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Wang Q, Duan R, Han F, Huang B, Wang W, Wang Q. The impact of core self-evaluation on school adaptation of high school students after their return to school during the COVID-19 pandemic: the parallel mediation of positive and negative coping styles. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15871. [PMID: 37927795 PMCID: PMC10624169 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the direct effect of core self-evaluation and the indirect effects of positive and negative coping styles on school adaptation of high school students after their return to school during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The Core Self-Evaluation Scale, Simple Coping Style Scale, and School Adaptation Questionnaire were used for the psychometric analysis of 500 high school students (229 males and 271 females) one month after their return to school. The bootstrap method was applied for mediation analysis. Results A positive correlation was noted between core self-evaluation and school adaptation (r = 0.56), and the predictive effect was significant (β = 0.43). Core self-evaluation positively predicted positive coping styles, which positively predicted school adaptation, while core self-evaluation negatively predicted negative coping styles, which negatively predicted school adaptation. Positive and negative coping styles played a significant mediating role between core self-evaluation and school adaptation. The mediating effect included the indirect effects generated by two pathways: core self-evaluation → positive coping style → school adaptation (95% CI [0.08-0.19]) and core self-evaluation → negative coping style → school adaptation (95% CI [0.03-0.11]). Conclusion There is a positive association between the core self-evaluation and school adaptation of high school students after their return to school during the COVID-19 pandemic. It may directly or indirectly affect the school adaptation of high school students after their return to school through positive or negative coping styles. After returning to school, educators should guide students to view themselves positively, cultivate healthy core self-evaluation, and enable them to have good school adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Wang
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruirui Duan
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fulei Han
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beibei Huang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiulin Wang
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Alves-Cabratosa L, Comas-Cufí M, Blanch J, Martí-Lluch R, Ponjoan A, Castro-Guardiola A, Hurtado-Ganoza A, Pérez-Jaén A, Rexach-Fumaña M, Faixedas-Brunsoms D, Gispert-Ametller MA, Guell-Cargol A, Rodriguez-Batista M, Santaularia-Font F, Orriols R, Bonnin-Vilaplana M, Calderón López JC, Sabater-Talaverano G, Queralt Moles FX, Rodriguez-Requejo S, Avellana-Revuelta E, Balló E, Fages-Masmiquel E, Sirvent JM, Lorencio C, Morales-Pedrosa JM, Ortiz-Ballujera P, Ramos R. Individuals With SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the First and Second Waves in Catalonia, Spain: Retrospective Observational Study Using Daily Updated Data. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2022; 8:e30006. [PMID: 34797774 PMCID: PMC8734611 DOI: 10.2196/30006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A description of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection comparing the first and second waves could help adapt health services to manage this highly transmissible infection. OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe the epidemiology of individuals with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the characteristics of patients with a positive test comparing the first and second waves in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS This study had 2 stages. First, we analyzed daily updated data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals from Girona (Catalonia). Second, we compared 2 retrospective cohorts of patients with a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. The severity of patients with a positive test was defined by their admission to hospital, admission to intermediate respiratory care, admission to the intensive care unit, or death. The first wave was from March 1, 2020, to June 24, 2020, and the second wave was from June 25, 2020, to December 8, 2020. RESULTS The numbers of tests and cases were lower in the first wave than in the second wave (26,096 tests and 3140 cases in the first wave versus 140,332 tests and 11,800 cases in the second wave), but the percentage of positive results was higher in the first wave than in the second wave (12.0% versus 8.4%). Among individuals with a positive diagnostic test, 818 needed hospitalization in the first wave and 680 in the second; however, the percentage of hospitalized individuals was higher in the first wave than in the second wave (26.1% versus 5.8%). The group that was not admitted to hospital included older people and those with a higher percentage of comorbidities in the first wave, whereas the characteristics of the groups admitted to hospital were more alike. CONCLUSIONS Screening systems for SARS-CoV-2 infection were scarce during the first wave, but were more adequate during the second wave, reflecting the usefulness of surveillance systems to detect a high number of asymptomatic infected individuals and their contacts, to help control this pandemic. The characteristics of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first and second waves differed substantially; individuals in the first wave were older and had a worse health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Alves-Cabratosa
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Comas-Cufí
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Blanch
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
| | - Ruth Martí-Lluch
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Ponjoan
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Antoni Castro-Guardiola
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Abelardo Hurtado-Ganoza
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Jaén
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Rexach-Fumaña
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Delfi Faixedas-Brunsoms
- Technical Secretariat, Institut Assistència Sanitària, Girona, Spain
- Technical Secretariat, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Maria Angels Gispert-Ametller
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Guell-Cargol
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Orriols
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Santa Caterina de Salt, Salt, Spain
- CIBER of Respiratory Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Bonnin-Vilaplana
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Santa Caterina de Salt, Salt, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Calderón López
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Santa Caterina de Salt, Salt, Spain
| | - Gladis Sabater-Talaverano
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Santa Caterina de Salt, Salt, Spain
| | | | - Sara Rodriguez-Requejo
- Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Girona, Spain
- Atenció Primària, Institut d'Assistència Sanitària, Girona, Spain
| | - Esteve Avellana-Revuelta
- Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Girona, Spain
- Atenció Primària, Institut d'Assistència Sanitària, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Balló
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Josep-Maria Sirvent
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Carol Lorencio
- Intensive Care Department, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafel Ramos
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona, Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol i Gurina, Girona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Girona, Spain
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Llupià A, Borràs-Santos A, Guinovart C, Utzet M, Moriña D, Puig J. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in students of public schools of Catalonia (Spain) after a month of reopening. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251593. [PMID: 33979410 PMCID: PMC8115831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-CoV-2 transmission within schools and its contribution to community transmission are still a matter of debate. METHODS A retrospective cohort study in all public schools in Catalonia was conducted using publicly available data assessing the association between the number of reported SARS-CoV-2 cases among students and staff in weeks 1-2 (Sept 14-27th, 2020) of the academic year with school SARS-CoV-2 incidence among students in weeks 4-5. A multilevel Poisson regression model adjusted for the community incidence in the corresponding basic health area (BHA) and the type of school (primary or secondary), with random effects at the sanitary region and BHA levels, was performed. RESULTS A total of 2184 public schools opened on September 14th with 778,715 students. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between the total number of SARS-CoV-2 cases in a centre in weeks 1-2 and the SARS-CoV-2 school incidence among students in weeks 4-5 (Risk Ratio (RR) 1.074, 95% CI 1.044-1.105, p-value <0.001). The adjusted BHA incidence in the first two weeks was associated with school incidence in weeks 4-5 (RR 1.002, 95% CI 1.002-1.003, p-value <0.001). Secondary schools showed an increased incidence in weeks 4 and 5 (RR primary vs secondary 1.709 95% CI 1.599-1.897, p-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Safety measures adopted by schools were not enough to stop related-to-school transmission in students and could be improved. The safest way to keep schools open is to reduce community transmission down to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Llupià
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alícia Borràs-Santos
- Gimbernat School of Nursing, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caterina Guinovart
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Utzet
- Center for Research in Occupational Health (CISAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Moriña
- Department of Econometrics, Statistics and Applied Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Puig
- Department of Mathematics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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