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Mao L, Ren D, Huang S, Wu X, Ruan M. Fascicle Behavior and Muscle Activity of The Biceps Femoris Long Head during Running at Increasing Speeds. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:603-610. [PMID: 39228786 PMCID: PMC11366839 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are prevalent in sports involving high-speed running and most of the HSIs are biceps femoris long head (BFlh) injuries. The primary cause for HSIs during high-speed running remains controversial due to the lack of in vivo measurement of the BFlh muscle behavior during running. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and fascicle behavior of BFlh during running. Seven college male sprinters (22.14 ± 1.8 years; 177.7 ± 2.5 cm; 70.57 ± 5.1 kg; personal bests in 100m: 11.1 ± 0.2 s) were tested on a motorized treadmill instrumented with two force plate for running at 4, 5, 6m/s. The ground reaction force (GRF), 3D lower limb kinematics, EMG, and ultrasound images of biceps femoris long head (BFlh) in the middle region were recorded simultaneously. BFlh fascicles undergo little length change (about 1 cm) in the late swing phase during running at three submaximal speeds. BFlh fascicle lengthening accounted for about 30% of MTU length change during the late swing phase. BFlh was most active during the late swing and early stance phases, ranging from 83%MVC at a running speed of 4 m/s to 116%MVC at 6 m/s. Muscle fascicles in the middle region of BFlh undergo relatively little lengthening relative to the MTU in the late swing phase during running in comparison to results from simulation studies. These results suggest that there is a decoupling between the fascicle in the middle region and MTU length changes during the late swing phase of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Mao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dahua Ren
- College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shangjun Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xie Wu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mianfang Ruan
- College of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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2
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Mechó S, Palomar-Garcia A, Wong M, Gallego JC, López F, Valle X, Ruperez F, Pruna R, González JR, Rodas G. Characterization of acute effects of football competition on hamstring muscles by muscle functional MRI techniques. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308328. [PMID: 39190697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle functional MRI identifies changes in metabolic activity in each muscle and provides a quantitative index of muscle activation and damage. No previous studies have analyzed the hamstrings activation over a football match. This study aimed at detecting different patterns of hamstring muscles activation after a football game, and to examine inter- and intramuscular differences (proximal-middle-distal) in hamstring muscles activation using transverse relaxation time (T2)-weighted magnetic resonance images. Eleven healthy football players were recruited for this study. T2 relaxation time mapping-MRI was performed before (2 hours) and immediately after a match (on average 13 min). The T2 values of each hamstring muscle at the distal, middle, and proximal portions were measured. The primary outcome measure was the increase in T2 relaxation time value after a match. Linear mixed models were used to detect differences pre and postmatch. MRI examination showed that there was no obvious abnormality in the shape and the conventional T2 weighted signal of the hamstring muscles after a match. On the other hand, muscle functional MRI T2 analysis revealed that T2 relaxation time significantly increased at distal and middle portions of the semitendinosus muscle (p = 0.0003 in both cases). By employing T2 relaxation time mapping, we have identified alterations within the hamstring muscles being the semitendinosus as the most engaged muscle, particularly within its middle and distal thirds. This investigation underscores the utility of T2 relaxation time mapping in evaluating muscle activation patterns during football matches, facilitating the detection of anomalous activation patterns that may warrant injury reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mechó
- Department of Radiology Hospital de Barcelona, SCIAS, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Wong
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan C Gallego
- Department of Radiology Hospital de Barcelona, SCIAS, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc López
- Department of Radiology Hospital de Barcelona, SCIAS, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Valle
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Ruperez
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Pruna
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan R González
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Kenneally-Dabrowski C, Brown NAT, Serpell BG, Perriman D, Spratford W, Sutherland A, Pickering M, Lai AKM. Hamstring musculotendon mechanics of prospectively injured elite rugby athletes. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:597-608. [PMID: 36927240 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2189115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The musculotendon mechanics of the hamstrings during high-speed running are thought to relate to injury but have rarely been examined in the context of prospectively occurring injury. This prospective study describes the hamstring musculotendon mechanics of two elite rugby players who sustained hamstring injuries during on-field running. Athletes undertook biomechanical analyses of high-speed running during a Super Rugby pre-season, prior to sustaining hamstring injuries during the subsequent competition season. The biceps femoris long head muscle experienced the greatest strain of all hamstring muscles during the late swing phase. When expressed relative to force capacity, biceps femoris long head also experienced the greatest musculotendon forces of all hamstring muscles. Musculotendon strain and force may both be key mechanisms for hamstring injury during the late swing phase of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kenneally-Dabrowski
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Centre for Sports Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Nicholas A T Brown
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Benjamin G Serpell
- Football Department, Brumbies Rugby, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Football Department, Geelong Football Club, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Diana Perriman
- ANU Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ashlee Sutherland
- Football Department, Brumbies Rugby, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Mark Pickering
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adrian K M Lai
- Product Innovation, lululemon Athletica, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Freeman BW, Talpey SW, James LP, Opar DA, Young WB. Common High-Speed Running Thresholds Likely Do Not Correspond to High-Speed Running in Field Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1411-1418. [PMID: 36727920 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Freeman, BW, Talpey, SW, James, LP, Opar, DA, and Young, WB. Common high-speed running thresholds likely do not correspond to high-speed running in field sports. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1411-1418, 2023-The purpose of this study was to clarify what percentage of maximum speed is associated with various running gaits. Fifteen amateur field sport athletes (age = 23 ± 3.6 years) participated in a series of 55-meter running trials. The speed of each trial was determined by instructions relating to 5 previously identified gait patterns (jog, run, stride, near maximum sprint, and sprint). Each trial was filmed in slow motion (240 fps), whereas running speed was obtained using Global Positioning Systems. Contact time, stride angle, and midstance free-leg knee angle were determined from video footage. Running gaits corresponded with the following running speeds, jogging = 4.51 m·s -1 , 56%Vmax, running = 5.41 m·s -1 , 66%Vmax , striding = 6.37 m·s -1 , 78%Vmax, near maximum sprinting = 7.08 m·s -1 , 87%Vmax, and sprinting = 8.15 m·s -1 , 100%Vmax. Significant ( p < 0.05) increases in stride angle were observed as running speed increased. Significant ( p < 0.05) decreases were observed in contact time and midstance free-leg knee angle as running speed increased. These findings suggest currently used thresholds for high-speed running (HSR) and sprinting most likely correspond with jogging and striding, which likely underestimates the true HSR demands. Therefore, a higher relative speed could be used to describe HSR and sprinting more accurately in field sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock W Freeman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Scott W Talpey
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Lachlan P James
- School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Warren B Young
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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Suskens JJM, Tol JL, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Maas H, van Dieën JH, Reurink G. Activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during high-speed running: A descriptive multichannel surface EMG study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:954-965. [PMID: 36752650 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed activity distribution among the hamstring muscles during high-speed running. The objective was to compare within and between muscle activity, relative contribution and hip and knee joint angles at peak muscle activity during high-speed running. METHODS Through multichannel electromyography, we measured muscle activity in male basketball players during high-speed running on a treadmill at 15 locations: five for biceps femoris long head, four for semitendinosus, and six for semimembranosus. Muscle activity was calculated for each location within each hamstring muscle individually for each percent of a stride cycle. RESULTS Twenty-nine non-injured basketball players were included (mean age: 17 ± 1 years; mass, 85 ± 9 kg; height, 193 ± 9 cm). Heterogeneous activity was found for all individual hamstring muscles across multiple events of the stride cycle. In the late-swing phase, muscle activity and relative contribution of the semimembranosus was significantly higher than of the semitendinosus. There was no significant difference in hip and knee joint angles at instant of peak muscle activity, assessed locally within individual hamstring muscles, as well as in general over the whole hamstring muscle. CONCLUSION Hamstring muscles were most active in the late-swing phase during high-speed running. In this phase, the semimembranosus was most active and the semitendinosus was least active. Within the biceps femoris long head, the most proximal region was significantly more active in the late-swing phase, compared to other muscle regions. For each muscle and location, peak muscle activity occurred at similar hip and knee joint angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef J M Suskens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Ripley NJ, Cuthbert M, Comfort P, McMahon JJ. Effect of additional Nordic hamstring exercise or sprint training on the modifiable risk factors of hamstring strain injuries and performance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281966. [PMID: 36862645 PMCID: PMC9980768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has commonly been investigated in isolation, however, within practice multiple modalities are commonly incorporated. However, the NHE has a low level of compliance within sport, with sprinting being potentially being preferred. The present study aimed to observe the effect of a lower-limb program with either additional NHE or sprinting on the modifiable risk factors hamstring strain injury (HSI) and athletic performance. 38 collegiate athletes were randomly assigned into three groups: control standardised lower-limb training program (n = 10 (2 female, 8 male), age = 23.50 ± 2.95 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.09 m, mass 77.66 ± 11.82 kg), additional NHE (n = 15 (7 female, 8 male), age = 21.40 ± 2.64 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.04 m, mass 76.95 ± 14.20 kg) and additional sprinting (n = 13 (4 female, 9 male), age = 22.15 ± 2.54 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.05 m, mass 70.55 ± 7.84 kg). All participants performed a standardised lower-limb training program twice per week for seven weeks, including Olympic lifting derivatives, squatting movements, and the Romanian deadlift, with experimental groups performing with either additional sprinting or NHE. Bicep femoris architecture, eccentric hamstring strength, jump performance, lower-limb maximal strength and sprint ability were measured pre and post. All training groups demonstrated significant (p < 0.001), small-moderate increases in Bicep femoris architecture (g = 0.60-1.22), with significant (p < 0.001), small-large increases in absolute and relative eccentric peak force (g = 0.60-1.84). Significant and small increases were observed in take-off velocity and mean propulsion force (p < 0.02, g = 0.47-0.64), with non-significant and small increases for both the sprint and control training groups for mean propulsion force (p > 0.05, g = 0.42-0.50). Nordic and sprint training groups had significant and small increases in peak absolute and relative net force (p < 0.001, g = 0.44-0.60). The control group had a non-significant trivial increase in absolute peak net force (p > 0.05, g = 0.22), with a significant and small increase in relative peak relative net force (p = 0.034, g = 0.48). Significant and small decreases for the NHE and sprinting training groups was observed for 0-10 m, 0-20 m, and 10-20 m sprint time (p < 0.010, g = 0.47-0.71). Performing multiple modalities, with either additional NHE or sprinting, as part of a complete resistance training program was superiorly effective for measures of modifiable risk factors HSI, with similar increases observed in measures of athletic performance derived from the standardised lower-limb training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ripley
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Cuthbert
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- The Football Association Group, St George’s Park, Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J. McMahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Shah S, Collins K, Macgregor LJ. The Influence of Weekly Sprint Volume and Maximal Velocity Exposures on Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Professional Football Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:125. [PMID: 36006091 PMCID: PMC9414047 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring strains are the most common moderate-major severity injuries in football. The majority of hamstring injuries occur during sprinting, with low eccentric hamstring strength being associated with an elevated risk. Objective: To examine the relationship between sprinting and eccentric hamstring strength by monitoring total weekly sprint distance and weekly efforts > 90% and >95% of maximum velocity. Methods: Fifty-eight professional male footballers were observed over one-and-a-half seasons. Players’ running was monitored during training and matches using GPS, and eccentric hamstring strength was measured weekly. Results: Weekly sprint distance (ρ = −0.13, p < 0.01) and weekly efforts >90% of maximum velocity (ρ = −0.08, p = 0.01) both displayed significant inverse relationships with the percentage change in eccentric hamstring strength; weekly efforts >95% of maximum velocity showed no relationship with hamstring strength (ρ = −0.02, p = 0.45). Only weekly efforts >90% of maximum velocity significantly influenced the mean percentage change in eccentric hamstring force, F(3,58) = 3.71, p = 0.01, with significant differences occurring when comparing 7−8 sprint efforts with 0−2 efforts (0.11%, p = 0.03) and 5−6 efforts (0.12%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Eccentric hamstring strength levels significantly decrease when 7−8 weekly sprint efforts are completed at >90% of maximum velocity. Monitoring weekly sprint loading at velocities > 90% of maximum velocity may be valuable to help to reduce the risk of hamstring injuries in professional football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunnan Shah
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Institute of Technology Tallaght, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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8
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Nebigh A, Hammami R, Kasmi S, Rebai H, Drury B, Chtara M, van den Tillaar R. The Influence of Maturity Status on Dynamic Balance Following 6 Weeks of Eccentric Hamstring Training in Youth Male Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9775. [PMID: 35955129 PMCID: PMC9368706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Information about when to apply an appropriate eccentric hamstring strength training stimulus during long-term athlete development is essential for effective programming and improving balance performance. This study examined the effects of six-week eccentric hamstring training on dynamic balance performance in youth handball players of different maturity statuses (pre- or post-peak height velocity (PHV)). A randomized controlled design with 45 young male handball players (14.6 ± 0.3 years) from a local national handball club were randomly allocated to a 6 week, twice weekly eccentric hamstring training in two experimental groups: a pre-PHV (maturation offset: −2.13 ± 0.63, n = 10) and post-PHV (maturation offset: 0.79 ± 0.34, n = 12) group and two control groups: maturation offset: −2.09 ± 0.61, n = 10 and maturation offset: 0.55 ± 0.67, n = 13. Dynamic balance performance was evaluated by using the composite score during the lower quarter Y-balance test from pre- and post-intervention. A significant effect on balance scores was found from pre to post (F = 11.4; p = 0.002; η2p = 0.22), intervention (F = 5.4; p = 0.025; η2p = 0.12), and maturation (F = 369; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.9), but no significant interaction effects were found (F ≥ 3.3; p ≥ 0.077; η2p ≤ 0.07). Post hoc analysis revealed that the post-PHV group had a higher score than the pre-PHV group. Furthermore, that dynamic balance increased in the post-PHV group after intervention much more in the control post-PHV group. It was concluded that somatic maturation influences dynamic balance performance and that eccentric hamstring training results in greater improvement in balance performance in young male handball players for the post-pubertal group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Nebigh
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Sofien Kasmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motor Skills, Sports and Health (LR19JS01), Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3018, Tunisia
| | - Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK
| | - Mokhtar Chtara
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis 1004, Tunisia
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9
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Voukelatos D, Evangelidis PE, Pain MTG. The hamstrings to quadriceps functional ratio expressed over the full angle-angular velocity range using a limited number of data points. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210696. [PMID: 35601451 PMCID: PMC9043738 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring to quadriceps (H : Q) strength ratio is widely used to identify individuals at risk of sustaining hamstring strain injuries. However, its efficacy is not supported by the current evidence. Current methods for the calculation of the H : Q ratio provide only a one- or two-dimensional ratio, often ignoring fundamental muscle mechanical properties. Based on isokinetic torque measurements of the knee flexors and extensors (0-400° s-1) in 25 young, physically active males, we derived a model equation that creates a three-dimensional H : Q functional ratio profile. The model robustness was tested against a different number of input torque data (8, 11, 14 and 17 pairs of points) and small perturbation of the knee joint angle data (5°). The model was consistent and behaved well under all conditions apart from the eight pairs of points (R 2 = 0.84-0.96; RMSE = 0.14-0.25; NRMSE = 0.12-0.27), and the H : Q functional ratio was successfully described even at angles and velocities that cannot be normally assessed with isokinetic dynamometry. Overall, our results suggest that the model can provide a fast and accurate three-dimensional description of the knee joint muscle strength balance using as few as 11 experimental data points and this could be an easy-to-employ screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Voukelatos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Matthew T. G. Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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10
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Mikami K, Samukawa M, Oba K, Nakamura K, Suzumori Y, Ishida Y, Matsumoto H, Aoki Y, Ishida T, Yamanaka M, Tohyama H. Torque-angle curve of the knee flexors in athletes with a prior history of hamstring strain. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 54:29-35. [PMID: 34929533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the knee flexor torque-angle curve after hamstring strain injury using different muscle action types and angular velocities. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Controlled laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen collegiate athletes injured hamstring strain (21.0 ± 0.8 years; 173.9 ± 6.5 cm; 70.1 ± 10.5 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concentric and eccentric knee flexor torque was measured at 60 & 300°/sec. Peak torque and average torque every 10° were determined from torque-angle curve and injured side was compared with non-injured side. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the concentric muscle actions. However, the eccentric peak torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec (p = 0.048) and at 300°/sec (p = 0.002). The average eccentric torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec from 10° to 20° of knee flexion (p = 0.012-0.018) and at 300°/sec from 10° to 60° of knee flexion (p = 0.005-0.049). CONCLUSION The knee flexor torque-angle curve changes with eccentric muscle action after hamstring injury. Eccentric torque declines were close to full knee extension at 60°/sec and a wide range of knee flexion at 300°/sec. The assessment and rehabilitation of eccentric hamstring strength may be important to consider the effect of the angular velocity after hamstring strain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Oba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Spine Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzumori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Aoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
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11
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Kalema RN, Schache AG, Williams MD, Heiderscheit B, Siqueira Trajano G, Shield AJ. Sprinting Biomechanics and Hamstring Injuries: Is There a Link? A Literature Review. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9100141. [PMID: 34678922 PMCID: PMC8540816 DOI: 10.3390/sports9100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strain injury (HSI) is a common and costly injury in many sports such as the various professional football codes. Most HSIs have been reported to occur during high intensity sprinting actions. This observation has led to the suggestion that a link between sprinting biomechanics and HSIs may exist. The aim of this literature review was to evaluate the available scientific evidence underpinning the potential link between sprinting biomechanics and HSIs. A structured search of the literature was completed followed by a risk of bias assessment. A total of eighteen studies were retrieved. Sixteen studies involved retrospective and/or prospective analyses, of which only three were judged to have a low risk of bias. Two other case studies captured data before and after an acute HSI. A range of biomechanical variables have been measured, including ground reaction forces, trunk and lower-limb joint angles, hip and knee joint moments and powers, hamstring muscle–tendon unit stretch, and surface electromyographic activity from various trunk and thigh muscles. Overall, current evidence was unable to provide a clear and nonconflicting perspective on the potential link between sprinting biomechanics and HSIs. Nevertheless, some interesting findings were revealed, which hopefully will stimulate future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy N. Kalema
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, O Block Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (G.S.T.); (A.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony G. Schache
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Morgan D. Williams
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 IDL, UK;
| | - Bryan Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA;
| | - Gabriel Siqueira Trajano
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, O Block Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (G.S.T.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Anthony J. Shield
- Faculty of Health, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, O Block Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (G.S.T.); (A.J.S.)
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12
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Cuthbert M, Ripley NJ, Suchomel TJ, Alejo R, McMahon JJ, Comfort P. Electromyographical Differences Between the Hyperextension and Reverse-Hyperextension. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1477-1483. [PMID: 34027916 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cuthbert, M, Ripley, NJ, Suchomel, TJ, Alejo, R, McMahon, JJ, and Comfort, P. Electromyographical differences between the hyperextension and reverse-hyperextension. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1477-1483, 2021-The aims of this study were to compare muscle activation of the erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GMax), and biceps femoris (BF) during the hyperextension (HE) and reverse-HE (RHE) exercises. Ten subjects (age, 23 ± 4 years; height, 175.9 ± 6.9 cm; mass, 75.2 ± 9.7 kg) had electromyography (EMG) electrodes placed on the ES, GMax, and BF muscles in accordance with SENIAM (Surface EMG for Non-Invasive Assessment of Muscles) guidelines. Subjects performed 3 maximum voluntary isometric contraction trials of lumbar extension and hip extension using a handheld and isokinetic dynamometer, respectively, to normalize the EMG during the HE and RHE exercises. Three repetitions of each exercise were executed in a randomized order. High reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.925) was observed with low variability (coefficient of variation [CV] < 10%) in all but the GMax during the extension phase of the HE (CV = 10.64%). During the extension and flexion phases, the RHE exhibited significantly greater (p ≤ 0.024; 34.1-70.7% difference) peak EMG compared with the HE in all muscles tested. Similarly, the RHE resulted in significantly greater mean EMG compared with the HE (p ≤ 0.036; 28.2-65.0% difference) in all muscles except the BF during the flexion phase (p = 9.960). Therefore, the RHE could be considered as a higher-intensity exercise for the posterior chain muscles compared with the HE, potentially eliciting greater increases in strength of the posterior chain muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cuthbert
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Technical Directorate Division, the Football Association Group, St George's Park, Burton Upon Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Ripley
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carrol University, Waukesha, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Alejo
- California State University Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - John J McMahon
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom ; and
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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13
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Martín-San Agustín R, Castillo-Ballesta L, Llobat Sancho J, Esbri-Navarro R, Sánchez-Barbadora M. Comparison of Electromyographic Activity During Hip Extension Exercises Under Gravitational or Inertial Loading Conditions. Sports Health 2021; 14:246-253. [PMID: 33906543 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211011407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring injury prevention programs include strengthening, especially eccentric exercises using both gravitational and inertial loading. Inertial exercises are characterized by eccentric contractions of high intensity and velocity. This study aimed to analyze the muscular activation of the biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), gluteus maximus (GM), and gracilis (GC) muscles during hip extension (HE) exercises performed under both gravitational and inertial loading conditions. HYPOTHESIS Inertial training would generate a greater activation of HE muscles than gravitational training. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS Fifteen resistance-trained men performed the unilateral straight knee bridge (SKB), 45° of HE, and stiff-leg deadlift (SDL) exercises under gravitational and inertial loading conditions. Concentric and eccentric phases were identified with a linear encoder. Differences between load types, exercises, and their interaction were examined to establish the electromyographic (EMG) activity of each muscle and BF/ST ratio. RESULTS In the concentric phase, inertial loading showed a higher normalized EMG than gravitational loading for BF, ST, and GM. SKB and HE activated BF and ST between 9.6% and 24.3% more than SDL. In the eccentric phase, the inertial modality achieved greater GM activation than the gravitational form (18.1%). BF activation was increased with HE and SKB as compared with SDL (24.4% and 16.4%, respectively), while ST activation was likewise enhanced with HE as compared with SDL (15.1%). CONCLUSION Inertial training is more effective than gravitational training for the concentric activation of the hamstring muscles while SDL showed lower hamstring activation than HE and SKB. Therefore, HE and SKB with inertial loading should be taken into account in hamstring training programs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Inertial training is more effective than gravitational training for the concentric activation of the hamstring muscles. HE and SKB with inertial loading should be taken into account in hamstring training programs.
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Hirose N, Tsuruike M, Higashihara A. Biceps Femoris Muscle is Activated by Performing Nordic Hamstring Exercise at a Shallow Knee Flexion Angle. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:275-283. [PMID: 34211320 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The semitendinosus (ST) muscle is primarily used during Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE), which is often prescribed for preventing hamstring injury, though the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) muscle that is more susceptible to injuries. Thus, this study aimed to identify the modulation of BFlh muscle activity with different knee flexion angles during NHE using an inclined platform. Fourteen male athletes performed NHE and maintained their position at maximum inclination (NH). Subjects also performed isometric NHE using a platform inclined to 50° (ICL) and 40° (ICH), and the knee flexion angle was controlled to 50° and 30°. The electromyography (EMG) activity of the BFlh, ST, semimembranosus, gluteus maximus, elector spinae, and rectus abdominus muscles was determined during each exercise. The EMG of the ST was higher than that of the BFlh during NHE and the highest of all muscles in all exercises (p < 0.05). Moreover, the activity of the BFlh tended to be higher than that of the ST for ICH than for ICL, regardless of the knee joint angle. The activity of the BFlh becomes equivalent to that of the ST during NHE at a knee flexion angle of less than 50°. These results indicate that performing NHE at a shallow knee flexion angle will enhance the activity of the BFlh muscle.
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15
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Moltó IN, Albiach JP, Amer-Cuenca JJ, Segura-Ortí E, Gabriel W, Martínez-Gramage J. Wearable Sensors Detect Differences between the Sexes in Lower Limb Electromyographic Activity and Pelvis 3D Kinematics during Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6478. [PMID: 33198427 PMCID: PMC7697594 DOI: 10.3390/s20226478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Each year, 50% of runners suffer from injuries. Consequently, more studies are being published about running biomechanics; these studies identify factors that can help prevent injuries. Scientific evidence suggests that recreational runners should use personalized biomechanical training plans, not only to improve their performance, but also to prevent injuries caused by the inability of amateur athletes to tolerate increased loads, and/or because of poor form. This study provides an overview of the different normative patterns of lower limb muscle activation and articular ranges of the pelvis during running, at self-selected speeds, in men and women. METHODS 38 healthy runners aged 18 to 49 years were included in this work. We examined eight muscles by applying two wearable superficial electromyography sensors and an inertial sensor for three-dimensional (3D) pelvis kinematics. RESULTS the largest differences were obtained for gluteus maximus activation in the first double float phase (p = 0.013) and second stance phase (p = 0.003), as well as in the gluteus medius in the second stance phase (p = 0.028). In both cases, the activation distribution was more homogeneous in men and presented significantly lower values than those obtained for women. In addition, there was a significantly higher percentage of total vastus medialis activation in women throughout the running cycle with the median (25th-75th percentile) for women being 12.50% (9.25-14) and 10% (9-12) for men. Women also had a greater range of pelvis rotation during running at self-selected speeds (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS understanding the differences between men and women, in terms of muscle activation and pelvic kinematic values, could be especially useful to allow health professionals detect athletes who may be at risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Nacher Moltó
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.A.-C.); (E.S.-O.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Juan Pardo Albiach
- Embedded Systems and Artificial Intelligence Group, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain;
| | - Juan José Amer-Cuenca
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.A.-C.); (E.S.-O.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Eva Segura-Ortí
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.A.-C.); (E.S.-O.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Willig Gabriel
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biomecánicas, Cátedra de Anatomía Funcional y Biomecánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1107, Argentina;
| | - Javier Martínez-Gramage
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.A.-C.); (E.S.-O.); (J.M.-G.)
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16
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Zabaloy S, Carlos-Vivas J, Freitas TT, Pareja-Blanco F, Loturco I, Comyns T, Gálvez-González J, Alcaraz PE. Muscle Activity, Leg Stiffness, and Kinematics During Unresisted and Resisted Sprinting Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1839-1846. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Hegyi A, Gonçalves BAM, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Individual Region- and Muscle-specific Hamstring Activity at Different Running Speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2274-2285. [PMID: 31634294 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hamstring strain injuries typically occur in the proximal biceps femoris long head (BFlh) at high running speeds. Strain magnitude seems to be the primary determinant of strain injury, and may be regulated by muscle activation. In running, BFlh strain is largest in the proximal region, especially at high speeds. However, region-specific activity has not been examined. This study examined the proximal-distal and intermuscular activity of BFlh and semitendinosus (ST) as a function of increasing running speed. METHODS Thirteen participants ran at steady speeds of 4.1 (slow), 5.4 (moderate), and 6.8 m·s (fast) on a treadmill. Region- and muscle-specific EMG activity were recorded at each speed using high-density EMG, and were normalized to maximal voluntary isometric activity. Muscle-tendon unit lengths were calculated from kinematic recordings. Speed effects, regional, and intermuscular differences were tested with Statistical Parametric Mapping. RESULTS With increasing running speed, EMG activity increased in all regions of both muscles to a similar extent in the clinically relevant late swing phase. Increases in muscle-tendon unit lengths in late swing as a function of running speed were comparatively small. In fast running, EMG activity was highest in late swing in all regions, and reached 115% ± 20% (proximal region, mean ± 95% confidence limit), 106% ± 11% (middle), and 124% ± 16% (distal) relative to maximal voluntary isometric activity in BFlh. Regional and intermuscular EMG patterns were highly individual, but each individual maintained similar proximal-distal and intermuscular EMG activity patterns across running speeds. CONCLUSIONS Running is associated with highly individual hamstring activity patterns, but these patterns are similar across speeds. It may thus be crucial to implement running at submaximal speeds early after hamstring injury for restoration of normal neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Hegyi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND
| | - Basílio A M Gonçalves
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND.,School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, AUSTRALIA
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, FINLAND
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18
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Andrade MS, Junqueira MS, Andre Barbosa De Lira C, Vancini RL, Seffrin A, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Age-related differences in torque in angle-specific and peak torque hamstring to quadriceps ratios in female soccer players from 11 to 18 years old: Α Cross-sectional study. Res Sports Med 2020; 29:77-89. [PMID: 32200660 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1742713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the hamstring (H) and quadriceps (Q) strength, bilateral difference and balance ratios in female soccer players. Ninety-three athletes from three age groups: under 13 (U13), 15 (U15) and 18 (U18) participated in the study performing isokinetic tests to measure peak torque, total work, average power and torque at 30º of thigh muscles. Conventional strength balance ratios, angle-specific balance ratio and bilateral strength difference were evaluated. There was bilateral strength difference for extensor muscles total work (p = 0.02) in U13 and flexor muscles peak torque (p = 0.02) in U15. All variables were superior in U15 than U13 (p <.05). There was no strength difference between U15 and U18. Balance ratios did not differ between sides or age groups. The study showed that although peak torque values were higher in U15 than in U13, balance ratios were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia S Andrade
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina S Junqueira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira
- Laboratório de Avaliação do Movimen to Humano, Faculdade de Educação Física E Dança, Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo , Vitória, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University Hospital Zurich , Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz , St. Gallen, Switzerland
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19
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Drury B, Ratel S, Clark CC, Fernandes JF, Moran J, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E70. [PMID: 33467385 PMCID: PMC7739302 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual's maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l’Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P, EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Cain C.T. Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5RW, England, UK;
| | - John F.T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, England, UK;
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3WA, UK;
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7C, Canada;
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20
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Freeman BW, Young WB, Talpey SW, Smyth AM, Pane CL, Carlon TA. The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance in adolescent athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:1119-1125. [PMID: 31332988 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are among the most common injuries in field-based team sports with a high-speed running component. The implementation of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a well-documented method of improving eccentric hamstring strength to mitigate the risk of HSI occurrence. Sprint training is specific to the injury mechanism and is thought to activate the hamstrings through maximal eccentric contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint training and the NHE on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. METHODS Twenty-eight participants (mean±SD age=16.21±1.34 years; height=1.75m±0.10m; body mass=68.5kg±12.1kg) completed an eccentric hamstring strength assessment and 40m sprint to assess acceleration and maximum speed. Participants were randomly allocated to either a NHE training or sprint training group. Two sessions per week for four-weeks of training was performed with baseline testing procedures repeated in the week following the intervention. Perceptions of soreness were recorded following the warm-up in each training session. RESULTS Both the NHE (effect size=0.39, P<0.05) and sprint training (effect size=0.29, P<0.05) groups displayed significant gains in eccentric hamstring strength. The NHE group reported trivial improvements in sprint performance, whilst the sprint training group experienced a moderate improvement, specifically in maximum speed (ES=0.83 Moderate). Sprint training also produced greater perceptions of soreness than the NHE following a four-week training intervention, specifically before the start of the last session (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that sprint training had a beneficial effect for both eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance, whilst also producing greater soreness than the NHE following the final training session. It was concluded that a four-week block of maximum speed training may have both an injury prevention and performance enhancement benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock W Freeman
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia -
| | - Warren B Young
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Scott W Talpey
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia.,School of Health and Human Services, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew M Smyth
- School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, Australia
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21
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How anterior pelvic tilt affects the lower extremity kinematics during the late swing phase in soccer players while running: A time series analysis. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:459-466. [PMID: 31176257 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anterior pelvic tilt has been proposed to predispose the hamstring in soccer players to injury at the late swing phase during a sprint, however the mechanism on how the changes in the alignment would affect the kinematics are still unclear. Thirty-four male amateur soccer players were recruited for this study. Pelvic tilt was measured using the DIERS Formetric 4D. Lower extremity angles were recorded using an 8-camera Vicon motion capture system at 200 Hz while the athlete performed a high speed run on a motorised treadmill. Late swing phase was extracted from 5 running cycle which were later analysed using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The results show that the increase of anterior pelvic tilt angle was significantly correlated with hip (r = -0.421 to -0.462, p = 0.015) and knee flexion (r = -0.424 to -0.472, p = 0.026) values. No other correlation was found between the anterior pelvic tilt and the angles at the coronal plane. By using time series analysis it was shown that the anterior pelvic tilt measured in a standing position would affect the adjacent segments' kinematics while running as suggested in the kinetic chain theory; which would potentially predispose the soccer athletes to hamstring injury by maintaining knee extension.
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22
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Kenneally‐Dabrowski CJB, Brown NAT, Lai AKM, Perriman D, Spratford W, Serpell BG. Late swing or early stance? A narrative review of hamstring injury mechanisms during high‐speed running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1083-1091. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. B. Kenneally‐Dabrowski
- ANU Medical School Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Nicholas A. T. Brown
- Australian Institute of Sport Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Adrian K. M. Lai
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Diana Perriman
- ANU Medical School Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Unit Canberra Hospital Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Benjamin G. Serpell
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Brumbies Rugby Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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23
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Howard DR, Banffy MB, ElAttrache NS. Hamstring Injuries in Major League Baseball Pitchers: Implications in Graft Selection for Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2019; 47:444-450. [PMID: 30545238 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518815689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hamstring tendons are commonly harvested as autograft for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. There is no consensus in the literature whether the hamstring tendon should be harvested from the ipsilateral (drive) leg or contralateral (landing) leg of baseball pitchers undergoing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction. Hamstring injuries commonly occur in baseball players, but there are no reports on their incidence specifically among Major League Baseball (MLB) pitchers, nor are there reports on whether they occur more commonly in the drive leg or the landing leg. HYPOTHESIS Hamstring injuries occur more commonly in the landing legs of MLB pitchers. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS MLB pitchers who sustained hamstring injuries requiring time spent on the disabled list were identified from publicly available sources over 10 seasons. Demographics of the pitchers and injury and return-to-sport data were collected. Hamstring injuries to the drive leg were compared with injuries to the landing leg. RESULTS Sixty-five pitchers had 78 disabled list stints due to hamstring injuries over 10 seasons. The landing leg was injured in 67.9% of cases, and the most common mechanism of injury was pitching. There were no significant differences in demographics between pitchers who sustained drive leg and landing leg injuries. There was no significant difference in mechanism of injury or time to return to sport between pitchers who sustained drive leg and landing leg injuries. CONCLUSION The landing leg is more commonly injured than the drive leg among MLB pitchers who sustain hamstring injuries. There is no difference in time to return to sport between pitchers who sustain drive leg and landing leg injuries. More research is required to determine whether there is a difference in performance or future injury between hamstring tendons harvested from the drive leg and the landing leg for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction among pitchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Howard
- Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Somers Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine Group, Carmel, New York, USA
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24
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Kellis E. Antagonist muscle architecture and aponeurosis/tendon strain of biceps femoris long head during maximal isometric efforts. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:73-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Hegyi A, Péter A, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Region-dependent hamstrings activity in Nordic hamstring exercise and stiff-leg deadlift defined with high-density electromyography. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:992-1000. [PMID: 29143379 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest region-specific metabolic activity in hamstring muscles during injury prevention exercises, but the neural representation of this phenomenon is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether regional differences are evident in the activity of biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles during two common injury prevention exercises. Twelve male participants without a history of hamstring injury performed the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and stiff-leg deadlift (SDL) while BFlh and ST activities were recorded with high-density electromyography (HD-EMG). Normalized activity was calculated from the distal, middle, and proximal regions in the eccentric phase of each exercise. In NHE, ST overall activity was substantially higher than in BFlh (d = 1.06 ± 0.45), compared to trivial differences between muscles in SDL (d = 0.19 ± 0.34). Regional differences were found in NHE for both muscles, with different proximal-distal patterns: The distal region showed the lowest activity level in ST (regional differences, d range = 0.55-1.41) but the highest activity level in BFlh (regional differences, d range = 0.38-1.25). In SDL, regional differences were smaller in both muscles (d range = 0.29-0.67 and 0.16-0.63 in ST and BFlh, respectively) than in NHE. The use of HD-EMG in hamstrings revealed heterogeneous hamstrings activity during typical injury prevention exercises. High-density EMG might be useful in future studies to provide a comprehensive overview of hamstring muscle activity in other exercises and high-injury risk tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hegyi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - A Péter
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - T Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - N J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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26
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Higashihara A, Nagano Y, Ono T, Fukubayashi T. Differences in hamstring activation characteristics between the acceleration and maximum-speed phases of sprinting. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:1313-1318. [PMID: 28873030 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1375548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate activation characteristics of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles during the acceleration and maximum-speed phases of sprinting. Lower-extremity kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the BFlh and ST muscles were examined during the acceleration sprint and maximum-speed sprint in 13 male sprinters during an overground sprinting. Differences in hamstring activation during each divided phases and in the hip and knee joint angles and torques at each time point of the sprinting gait cycle were determined between two sprints. During the early stance of the acceleration sprint, the hip extension torque was significantly greater than during the maximum-speed sprint, and the relative EMG activation of the BFlh muscle was significantly higher than that of the ST muscle. During the late stance and terminal mid-swing of maximum-speed sprint, the knee was more extended and a higher knee flexion moment was observed compared to the acceleration sprint, and the ST muscle showed higher activation than that of the BFlh. These results indicate that the functional demands of the medial and lateral hamstring muscles differ between two different sprint performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Higashihara
- a The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Tokyo , Japan.,b Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nagano
- c Department of Sports Wellness Sciences , Japan Women's College of Physical Education , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- d Kitasato University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , Center for Human and Social Sciences , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Toru Fukubayashi
- e Faculty of Sport Sciences , Waseda University , Saitama , Japan
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27
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Schuermans J, Van Tiggelen D, Palmans T, Danneels L, Witvrouw E. Deviating running kinematics and hamstring injury susceptibility in male soccer players: Cause or consequence? Gait Posture 2017; 57:270-277. [PMID: 28683419 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the vast majority of hamstring injuries in male soccer are sustained during high speed running, the association between sprinting kinematics and hamstring injury vulnerability has never been investigated prospectively in a cohort at risk. PURPOSE This study aimed to objectify the importance of lower limb and trunk kinematics during full sprint in hamstring injury susceptibility. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; level of evidence, 2. METHODS At the end of the 2013 soccer season, three-dimensional kinematic data of the lower limb and trunk were collected during sprinting in a cohort consisting of 30 soccer players with a recent history of hamstring injury and 30 matched controls. Subsequently, a 1.5 season follow up was conducted for (re)injury registry. Ultimately, joint and segment motion patterns were submitted to retro- and prospective statistical curve analyses for injury risk prediction. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that index injury occurrence was associated with higher levels of anterior pelvic tilting and thoracic side bending throughout the airborne (swing) phases of sprinting, whereas no kinematic differences during running were found when comparing players with a recent hamstring injury history with their matched controls. CONCLUSION Deficient core stability, enabling excessive pelvis and trunk motion during swing, probably increases the primary injury risk. Although sprinting encompasses a relative risk of hamstring muscle failure in every athlete, running coordination demonstrated to be essential in hamstring injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Schuermans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Damien Van Tiggelen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tanneke Palmans
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Eustace SJ, Page RM, Greig M. Contemporary approaches to isokinetic strength assessments in professional football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1371851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven James Eustace
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Richard Michael Page
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Matt Greig
- Sports Injury Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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Oakley AJ, Jennings J, Bishop CJ. Holistic hamstring health: not just the Nordic hamstring exercise. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:816-817. [PMID: 28476902 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiden J Oakley
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jacob Jennings
- Department of Sport Sciences, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris J Bishop
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, Allianz Park, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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30
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Van Hooren B, Bosch F. Is there really an eccentric action of the hamstrings during the swing phase of high-speed running? part I: A critical review of the literature. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2313-2321. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1266018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, School of Sport Studies, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Bosch
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, School of Sport Studies, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Morin JB, Gimenez P, Edouard P, Arnal P, Jiménez-Reyes P, Samozino P, Brughelli M, Mendiguchia J. Sprint Acceleration Mechanics: The Major Role of Hamstrings in Horizontal Force Production. Front Physiol 2015; 6:404. [PMID: 26733889 PMCID: PMC4689850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent literature supports the importance of horizontal ground reaction force (GRF) production for sprint acceleration performance. Modeling and clinical studies have shown that the hip extensors are very likely contributors to sprint acceleration performance. We experimentally tested the role of the hip extensors in horizontal GRF production during short, maximal, treadmill sprint accelerations. Torque capabilities of the knee and hip extensors and flexors were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer in 14 males familiar with sprint running. Then, during 6-s sprints on an instrumented motorized treadmill, horizontal and vertical GRF were synchronized with electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus averaged over the first half of support, entire support, entire swing and end-of-swing phases. No significant correlations were found between isokinetic or EMG variables and horizontal GRF. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship (P = 0.024) between horizontal GRF and the combination of biceps femoris EMG activity during the end of the swing and the knee flexors eccentric peak torque. In conclusion, subjects who produced the greatest amount of horizontal force were both able to highly activate their hamstring muscles just before ground contact and present high eccentric hamstring peak torque capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health (EA6312), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society (EA 4660), University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of LyonSaint-Etienne, France; Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-EtienneSaint-Etienne, France
| | - Pierrick Arnal
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University of Lyon Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio Murcia, Spain
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology (EA4338), University Savoie Mont Blanc Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Matt Brughelli
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Department of Physical Therapy, ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center Barañain, Spain
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