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Matsuda T, Muranaga S, Zeni JA, Yoshida Y. Simple Mobility Tests Predict Use of Assistive Devices in Older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2024:00139143-990000000-00050. [PMID: 38744441 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assistive devices (ADs) for ambulation are commonly provided to improve safety and independence in older adults. Despite the common use of these devices, there are no standard prescribing guidelines, and non-health care providers, including caregivers and family members, often make decisions about the need for ADs. Identifying factors or a single screening test associated with AD use would benefit clinicians and non-health care caregivers in making decisions to adopt an AD for patients, clients, and family members. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the test that best predicts ADs for ambulation and non-AD use among community-dwelling individuals. METHODS Eighty-five older adults (81.6 ± 8.2 years old) who underwent outpatient physical therapy participated in this study. They participated in a series of tests, including the Timed Up and Go, handgrip and quadriceps strength, the 30-second chair-rise test, the 5-m fast gait speed, the Functional Independence Measure, the locomotive syndrome tests (stand-up test, 2-step test [2ST], and the Locomo-5 Checklist), and numeric pain scales. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to identify differences between those who did and did not use an AD for ambulation. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine which test best predicted AD use. RESULTS 80% of participants (n = 68) used an AD for ambulation. There were significant differences in all test variables between users and nonusers (P = .033 to P < .001), except for quadriceps strength, age, and pain (all P > .05). Only the 2ST was a significant predictor of AD use, with a cutoff distance of the toe-to-toe stride shorter than 93% of body height (sensitivity: 72%, and specificity: 82%, P = .048). DISCUSSION Simple functional measures differed between those who did and did not use ADs for ambulation; however, only the 2ST predicted AD status. Individuals who cannot step 93% of their body height may be appropriate for an AD. CONCLUSIONS If comprehensive clinical evaluations are not available to make decisions about AD use, the 2ST can be used to make clinical recommendations for an AD for ambulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsuda
- Rehabilitation Administration Department, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Muranaga
- Rehabilitation Administration Department, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Joseph A Zeni
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- Division of Physical Therapy at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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2
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Richardson J, Beauchamp M, Bean J, Brach J, Chaves PHM, Guralnik JM, Jette AM, Leveille SG, Hoenig H, Manini T, Marottoli R, Porter MM, Sinclair S, Letts L, Kuspinar A, Vrkljan B, Morgan A, Mirbaha S. Defining and Measuring Preclinical Mobility Limitation: An Expert Consensus Exercise Informed by a Scoping Review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1641-1650. [PMID: 37300461 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early change in function in older adults has been termed preclinical disability (PCD). PCD has been understudied compared to other stages of disability because it is unlikely to receive comparative priority in clinical settings. It has major implications for prevention and population health as it may be the optimal time to intervene to prevent further decline. A standardized approach to research in PCD, including a common definition and measurement approaches, is needed to advance this work. METHODS The process to establish how PCD should be defined and measured was undertaken in 2 stages: (1) a scoping review of the literature, which was used to inform (2) a web-enabled consensus meeting with content experts. RESULTS The scoping review and the consensus meeting support the use of the term preclinical mobility limitation (PCML) and that it should be measured using both patient-reported and performance-based measures. It was agreed that the definition of PCML should include modification of frequency and/or method of task completion, without overt disability, and that requisite mobility tasks include walking (distance and speed), stairs, and transfers. CONCLUSIONS Currently, there are few standardized assessments that can identify PCML. PCML is the term that most clearly describes the stage where people experience a change in routine mobility tasks, without a perception of disability. Further evaluation into the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of outcome measures is needed to advance research on PCML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Richardson
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marla Beauchamp
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bean
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of PM&R, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- New England Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Bedford VAMC, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Brach
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paulo H M Chaves
- Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- Epidemiology & Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan M Jette
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suzanne G Leveille
- Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helen Hoenig
- Duke University School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Todd Manini
- Institute on Aging, Department of Aging & Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Marottoli
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michelle M Porter
- Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Susanne Sinclair
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori Letts
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayse Kuspinar
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Vrkljan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Morgan
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Mirbaha
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Mahoney JR, Blumen HM, De Sanctis P, Fleysher R, Frankini C, Hoang A, Hoptman MJ, Jin R, Lipton M, Nunez V, Twizer L, Uy N, Valdivia A, Verghese T, Wang C, Weiss EF, Zwerling J, Verghese J. Visual-somatosensory integration (VSI) as a novel marker of Alzheimer’s disease: A comprehensive overview of the VSI study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1125114. [PMID: 37065459 PMCID: PMC10098130 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1125114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel, non-invasive, non-cognitive based markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias are a global priority. Growing evidence suggests that Alzheimer’s pathology manifests in sensory association areas well before appearing in neural regions involved in higher-order cognitive functions, such as memory. Previous investigations have not comprehensively examined the interplay of sensory, cognitive, and motor dysfunction with relation to AD progression. The ability to successfully integrate multisensory information across multiple sensory modalities is a vital aspect of everyday functioning and mobility. Our research suggests that multisensory integration, specifically visual-somatosensory integration (VSI), could be used as a novel marker for preclinical AD given previously reported associations with important motor (balance, gait, and falls) and cognitive (attention) outcomes in aging. While the adverse effect of dementia and cognitive impairment on the relationship between multisensory functioning and motor outcomes has been highlighted, the underlying functional and neuroanatomical networks are still unknown. In what follows we detail the protocol for our study, named The VSI Study, which is strategically designed to determine whether preclinical AD is associated with neural disruptions in subcortical and cortical areas that concurrently modulate multisensory, cognitive, and motor functions resulting in mobility decline. In this longitudinal observational study, a total of 208 community-dwelling older adults with and without preclinical AD will be recruited and monitored yearly. Our experimental design affords assessment of multisensory integration as a new behavioral marker for preclinical AD; identification of functional neural networks involved in the intersection of sensory, motor, and cognitive functioning; and determination of the impact of early AD on future mobility declines, including incident falls. Results of The VSI Study will guide future development of innovative multisensory-based interventions aimed at preventing disability and optimizing independence in pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette R. Mahoney
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeannette R. Mahoney,
| | - Helena M. Blumen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Roman Fleysher
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Frankini
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alexandria Hoang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Matthew J. Hoptman
- Division of Clinical Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Runqiu Jin
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Lipton
- Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Valerie Nunez
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lital Twizer
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Naomi Uy
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ana Valdivia
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tanya Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Cuiling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Erica F. Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Center of Aging Brain, Montefiore Medical Center, Yonkers, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Zwerling
- Center of Aging Brain, Montefiore Medical Center, Yonkers, NY, United States
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Center of Aging Brain, Montefiore Medical Center, Yonkers, NY, United States
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4
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Yang Z, Tran LC, Safaei F, Le AT, Taparugssanagorn A. Real-Time Step Length Estimation in Indoor and Outdoor Scenarios. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8472. [PMID: 36366171 PMCID: PMC9656841 DOI: 10.3390/s22218472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, human step length is estimated based on the wireless channel properties and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) method. The path loss between two ankles, called the on-ankle path loss, is converted from the RSSI, which is measured by our developed wearable hardware in indoor and outdoor ambulation scenarios. The human walking step length is estimated by a reliable range of RSSI values. The upper threshold and the lower threshold of this range are determined experimentally. This paper advances our previous step length measurement technique by proposing a novel exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) algorithm to update the upper and lower thresholds, and thus the step length estimation, recursively. The EWMA algorithm allows our measurement technique to process each shorter subset of the dataset, called a time window, and estimate the step length, rather than having to process the whole dataset at a time. The step length is periodically updated on the fly when the time window is "sliding" forwards. Thus, the EWMA algorithm facilitates the step length estimation in real-time. The impact of the EWMA parameter is analysed, and the optimal parameter is discovered for different experimental scenarios. Our experiments show that the EWMA algorithm could achieve comparable accuracy as our previously proposed technique with errors as small as 3.02% and 0.30% for the indoor and outdoor scenarios, respectively, while the processing time required to output an estimation of the step length could be significantly shortened by 53.96% and 60% for the indoor walking and outdoor walking, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanru Yang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Le Chung Tran
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Farzad Safaei
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anh Tuyen Le
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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5
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Takada Y, Tanaka S. Standard Error of the Mean and Minimal Detectable Change of Gait Speed in Older Adults Using Japanese Long-Term Care Insurance System. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2021; 7:23337214211048955. [PMID: 34692926 PMCID: PMC8531947 DOI: 10.1177/23337214211048955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of motor function, such as gait ability, can accurately predict the
subsequent occurrence of disability in older adults. There are no reports of
standard error of the mean (SEM) or minimal detectable change (MDC) with respect
to gait in Japanese long-term care insurance-certified individuals. The purpose
of this study was to investigate the values of preferred gait, fast gait, and
the timed up and go (TUG) test. This study included 46 participants using the
Japanese long-term care insurance system. (age 86.5 ± 6.6 years, 12 men, 34
women). The duration of three gait were measured twice using a stopwatch. The
SEM was 0.07 for preferred gait, 0.09 for fast gait and 2.59 for TUG. The MDC
was 0.19 for preferred gait, 0.26 for fast gait, and 7.17 for TUG. The SEM and
MDC values of preferred gait, fast gait, and TUG in this study corroborated with
those of previous studies, whereas others were different. Considering that gait
speed differs with the country, it may be difficult to compare it among
different population groups. We obtained the results of gait speed of Japanese
long-term care insurance-certified individuals, which is a new finding
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Takada
- Social Welfare Corporation Kowakai, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Tanaka
- Faculty of Health and Social Services, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
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6
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Noguerón García A, Huedo Ródenas I, García Molina R, Ruiz Grao MC, Avendaño Céspedes A, Esbrí Víctor M, Montero Odasso M, Abizanda P. Gait plasticity impairment as an early frailty biomarker. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Crowley P, Madeleine P, Vuillerme N. The effects of mobile phone use on walking: a dual task study. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:352. [PMID: 31227009 PMCID: PMC6588868 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of walking at different speeds while using a mobile phone on spatiotemporal stride parameters among young adults. Ten participants (7 male, 3 female; age = 24.7 ± 4.4 years, mean ± 1SD) completed 12 walking trials. Trials consisted of tasks performed at both normal and fast walking speeds-walking only, walking while texting, and walking while talking on a mobile phone. Gait velocity, stride length, cadence, and double support time were computed using data from accelerometers on either shoe. RESULTS The effects of distracted walking were not significantly larger when performed at a self-selected fast walking speed compared with a normal walking speed. However, walking while texting produced significant decreases in gait velocity, stride length, and cadence, with a significant increase in double support time at both walking speeds. Moreover texting increased the size of the relative variability of walking, observed through a significant increase in the coefficient of variation of cadence, stride length, and double support time. The observed changes may be suggestive of compromised balance when walking while texting regardless of walking speed. This may place the individual at a greater risk of, slips, trips and falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crowley
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France. .,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. .,The National Research Centre for the Work Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.,Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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8
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King GW, Abreu EL, Kelly PJ, Brotto M. Neural control of postural sway: Relationship to strength measures in young and elderly adults. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:39-44. [PMID: 30630036 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in postural sway are well-established, and studied from a control perspective using an inverted pendulum model. The purpose of the present work was to expand previous research in this area by investigating relationships between sway-related control parameters and musculoskeletal measures of muscle function and health. Eleven female older adults and eight female young adults completed blood draw, grip, leg extension, and balance tests. Serum levels of skeletal muscle-specific troponin T (sTnT), a biomarker for muscle health, were obtained from blood samples. Maximal grip force and leg extension torque were obtained from dynamometer tests. Center of pressure parameters were derived from force platform records obtained during eyes open and eyes closed balance tests. Sway control parameters were derived from an inverted pendulum model with PID-feedback control. Regression analyses were used to quantify the relationship between model parameters and grip strength, leg strength, and sTnT. Model integral gain (Ki) was observed to significantly predict grip strength in the eyes open condition. In the eyes closed condition, model derivative gain (Kd) was observed to significantly predict sTnT, and both proportional (Kp) and noise (Kn) model gains were observed to significantly predict grip and leg strength measures. Collectively, the relationship between control (Ki, Kd, Kp) and musculoskeletal health (strength, sTnT) parameters suggests a compensation mechanism, which may have served to minimize effects of reduced muscle function on sway amplitude, overshoot, and accuracy. Most associations were observed during eyes closed conditions, suggesting that visual input plays a larger role in regulating balance than the proposed compensation mechanisms. This work highlights the potential use for both strength and sTnT tests as biomarkers for postural control and balance impairment in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W King
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Eduardo L Abreu
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Patricia J Kelly
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Collaborative Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
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9
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Ortiz PJ, Tello T, Aliaga EG, Casas PM, Peinado JE, Miranda JJ, Varela LF. Effect of multimorbidity on gait speed in well-functioning older people: A population-based study in Peru. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 18:293-300. [PMID: 29076226 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the association between multimorbidity and gait speed in a population-based sample of older people without functional dependency. METHODS Data were obtained from a previously made cross-sectional population-based study of individuals aged >60 years carried out in San Martin de Porres, the second most populous district in Lima, Peru. We included well-functioning, independent older people. Exclusion criteria emphasized removing conditions that would impair gait. The exposure of interest was non-communicable chronic disease multimorbidity, and the outcome was gait speed determined by the time required for the participant to walk a distance of 8 m out of a total distance of 10 m. Generalized linear models were used to estimate adjusted gait speed by multimorbidity status. RESULTS Data from 265 older adults with a median age of 68 years (IQR 63-75 years) and 54% women were analyzed. The median gait speed was 1.06 m/s (SD 0.27) and the mean number of chronic conditions per adult was 1.1 (SD ±1). The difference in mean gait speed between older adults without a chronic condition and those with ≥3 chronic conditions was 0.24 m/s. In crude models, coefficients decreased by a significant exponential factor for every increase in the number of chronic conditions. Further adjustment attenuated these estimates. CONCLUSIONS Slower speed gaits are observed across the spectrum of multimorbidity in older adults without functional dependency. The role of gait speed as a simple indicator to evaluate and monitor general health status in older populations is expanded to include older adults without dependency. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 293-300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Ortiz
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Tania Tello
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Paola M Casas
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Jesus E Peinado
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Jaime Miranda
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.,CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis F Varela
- Gerontology Institute, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru.,School of Medicine, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
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10
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Auvinet B, Touzard C, Montestruc F, Delafond A, Goeb V. Gait disorders in the elderly and dual task gait analysis: a new approach for identifying motor phenotypes. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28143497 PMCID: PMC5282774 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait disorders and gait analysis under single and dual-task conditions are topics of great interest, but very few studies have looked for the relevance of gait analysis under dual-task conditions in elderly people on the basis of a clinical approach. METHODS An observational study including 103 patients (mean age 76.3 ± 7.2, women 56%) suffering from gait disorders or memory impairment was conducted. Gait analysis under dual-task conditions was carried out for all patients. Brain MRI was performed in the absence of contra-indications. Three main gait variables were measured: walking speed, stride frequency, and stride regularity. For each gait variable, the dual task cost was computed and a quartile analysis was obtained. Nonparametric tests were used for all the comparisons (Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher or Chi2 tests). RESULTS Four clinical subgroups were identified: gait instability (45%), recurrent falls (29%), memory impairment (18%), and cautious gait (8%). The biomechanical severity of these subgroups was ordered according to walking speed and stride regularity under both conditions, from least to most serious as follows: memory impairment, gait instability, recurrent falls, cautious gait (p < 0.01 for walking speed, p = 0.05 for stride regularity). According to the established diagnoses of gait disorders, 5 main pathological subgroups were identified (musculoskeletal diseases (n = 11), vestibular diseases (n = 6), mild cognitive impairment (n = 24), central nervous system pathologies, (n = 51), and without diagnosis (n = 8)). The dual task cost for walking speed, stride frequency and stride regularity were different among these subgroups (p < 0.01). The subgroups mild cognitive impairment and central nervous system pathologies both showed together a higher dual task cost for each variable compared to the other subgroups combined (p = 0.01). The quartile analysis of dual task cost for stride frequency and stride regularity allowed the identification of 3 motor phenotypes (p < 0.01), without any difference for white matter hyperintensities, but with an increased Scheltens score from the first to the third motor phenotype (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Gait analysis under dual-task conditions in elderly people suffering from gait disorders or memory impairment is of great value in assessing the severity of gait disorders, differentiating between peripheral pathologies and central nervous system pathologies, and identifying motor phenotypes. Correlations between motor phenotypes and brain imaging require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Auvinet
- Rheumalogy Unit, Polyclinique du Maine, 4 Avenue des Français Libres, F 53010 Laval, France
| | - Claude Touzard
- Geontology Unit, Centre Hospitalier de LAVAL, Rue du haut rocher, F 53000 Laval, France
| | | | - Arnaud Delafond
- Radiology Unit, Polyclinique du Maine, 4 Avenue des Français Libres, F 53000 Laval, France
| | - Vincent Goeb
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospital, F 80054 Amiens, France
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11
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Verlinden VJA, van der Geest JN, Heeringa J, Hofman A, Ikram MA. Gait shows a sex-specific pattern of associations with daily functioning in a community-dwelling population of older people. Gait Posture 2015; 41:119-24. [PMID: 25278463 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait is increasingly considered an important indicator of health. Yet, little is known on the relation of gait with established health indicators, e.g. daily functioning. Although gait differs by sex, it is unknown whether different gait domains provide different health indicators in men or women. We investigated how gait associates with basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL and IADL) in community-dwelling persons. METHODS In 2500 participants of the population-based Rotterdam Study (aged ≥ 50 yrs), gait was assessed by electronic walkway and summarized into seven independent gait domains: Pace, Rhythm, Phases, Tandem, Turning, Variability, Base of Support, which were averaged into Global Gait. We assessed BADL with the disability index of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire and IADL with the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale. BADL and IADL were analyzed as continuous scores, and dichotomised: with impairment defined as moderate to very severe disability. RESULTS In men, Global Gait, Pace, and Rhythm associated with BADL in linear analyses. In contrast, all domains except Base of Support associated with BADL or IADL in women. Associations of Global Gait and Phases with BADL were significantly stronger in women (p-interaction < 0.05). Similarly, associations of Global Gait, Rhythm, and Phases with IADL were stronger in women (p-interaction < 0.05). For dichotomised analyses, higher Global Gait, Pace, and Rhythm associated with less BADL-impairment in men, while Global Gait associated with less BADL and IADL-impairment in women. CONCLUSIONS In men, Pace and Rhythm may suffice as health indicators, while women may require comprehensive gait assessment to better estimate their health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincentius J A Verlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos N van der Geest
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Heeringa
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fraser S, Bherer L. Age-related decline in divided-attention: from theoretical lab research to practical real-life situations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 4:623-640. [PMID: 26304268 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this advanced review is to provide readers with an up-to-date synopsis of age-related changes in divided-attention abilities. An interdisciplinary approach is taken, supplying readers with evidence from very structured laboratory studies and findings from more ecological research studies that target real-life divided-attention situations (i.e., walking and talking). The review goes beyond the reported age-related declines in divided-attention abilities and offers the reader an overview of current cognitive (dual-task) training findings which suggest that these declines can be diminished with training. The contents of this review and the future directions proposed demonstrate that divided-attention research and its recent application to aging and mobility has become a major and fast growing scientific field of investigation. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:623-640. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1252 CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fraser
- Centre de recherche Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de recherche Institut Universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre and Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Verghese J, Holtzer R, Wang C, Katz MJ, Barzilai N, Lipton RB. Role of APOE genotype in gait decline and disability in aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1395-401. [PMID: 23902934 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variation may influence risk of gait decline and disability in aging through multiple mechanisms, a systematic examination of this relationship has been lacking. Our objective was to quantify the risk of gait decline and disability associated with the APOE ε4 allele in aging. METHODS We evaluated 627 community-dwelling adults aged 70 and older (white 67.8%) with APOE genotype and quantitative gait measurements participating in the Einstein Aging Study over a median follow-up of 3.0 years. Main outcomes were gait speed decline (cm/s/year) and incident disability. RESULTS APOE ε4 allele frequency was 24.1%. Presence of APOE ε4 was not significantly associated with gait speed decline overall (p = .37) but was associated with faster gait speed decline in older men (estimate: -1.16, 95% CI: -2.31 to -0.01, p = .04). The interaction between the ε4 allele and male sex predicted gait speed decline (estimate: -1.70, 95% CI: -3.33 to -0.07, p = .04). Presence of the APOE ε4 allele was associated with increased risk of disability in older men (HR 3.72, 95% CI: 1.44-9.59, p = .007). Associations of the ε4 allele with study outcomes remained significant even after accounting for several potential confounders including vascular and cognitive status. The strength of the associations was stronger in the white subgroup. CONCLUSION This preliminary report suggests that the APOE ε4 allele is associated with increased risk of gait speed decline and disability in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Verghese
- MBBS, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461.
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Weiss A, Mirelman A, Buchman AS, Bennett DA, Hausdorff JM. Using a body-fixed sensor to identify subclinical gait difficulties in older adults with IADL disability: maximizing the output of the timed up and go. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68885. [PMID: 23922665 PMCID: PMC3726691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The identification and documentation of subclinical gait impairments in older adults may facilitate the appropriate use of interventions for preventing or delaying mobility disability. We tested whether measures derived from a single body-fixed sensor worn during traditional Timed Up and Go (TUG) testing could identify subclinical gait impairments in community dwelling older adults without mobility disability. Methods We used data from 432 older adults without dementia (mean age 83.30±7.04 yrs, 76.62% female) participating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. The traditional TUG was conducted while subjects wore a body-fixed sensor. We derived measures of overall TUG performance and different subtasks including transitions (sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit), walking, and turning. Multivariate analysis was used to compare persons with and without mobility disability and to compare individuals with and without Instrumental Activities of Daily Living disability (IADL-disability), all of whom did not have mobility disability. Results As expected, individuals with mobility disability performed worse on all TUG subtasks (p<0.03), compared to those who had no mobility disability. Individuals without mobility disability but with IADL disability had difficulties with turns, had lower yaw amplitude (p<0.004) during turns, were slower (p<0.001), and had less consistent gait (p<0.02). Conclusions A single body-worn sensor can be employed in the community-setting to complement conventional gait testing. It provides a wide range of quantitative gait measures that appear to help to identify subclinical gait impairments in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aner Weiss
- Laboratory for Gait & Neurodynamics, Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Moreira MA, Oliveira BS, Moura KQD, Tapajós DM, Maciel ÁCC. A velocidade da marcha pode identificar idosos com medo de cair? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1809-98232013000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como propósito analisar a capacidade da velocidade da marcha em identificar idosos com medo de cair. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo transversal analítico, realizado com amostra de 60 idosos da comunidade. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário estruturado, análise da velocidade da marcha para percorrer a distância de 4,6 m e do medo de cair, avaliado pela escala de Autoeficácia de Quedas. A capacidade da velocidade da marcha em identificar idosos com medo de cair foi determinada por meio de regressão linear múltipla, com nível de significância p<0,05 e IC 95%. RESULTADOS: Em relação à velocidade da marcha, a média foi de 0,71 (± 0,21) m/s, enquanto que para a escala de Autoeficácia de Quedas a média do escore foi de 24,85 (± 6,68). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, o escore total da escala de Autoeficácia de Quedas permaneceu significativamente associado (R²= 0,35) com a depressão autorrelatada, a limitação funcional para atividades básicas da vida diária e a velocidade da marcha. CONCLUSÃO: A velocidade da marcha, além da depressão autorrelatada e limitação funcional para atividades básicas da vida diária, têm capacidade de identificar idosos com medo de cair. Desta forma, a investigação das condições de saúde nessa população pode ser útil para detectar o medo de cair e identificar que cuidados e intervenções seriam prioritários para melhorar a funcionalidade e qualidade de vida desses idosos.
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Verghese J, Holtzer R, Lipton RB, Wang C. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and mobility disability in older adults. Age Ageing 2012; 41:541-5. [PMID: 22417984 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afs038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to determine the association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP) levels with a risk of mobility disability and decline in older adults with and without vascular disease. DESIGN prospective cohort. SETTING community-residing population. SUBJECTS six hundred and twenty-four adults age 70 and older (62% women) with gait and HsCRP assessments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES incident mobility disability (velocity <70 cm/s) and annual rates of decline on gait velocity. RESULTS elevated HsCRP levels (≥ 3 mg/l) at baseline present in 224 of the 624 eligible subjects was associated with a faster annual decline in gait velocity of 0.91 cm/s (P=0.02). Subjects with elevated HsCRP levels had increased risk of mobility disability (hazard ratio: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.09-3.14). Each one-unit increase in log HsCRP levels in the 406 subjects without prevalent mobility disability was associated with increased risk of mobility disability (hazard ratio: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05-1.68). The association of baseline HsCRP levels with mobility disability and decline was stronger in the 224 individuals without vascular disease. The associations were not significant in the 400 subjects with vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS HsCRP levels predict mobility disability and accelerated decline in walking speed in older adults. These associations were stronger in those without vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Verghese
- Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Einstein Aging Study, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Oh-Park M, Holtzer R, Mahoney J, Wang C, Verghese J. Effect of treadmill training on specific gait parameters in older adults with frailty: case series. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2012; 34:184-8. [PMID: 22124418 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0b013e3182193165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treadmill-walking training (TWT) as an intervention to improve the gait of frail older adults has not been well studied. In this pilot study, we describe the feasibility, tolerance, and effect of TWT on specific gait parameters during overground walking in 4 frail older adults as a prelude to developing larger-scale exercise intervention trials in this high-risk population. CASE DESCRIPTION Four community-residing frail older individuals (age > 70 years) with Mini-Mental State Examination score of 26 or higher and no activity limitations. Frailty was defined as the presence of at least 3 of the following 5 attributes: slow gait (<1 m/s); unintentional weight loss (>10 lb in prior year); self-report of poor grip strength; exhaustion; and low level of physical activity. INTERVENTION The TWT consisted of 24 sessions (3 times per week for 8 weeks). Five quantitative gait parameters (velocity, stride length, swing time, percentage of double support phase, and coefficient of variation [COV] of stride length) during overground walking were measured at baseline, weekly during training, and immediately post-TWT. OUTCOME All participants tolerated TWT without significant complications. Following TWT, gait velocity increased in all participants by 6.4 to 26.8 cm/s, which was larger than the reported value for meaningful change in gait velocity (4 cm/s). Stride length and double support phase also showed improvement in all participants (mean percentage increase of 10.8% for stride length and 17.1% reduction for double support phase posttraining compared with baseline). Swing time improved in 3 participants (mean reduction of 4.5%). The COV of stride length did not show consistent improvement. DISCUSSION This case series shows that TWT is feasible and well tolerated by frail older adults and may improve most gait parameters in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mooyeon Oh-Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Verghese J, Holtzer R, Oh-Park M, Derby CA, Lipton RB, Wang C. Inflammatory markers and gait speed decline in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:1083-9. [PMID: 21719612 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased inflammatory activity and gait speed decline are common with aging, but the association between the two is not well established. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of inflammatory markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha, on gait speed performance and decline in older adults. METHODS We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 333 adults aged 70 and older (61% women) with gait and biomarker assessments identified from participants in the Einstein Aging Study, a community-based aging study. Gait velocity measured at baseline and annual follow-up visits (median follow-up 2.3 years) was the main outcome. RESULTS At baseline, higher interleukin-6 levels were associated with slower gait velocity (estimate -4.90 cm/s, p = .008). Adjusted for age, gender, education, and medical illnesses, a one-unit increase in baseline log IL-6 levels was associated with a 0.98 cm/s faster gait speed decline per year (p = .002). The results remained significant after adjustments for additional potential confounders such as physical activity levels, body mass index, and medications. Participants in the highest IL-6 quartile had a 1.75 cm/s/year faster decline in gait velocity compared with those in the lowest quartile (p = .002). Tumor necrosis factor alpha was not associated with gait velocity at cross-section or with gait speed decline. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 levels are associated with gait performance in community residing seniors and predicts risk of gait speed decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Verghese
- Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Room 301, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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