mT in terms of the magnetic field measurement has met the ITER measurement accuracy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Sebek
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - O Grover
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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Kocan M, Duran I, Entler S, Vayakis G, Agostinetti P, Brombin M, Carmona JM, Gambetta G, Jirman T, Marconato N, Moreau P, Peruzzo S, Spuig P, Walsh M. Steady state magnetic sensors for ITER and beyond: Development and final design (invited). Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10J119. [PMID: 30399664 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The measurements of the magnetic field in tokamaks such as ITER and DEMO will be challenging due to the long pulse duration, high neutron flux, and elevated temperatures. The long duration of the plasma pulse makes standard techniques, such as inductive coils, prone to errors. At the same time, the hostile environment, with repairs possible only on blanket exchange, if at all, requires a robust magnetic sensor. This contribution presents the final design of novel, steady-state, magnetic sensors for ITER. A poloidal array of 60 sensors mounted on the vacuum vessel outer shell contributes to the measurement of the plasma current, plasma-wall clearance, low-frequency MHD modes and will allow for crosscheck with the outer-vessel inductive coils. Each sensor hosts a pair of bismuth Hall probes, themselves an outcome of extensive R&D, including neutron irradiations (to 1023 n/m2), temperature cycling tests (73-473 K) and tests at high magnetic field (to 12 T). A significant effort has been devoted to optimize the sensor housing by design and prototyping. The production version features an indium-filled cell for in situ recalibration of the onboard thermocouple, vital for the interpretation of the Hall sensor measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - I Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - P Agostinetti
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - M Brombin
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - J M Carmona
- AVS, Pol. Ind. Sigma Xixilion Kalea 2, Bajo Pabellón 10, 20870 Elgoibar, Spain
| | - G Gambetta
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - T Jirman
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - N Marconato
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Moreau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - S Peruzzo
- Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35137 Padova, Italy
| | - P Spuig
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - M Walsh
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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Kocan M, Duran I, Entler S, Vayakis G, Carmona J, Gitton P, Guirao J, Gonzalez M, Iglesias S, Pascual Q, Sandford G, Vacas C, Walsh M, Walton R. Final design of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic sensors. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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You J, Mazzone G, Visca E, Bachmann C, Autissier E, Barrett T, Cocilovo V, Crescenzi F, Domalapally P, Dongiovanni D, Entler S, Federici G, Frosi P, Fursdon M, Greuner H, Hancock D, Marzullo D, McIntosh S, Müller A, Porfiri M, Ramogida G, Reiser J, Richou M, Rieth M, Rydzy A, Villari R, Widak V. Conceptual design studies for the European DEMO divertor: Rationale and first results. Fusion Engineering and Design 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ďuran I, Entler S, Kohout M, Kočan M, Vayakis G. High magnetic field test of bismuth Hall sensors for ITER steady state magnetic diagnostic. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D446. [PMID: 27910548 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Performance of bismuth Hall sensors developed for the ITER steady state magnetic diagnostic was investigated for high magnetic fields in the range ±7 T. Response of the sensors to the magnetic field was found to be nonlinear particularly within the range ±1 T. Significant contribution of the planar Hall effect to the sensors output voltage causing undesirable cross field sensitivity was identified. It was demonstrated that this effect can be minimized by the optimization of the sensor geometry and alignment with the magnetic field and by the application of "current-spinning technique."
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ďuran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kohout
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Na Slovance 1992/2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kočan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, 13076 St. Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, 13076 St. Paul-lez-Durance, France
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