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Dora CP, Kushwah V, Yadav V, Kuche K, Jain S. Gemcitabine-Phospholipid Complex Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Improving Drug Loading, Stability, and Efficacy against Pancreatic Cancer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2699-2712. [PMID: 38747900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to encapsulate gemcitabine (GEM) using a phospholipid complex (PLC) in lipid nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve several desirable outcomes, including high drug loading, uniform particle size, improved therapeutic efficacy, and reduced toxicities. The successful preparation of GEM-loaded lipid NPs (GEM-NPs) was accomplished using the emulsification-solidification method, following optimization through Box-Behnken design. The size of the GEM-NP was 138.5 ± 6.7 nm, with a low polydispersity index of 0.282 ± 0.078, as measured by a zetasizer and confirmed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. GEM-NPs demonstrated sustained release behavior, surpassing the performance of the free GEM and phospholipid complex. Moreover, GEM-NPs exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell uptake in Panc-2 and Mia PaCa cells compared to the free GEM. The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed approximately 4-fold higher bioavailability of GEM-NPs in comparison with free GEM. Additionally, the pharmacodynamic evaluation conducted in a DMBA-induced pancreatic cancer model, involving histological examination, serum IL-6 level estimation, and expression of cleaved caspase-3, showed the potential of GEM-NPs in the management of pancreatic cancer. Consequently, the lipid NP-based approach developed in our investigation demonstrates high stability and uniformity and holds promise for enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Parkash Dora
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, sector-67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, sector-67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, sector-67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, sector-67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, sector-67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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Behera C, Kaur Sandha K, Banjare N, Kumar Shukla M, Mudassir Ali S, Singh M, Gupta PN. Biodegradable nanocarrier of gemcitabine and tocopherol succinate synergistically ameliorates anti-proliferative response in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123599. [PMID: 37992978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is an important chemotherapeutic agent used alone or in combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of various solid tumors. In this study, the potential of a dietary supplement, α-tocopherol succinate (TOS) was investigated in combination with GEM by utilizing human serum albumin-based nanoparticles (HSA NPs). The developed nanoparticles were characterized using DLS, SEM and FTIR and evaluated in a panel of cell lines to inspect cytotoxic efficacy. The ratio metric selected combination of the NPs was further investigated in human pancreatic cancer cell line (MIA PaCa-2 cells) to assess the cellular death mechanism via a myriad of biochemical and bio-analytical assays including nuclear morphometric analysis by DAPI staining, ROS generation, MMP loss, intracellular calcium release, in vitro clonogenic assay, cell migration assay, cell cycle analysis, immunocytochemical staining followed by western blotting, Annexin V-FITC and cellular uptake studies. The desolvation-crosslinking method was used to prepare the NPs. The average size of TOS-HSA NPs and GEM-HSA NPs was found to be 189.47 ± 5 nm and 143.42 ± 7.4 nm, respectively. In combination, the developed nanoparticles exhibited synergism by enhancing cytotoxicity in a fixed molar ratio. The selected combination also significantly triggered ROS generation and mitochondrial destabilization, alleviated cell migration potential and clonogenic cell survival in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Further, cell cycle analysis, Annexin-V FITC assay and caspase-3 activation, up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2 protein confirmed the occurrence of apoptotic event coupled with the G0/G1 phase arrest. Nanocarriers based this combination also offered approximately 14-folds dose reduction of GEM. Overall, the combined administration of TOS-HSA NPs and GEM-HSA NPs showed synergistic cytotoxicity accompanied with dose reduction of the gemcitabine. These encouraging findings could have implication in designing micronutrient based-combination therapy with gemcitabine and demands further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chittaranjan Behera
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Kamalpreet Kaur Sandha
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nagma Banjare
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Monu Kumar Shukla
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Syed Mudassir Ali
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Manisha Singh
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Miao X, Koch G, Shen S, Wang X, Li J, Shen X, Qu J, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Systems Pharmacodynamic Model of Combined Gemcitabine and Trabectedin in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Part II: Cell Cycle, DNA Damage Response, and Apoptosis Pathways. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:235-245. [PMID: 37918792 PMCID: PMC10902796 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research efforts, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to present a formidable clinical challenge, demanding innovative therapeutic approaches. In a prior study, we reported the synergistic cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine and trabectedin on pancreatic cancer cells. To investigate potential mechanisms underlying this synergistic pharmacodynamic interaction, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was performed, and a systems pharmacodynamics model (SPD) was developed to capture pancreatic cancer cell responses to gemcitabine and trabectedin, alone and combined, at the proteome level. Companion report Part I describes the proteomic workflow and drug effects on the upstream portion of the SPD model related to cell growth and migration, specifically the RTK-, integrin-, GPCR-, and calcium-signaling pathways. This report presents Part II of the SPD model. Here we describe drug effects on pathways associated with cell cycle, DNA damage response (DDR), and apoptosis, and provide insights into underlying mechanisms. Drug combination effects on protein changes in the cell cycle- and apoptosis pathways contribute to the synergistic effects observed between gemcitabine and trabectedin. The SPD model was subsequently incorporated into our previously-established cell cycle model, forming a comprehensive, multi-scale quantification platform for evaluating drug effects across multiple scales, spanning the proteomic-, cellular-, and subcellular levels. This approach provides a quantitative mechanistic framework for evaluating drug-drug interactions in combination chemotherapy, and could potentially serve as a tool to predict combinatorial efficacy and assist in target selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Miao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gilbert Koch
- Pediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University of Basel, Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Li
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Wang X, Chen Z, Nie D, Zeng X, Zhong M, Liu X, Zhong S, Wang L, Liao Z, Chen C, Li Y, Zeng C. CASP1 is a target for combination therapy in pancreatic cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176175. [PMID: 37949157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GEM) is commonly used as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for treating pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. However, drug resistance is a major hurdle in GEM-based chemotherapy for PC. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis, a type of programmed death, plays a significant regulatory role in cancer development and therapy. In this study, we observed an increase in the expression of Caspase-1(CASP1)/Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) in PC and found that high expression of CASP1 and GSDMD was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of PC patients. Knockdown of either CASP1 or GSDMD resulted in the inhibition of cell viability and migration in PC cells. More importantly, the knockdown of CASP1 or GSDMD enhanced GEM-induced cell death in PC cells. Interestingly, subsequent investigations demonstrated that enzymatically active CASP1 promoted GEM-induced cell death in PC cells. The activation of CASP1 by the DPP8/DPP9 inhibitor (Val-boroPro, VbP) increased GEM-induced cell death by inducing pyroptosis. These findings suggest that inhibiting CASP1 to suppress its oncogenic effects or activating it to promote cell pyroptosis both enhance the sensitivity of PC cells to GEM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Dingrui Nie
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xiangbo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mengjun Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Shuxin Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Ziwei Liao
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, PR China.
| | - Cunte Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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Agrawal S, Das R, Singh AK, Kumar P, Shukla PK, Bhattacharya I, Tripathi AK, Mishra SK, Tiwari KN. Network pharmacology-based anti-pancreatic cancer potential of kaempferol and catechin of Trema orientalis L. through computational approach. Med Oncol 2023; 40:133. [PMID: 37010624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-01996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic cancer, healthy cells in the pancreas begin to malfunction and proliferate out of control. According to our conventional knowledge, many plants contain several novel bioactive compounds, having pharmaceutical applications for the treatment of disease like pancreatic cancer. The methanolic fraction of fruit extract of Trema orientalis L. (MFETO) was analysed through HRMS. In this in silico study, pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties of the identified flavonoids from MFETO were screened out by ADMET analysis. Kaempferol and catechin followed Lipinski rules and showed no toxicity in Protox II. Targets of these compounds were taken from SwissTarget prediction and TCMSP whilst targets for pancreatic cancer were taken from GeneCards and DisGeNET databases. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of common genes was generated through STRING and then exported to the Cytoscape to get top 5 hub genes (AKT1, SRC, EGFR, TNF, and CASP3). The interaction between compounds and hub genes was analysed using molecular docking, and high binding affinity between them can be visualised by Biovia discovery studio visualizer. Our study shows that, five hub genes related to pancreatic cancer play an important role in tumour growth induction, invasion and migration. Kaempferol effectively check cell migration by inhibiting ERK1/2, EGFR-related SRC, and AKT pathways by scavenging ROS whilst catechin inhibited TNFα-induced activation and cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2/M phases by induction of apoptosis of malignant cells. Kaempferol and catechin containing MFETO can be used for formulation of potent drugs for pancreatic cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreni Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Richa Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Shukla
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Indrani Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Science, Parul University, Vadodara, 391760, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Kumar Tripathi
- School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Gautam Budha Nagar, Greater Noida, 203201, UP, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
| | - Kavindra Nath Tiwari
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
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Impact of anti-diabetic sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on tumor growth of intractable hematological malignancy in humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112864. [PMID: 35367765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the dysfunction of mitochondria, cancer cells preferentially utilize both glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways rather than electron transport chains to desperately generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH), classically recognized as the Warburg effect. Based on this background, the present study tested the hypothesis that anti-diabetic sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors would exert a tumor-suppressive impact on intractable human hematological malignancies via the modulation of glucose metabolism within cells and cell cycles. The level of mRNA for SGLT2 was remarkably elevated in leukemic cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), one of the most intractable blood cancers in humans, and as well as in two kinds of ATL cell lines (MT-1 and MT-2). Two kinds of SGLT2 inhibitors, Luseogliflozin and Tofogliflozin substantially suppressed the proliferation of MT-1 and MT-2 cells in both adherent and anchorage-independent culture conditions. Such a suppressive effect on tumor cell growth was reproduced by Luseogliflozin in leukemic cells in peripheral blood from patients with ATL. In MT-2 cells, both of SGLT2 inhibitors considerably attenuated glucose uptake, intracellular ATP levels, and NADPH production, resultantly enhancing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. From the standpoint of metabolic oncology, the present study suggests that SGLT2 inhibitors would be a promising adjunctive option for the treatment of the most intractable human hematological malignancies like ATL.
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Ruan JL, Browning RJ, Yildiz YO, Bau L, Kamila S, Gray MD, Folkes L, Hampson A, McHale AP, Callan JF, Vojnovic B, Kiltie AE, Stride E. Evaluation of Loading Strategies to Improve Tumor Uptake of Gemcitabine in a Murine Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model Using Ultrasound and Microbubbles. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1596-1615. [PMID: 33707089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study we compared three different microbubble-based approaches to the delivery of a widely used chemotherapy drug, gemcitabine: (i) co-administration of gemcitabine and microbubbles (Gem+MB); (ii) conjugates of microbubbles and gemcitabine-loaded liposomes (GemlipoMB); and (iii) microbubbles with gemcitabine directly bound to their surfaces (GembioMB). Both in vitro and in vivo investigations were carried out, respectively, in the RT112 bladder cancer cell line and in a murine orthotopic muscle-invasive bladder cancer model. The in vitro (in vivo) ultrasound exposure conditions were a 1 (1.1) MHz centre frequency, 0.07 (1.0) MPa peak negative pressure, 3000 (20,000) cycles and 100 (0.5) Hz pulse repetition frequency. Ultrasound exposure produced no significant increase in drug uptake either in vitro or in vivo compared with the drug-only control for co-administered gemcitabine and microbubbles. In vivo, GemlipoMB prolonged the plasma circulation time of gemcitabine, but only GembioMB produced a statistically significant increase in cleaved caspase 3 expression in the tumor, indicative of gemcitabine-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Ruan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Browning
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yesna O Yildiz
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sukanta Kamila
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Gray
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Folkes
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alix Hampson
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P McHale
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - John F Callan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Borivoj Vojnovic
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Kiltie
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Mollaei M, Hassan ZM, Khorshidi F, Langroudi L. Chemotherapeutic drugs: Cell death- and resistance-related signaling pathways. Are they really as smart as the tumor cells? Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101056. [PMID: 33684837 PMCID: PMC7938256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs kill cancer cells or control their progression all over the patient's body, while radiation- and surgery-based treatments perform in a particular site. Based on their mechanisms of action, they are classified into different groups, including alkylating substrates, antimetabolite agents, anti-tumor antibiotics, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II, mitotic inhibitors, and finally, corticosteroids. Although chemotherapeutic drugs have brought about more life expectancy, two major and severe complications during chemotherapy are chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Therefore, we aimed to review the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell death and resistance in different chemotherapeutic drug families to clarify the shortcomings in the conventional single chemotherapy applications. Moreover, we have summarized the current combination chemotherapy applications, including numerous combined-, and encapsulated-combined-chemotherapeutic drugs. We further discussed the possibilities and applications of precision medicine, machine learning, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in promoting cancer immunotherapies. Finally, some of the recent clinical trials concerning the application of immunotherapies and combination chemotherapies were included as well, in order to provide a practical perspective toward the future of therapies in cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Langroudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Habib S, Singh M. Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Nanosystems for Gemcitabine and Gemcitabine-Combination Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:597. [PMID: 33673636 PMCID: PMC7997169 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The anti-metabolite drug gemcitabine is widely used for the treatment of a variety of cancers. At present, gemcitabine is administered as a hydrochloride salt that is delivered by slow intravenous injection in cycles of three or four weeks. Although regarded as a 'front-line' chemotherapeutic agent, its efficacy is hampered by poor target cell specificity, sub-optimal cellular uptake, rapid clearance from circulation, the development of chemoresistance, and undesirable side-effects. The use of organic, inorganic, and metal-based nanoparticles as delivery agents presents an opportunity to overcome these limitations and safely harness optimal drug efficacy and enhance their therapeutic indices. Among the many and varied nano delivery agents explored, the greatest body of knowledge has been generated in the field of lipid-mediated delivery. We review here the liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, exosomes, lipid-polymer hybrids, and other novel lipid-based agents that have been developed within the past six years for the delivery of gemcitabine and its co-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moganavelli Singh
- Nano-Gene and Drug Delivery Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
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Namima D, Fujihara S, Iwama H, Fujita K, Matsui T, Nakahara M, Okamura M, Hirata M, Kono T, Fujita N, Yamana H, Kato K, Kamada H, Morishita A, Kobara H, Tsutsui K, Masaki T. The Effect of Gemcitabine on Cell Cycle Arrest and microRNA Signatures in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. In Vivo 2020; 34:3195-3203. [PMID: 33144424 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Gemcitabine, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, is the gold standard chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in cancers, including PDAC. However, less is known about the effect of gemcitabine on PDAC cells and miRNA expression in PDAC. We evaluated the effect of gemcitabine on the cell cycle of PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo and on the miRNA expression profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of gemcitabine on PK-1 and PK-9 cell growth were evaluated using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Xenografted mouse models were used to assess gemcitabine effects in vivo. RESULTS Gemcitabine inhibited the proliferation and tumour growth of PK-1 cells, and induced S phase cell cycle arrest. Numerous miRNAs were altered upon gemcitabine treatment of PK-1 cells and xenograft models. CONCLUSION Altered miRNAs may serve as potential therapeutic targets for improving the efficacy of gemcitabine in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Namima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mai Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Okamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
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11
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Xu J, Liu S, Yang X, Cao S, Zhou Y. Paracrine HGF promotes EMT and mediates the effects of PSC on chemoresistance by activating c-Met/PI3K/Akt signaling in pancreatic cancer in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 263:118523. [PMID: 33039386 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play key roles in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and are considered to contribute to chemoresistance. PSCs can participate in malignant behaviors of pancreatic carcinoma (PC) by secreting hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The objective of this research was to explore the potential molecular mechanism of HGF on gemcitabine (GEM) chemoresistance of PC. MATERIALS AND METHODS HGF, c-Met, E-Cadherin and Vimentin levels were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The changes of HGF level were detected by ELISA. The half maximal inhibitory concentration, the growth inhibitions and apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) were respectively assayed using CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Associated proteins were measured using western blot and cell immunofluorescence assay. KEY FINDINGS PSCs strongly expressed HGF, and its receptor c-Met was expressed in PCCs. PCCs exerted a positive regulative effect on HGF production. HGF neutralizing antibody AMG102 could effectively reduce the HGF level in PSC-conditioned medium (PSC-CM). PSC-CM promoted chemoresistance in PCCs. When exposed to PSC-CM, PCCs underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and c-Met was also activated. Recombinant human HGF had the same protective effect. Blocking the HGF/c-Met axis with a c-Met inhibitor PHA665752 and AMG102 reduced the phosphorylation level of c-Met (p-c-Met) and attenuated EMT and chemoresistance. P-c-Met overexpression resulted in activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling with LY294002 reversed chemoresistance and EMT. SIGNIFICANCE PSCs can activate the c-Met/PI3K/Akt pathway in PCCs via paracrine HGF, induce EMT of PCCs and inhibit cancer cell apoptosis, thus enhance chemoresistance to Gem in PCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanglong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Shougen Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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12
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Bhutiani N, Li Y, Zheng Q, Pandit H, Shi X, Chen Y, Yu Y, Pulliam ZR, Tan M, Martin RCG. Electrochemotherapy with Irreversible Electroporation and FOLFIRINOX Improves Survival in Murine Models of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:4348-4359. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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13
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Chen YH, Chen YC, Lin CC, Hsieh YP, Hsu CS, Hsieh MC. Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Gemcitabine with Pitavastatin on Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4645-4665. [PMID: 32606957 PMCID: PMC7306478 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s247876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with an overall 5-year survival rate of 9.3%, and this malignancy is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. Gemcitabine resistance develops within weeks of PDAC patient’s chemotherapeutic initiation. Statins, including pitavastatin, have been indicated to have anticancer effects in numerous human cancer cell lines. Thus, in this study, we hypothesized that a combination of gemcitabine and pitavastatin may have a greater anticancer effect than gemcitabine alone on the human pancreatic carcinoma cell line MIA PaCa-2. Methods The anticancer effects of gemcitabine with pitavastatin were evaluated using human MIA PaCa-2 cell line in vitro and in vivo Balb/c murine xenograft tumor model. Cell viability was assessed with CCK-8, and cell migration was stained by crystal violet. Cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were examined by flow cytometry. Activation of drug transporters (hENTs, hCNTs), intracellular drug activating (dCK) and inhibition of inactivating enzymes (RRMs) pathways were assessed by Western blotting analysis. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy also were assessed by Western blotting. Results We observed that gemcitabine and pitavastatin synergistically suppressed the proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells through causing sub-G1 and S phase cell cycle arrest. Activation of apoptosis/necrosis was confirmed by annexin V/propidium iodide double staining, which showed increasing levels of active caspase 3, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the RIP1–RIP3–MLKL complex. Moreover, gemcitabine–pitavastatin-mediated S phase arrest downregulated cyclin A2/CDK2 and upregulated p21/p27 in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, this combination improved drug cellular metabolism pathway, mitochondria function and activated autophagy as part of the cell death mechanism. In vivo, gemcitabine-pitavastatin effectively inhibited tumor growth in a nude mouse mode of Mia PaCa-2 xenografts without observed adverse effect. Conclusion Combined gemcitabine–pitavastatin may be an effective novel treatment option for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chen
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Peng Hsieh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Hsu
- Frontier Molecular Medical Research Center in Children, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Hsieh
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Department of Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Intelligent Diabetes Metabolism and Exercise Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Ji D, Zhong X, Huang P, Kang P, Leng K, Zheng W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Cui Y. Deoxyelephantopin induces apoptosis via oxidative stress and enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in vitro and in vivo through targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:11116-11138. [PMID: 32526702 PMCID: PMC7346037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor of the digestive system with an unfavorable prognosis worldwide. This trait is thought to be largely attributed to chemoresistance. Chemotherapy is the only hope for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Therefore, seeking new effective chemotherapy drugs has become an urgent need. The purpose of our study was to explore whether deoxyelephantopin (DET), a sesquiterpene lactone, has a potential antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer. Additionally, the antitumor effects of DET alone or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM) and the potential mechanism of this combination were revealed. In vitro experiments showed that DET suppressed the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells, induced cell apoptosis via oxidative stress, and enhanced GEM sensitivity by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Beyond that, in vivo experiments showed that DET not only inhibited pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis but also amplified the antitumor capacity of GEM, which was related to the downregulation of NF-κB and its downstream gene products. In summary, it is possible that DET could be developed as a single agent or combined with conventional chemotherapy drugs to improve the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Ji
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhong
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Pengcheng Kang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kaiming Leng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wangyang Zheng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfu Cui
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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Yang M, Qin Q, Zhu J, Guo Y, Yin T, Wu H, Wang C. Long noncoding RNA ITGB2-AS1 promotes growth and metastasis through miR-4319/RAF1 axis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2020. [PMID: 31957875 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been considered as potentially critical regulators in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we prospectively investigate the effect and mechanism of lncRNA integrin subunit beta 2-anti-sense RNA 1 (ITGB2-AS1) on regulation of PDAC progression. The expression of ITGB2-AS1 and its target were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-z-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to investigate the influence of ITGB2-AS1 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion, respectively. The interaction between ITGB2-AS1 and its target was determined via luciferase activity assay and RNA immunoprecipitation. The subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model was established and employed to detect the tumorigenic function of ITGB2-AS1, which was evaluated by western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results showed that ITGB2-AS1 was elevated in both PDAC tumor tissues and cell lines, predicting a poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Knocking down of ITGB2-AS1 suppressed PDAC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration but induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, ITGB2-AS1 could target and inhibit the expression of miR-4319 and miR-4319-targeted and -suppressed serine/threonine kinase RAF1. ITGB2-AS1 promoted PDAC progression via inhibition of miR-4319. Interference of ITGB2-AS1 could suppress in vivo tumorigenic ability of PDAC via downregulation of RAF1. In conclusion, ITGB2-AS1 promoted PDAC progression via sponging miR-4319 to upregulate RAF1, suggesting the potential therapeutic target ability of ITGB2-AS1 in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junling Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunyou Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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16
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Kramer B, Haan LD, Vermeer M, Olivier T, Hankemeier T, Vulto P, Joore J, Lanz HL. Interstitial Flow Recapitulates Gemcitabine Chemoresistance in A 3D Microfluidic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Model by Induction of Multidrug Resistance Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184647. [PMID: 31546820 PMCID: PMC6770899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers due to a high chemoresistance and poor vascularization, which results in an ineffective systemic therapy. PDAC is characterized by a high intratumoral pressure, which is not captured by current 2D and 3D in vitro models. Here, we demonstrated a 3D microfluidic interstitial flow model to mimic the intratumoral pressure in PDAC. We found that subjecting the S2-028 PDAC cell line to interstitial flow inhibits the proliferation, while maintaining a high viability. We observed increased gemcitabine chemoresistance, with an almost nine-fold higher EC50 as compared to a monolayer culture (31 nM versus 277 nM), and an alleviated expression and function of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) family. In conclusion, we developed a 3D cell culture modality for studying intratissue pressure and flow that exhibits more predictive capabilities than conventional 2D cell culture and is less time-consuming, and more scalable and accessible than animal models. This increase in microphysiological relevance might support improved efficiency in the drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Kramer
- Mimetas BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Luuk de Haan
- Mimetas BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Olivier
- Mimetas BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul Vulto
- Mimetas BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Joore
- Mimetas BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Carvalho MR, Barata D, Teixeira LM, Giselbrecht S, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Truckenmüller R, Habibovic P. Colorectal tumor-on-a-chip system: A 3D tool for precision onco-nanomedicine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw1317. [PMID: 31131324 PMCID: PMC6531003 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Awareness that traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro and nonrepresentative animal models may not completely emulate the 3D hierarchical complexity of tissues and organs is on the rise. Therefore, posterior translation into successful clinical application is compromised. To address this dearth, on-chip biomimetic microenvironments powered by microfluidic technologies are being developed to better capture the complexity of in vivo pathophysiology. Here, we describe a "tumor-on-a-chip" model for assessment of precision nanomedicine delivery on which we validate the efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles in a gradient fashion. The model validation was performed by viability studies integrated with live imaging to confirm the dose-response effect of cells exposed to the CMCht/PAMAM nanoparticle gradient. This platform also enables the analysis at the gene expression level, where a down-regulation of all the studied genes (MMP-1, Caspase-3, and Ki-67) was observed. This tumor-on-chip model represents an important development in the use of precision nanomedicine toward personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Carvalho
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - D. Barata
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - L. M. Teixeira
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - S. Giselbrecht
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
- Corresponding author.
| | - R. Truckenmüller
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Netherlands
- 300MICRONS GmbH, Daimlerstraße 35, 76185 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P. Habibovic
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Netherlands
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18
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Effendi WI, Nagano T, Tachihara M, Umezawa K, Kiriu T, Dokuni R, Katsurada M, Yamamoto M, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Synergistic interaction of gemcitabine and paclitaxel by modulating acetylation and polymerization of tubulin in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3669-3679. [PMID: 31118789 PMCID: PMC6500879 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s193789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The combination of gemcitabine (GEM) and paclitaxel (PTX) was appealing for clinical exploration due to different mechanisms of action and partially non-overlapping toxicities. Purpose: The aim of this study was to elucidate a potential effect of this combination on the proliferation of two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, A549 and H520. Materials and methods: Cell lines were treated with GEM and PTX for 48 hours to evaluate the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). To determine the combination index (CI), cell lines were exposed to GEM and PTX, in a constant ratio of IC50, by various combination treatments. GEM`s effect on tubulin was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. GEM was combined with nanoparticle albumin-bound-paclitaxel (NP) in evaluating tumor growth inhibition. Results: The IC50 of GEM and PTX in A549 and H520 were 6.6 nM and 46.1 nM, and 1.35 nM and 7.59 nM, respectively. Among the sequences explored (GEM→PTX, PTX→GEM, and GEM plus PTX simultaneously [GEM+PTX]), GEM→PTX produced a mean CI <1 in both cell lines. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining revealed the intention expressions of acetylated tubulin protein and enhancement of tubulin polymerization within GEM→PTX group. A combination order GEM→NP also worked synergistically to suppress tumor growth. Conclusion: The GEM→PTX sequence may represent a promising candidate regimen for the treatment of NSLCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Airlangga University Medical Faculty, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Motoko Tachihara
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kanoko Umezawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Kiriu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryota Dokuni
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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19
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Ginkgolide B enhances gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cell lines via inhibiting PAFR/NF-кB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:563-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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20
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Wang C, Feng Z, Jiang K, Zuo X. [ARTICLE WITHDRAWN] Upregulation of MicroRNA-935 Promotes the Malignant Behaviors of Pancreatic Carcinoma PANC-1 Cells via Targeting Inositol Polyphosphate 4-Phosphatase Type I Gene (INPP4A). Oncol Res 2017; 25:559-569. [PMID: 27733216 PMCID: PMC7841058 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14759554689565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
THIS ARTICLE WAS WITHDRAWN BY THE PUBLISHER IN NOVEMBER 2020
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyue Wang
- *Department of Digestive Disease, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- †Department of Digestive Disease, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Feng
- ‡Department of Joint Surgery, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Kaitong Jiang
- †Department of Digestive Disease, Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Zuo
- *Department of Digestive Disease, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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21
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Han H, Teng W, Chen T, Zhao J, Jin Q, Qin Z, Ji J. A cascade enzymatic reaction activatable gemcitabine prodrug with an AIE-based intracellular light-up apoptotic probe for in situ self-therapeutic monitoring. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9214-9217. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04872f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A cascade enzymatic reaction activatable gemcitabine prodrug was designed as a theranostic platform for in situ self-therapeutic monitoring of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Wenzhuo Teng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Tingting Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jue Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Qiao Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhihui Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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22
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Zhang N, Liu S, Wang N, Deng S, Song L, Wu Q, Liu L, Su W, Wei Y, Xie Y, Gong C. Biodegradable polymeric micelles encapsulated JK184 suppress tumor growth through inhibiting Hedgehog signaling pathway. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2609-24. [PMID: 25581613 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06300g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
JK184 can specially inhibit Gli in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, which showed great promise for cancer therapeutics. For developing aqueous formulation and improving anti-tumor activity of JK184, we prepared JK184 encapsulated MPEG-PCL micelles by the solid dispersion method without using surfactants or toxic organic solvents. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of JK184 micelles were both increased compared with the free drug. JK184 micelles induced more apoptosis and blocked proliferation of Panc-1 and BxPC-3 tumor cells. In addition, JK184 micelles exerted a sustained in vitro release behavior and had a stronger inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and invasion of HUVECs than free JK184. Furthermore, JK184 micelles had stronger tumor growth inhibiting effects in subcutaneous Panc-1 and BxPC-3 tumor models. Histological analysis showed that JK184 micelles improved anti-tumor activity by inducing more apoptosis, decreasing microvessel density and reducing expression of CD31, Ki67, and VEGF in tumor tissues. JK184 micelles showed a stronger inhibition of Gli expression in Hh signaling, which played an important role in pancreatic carcinoma. Furthermore, circulation time of JK184 in blood was prolonged after entrapment in polymeric micelles. Our results suggested that JK184 micelles are a promising drug candidate for treating pancreatic tumors with a highly inhibitory effect on Hh activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
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Mani J, Vallo S, Rakel S, Antonietti P, Gessler F, Blaheta R, Bartsch G, Michaelis M, Cinatl J, Haferkamp A, Kögel D. Chemoresistance is associated with increased cytoprotective autophagy and diminished apoptosis in bladder cancer cells treated with the BH3 mimetic (-)-Gossypol (AT-101). BMC Cancer 2015; 15:224. [PMID: 25885284 PMCID: PMC4409725 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acquired resistance to standard chemotherapy causes treatment failure in patients with metastatic bladder cancer. Overexpression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family proteins has been associated with a poor chemotherapeutic response, suggesting that Bcl-2-targeted therapy may be a feasible strategy in patients with these tumors. The small-molecule pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor (−)-gossypol (AT-101) is known to induce apoptotic cell death, but can also induce autophagy through release of the pro-autophagic BH3 only protein Beclin-1 from Bcl-2. The potential therapeutic effects of (−)-gossypol in chemoresistant bladder cancer and the role of autophagy in this context are hitherto unknown. Methods Cisplatin (5637rCDDP1000, RT4rCDDP1000) and gemcitabine (5637rGEMCI20, RT4rGEMCI20) chemoresistant sub-lines of the chemo-sensitive bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and RT4 were established for the investigation of acquired resistance mechanisms. Cell lines carrying a stable lentiviral knockdown of the core autophagy regulator ATG5 were created from chemosensitive 5637 and chemoresistant 5637rGEMCI20 and 5637rCDDP1000 cell lines. Cell death and autophagy were quantified by FACS analysis of propidium iodide, Annexin and Lysotracker staining, as well as LC3 translocation. Results Here we demonstrate that (−)-gossypol induces an apoptotic type of cell death in 5637 and RT4 cells which is partially inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD. Cisplatin- and gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer cells exhibit enhanced basal and drug-induced autophagosome formation and lysosomal activity which is accompanied by an attenuated apoptotic cell death after treatment with both (−)-gossypol and ABT-737, a Bcl-2 inhibitor which spares Mcl-1, in comparison to parental cells. Knockdown of ATG5 and inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA had no discernible effect on apoptotic cell death induced by (−)-gossypol and ABT-737 in parental 5637 cells, but evoked a significant increase in early apoptosis and overall cell death in BH3 mimetic-treated 5637rGEMCI20 and 5637rCDDP1000 cells. Conclusions Our findings show for the first time that (−)-gossypol concomitantly triggers apoptosis and a cytoprotective type of autophagy in bladder cancer and support the notion that enhanced autophagy may underlie the chemoresistant phenotype of these tumors. Simultaneous targeting of Bcl-2 proteins and the autophagy pathway may be an efficient new strategy to overcome their “autophagy addiction” and acquired resistance to current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mani
- Department of Urology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefan Vallo
- Department of Urology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Rakel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Patrick Antonietti
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Gessler
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Roman Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georg Bartsch
- Department of Urology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,School of Biosciences, The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, UK.
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute for Medical Virology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Papadopoulos EI, Yousef GM, Scorilas A. Gemcitabine impacts differentially on bladder and kidney cancer cells: distinct modulations in the expression patterns of apoptosis-related microRNAs and BCL2 family genes. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:3197-207. [PMID: 25833690 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder and renal cancer are two representative cases of tumors that respond differentially to gemcitabine. Previous studies have shown that gemcitabine can trigger apoptosis in various cancer cells. Herein, we sought to investigate the impact of gemcitabine on the expression levels of the BCL2 family members BCL2, BAX, and BCL2L12 and the apoptosis-related microRNAs miR-182, miR-96, miR-145, and miR-16 in the human bladder and kidney cancer cell lines T24 and Caki-1, respectively. Cancer cells' viability as well as the IC50 doses of gemcitabine were estimated by the MTT assay, while the detection of cleaved PARP via Western blotting was used as an indicator of apoptosis. Furthermore, T24 and Caki-1 cells' ability to recover from treatment was also monitored. Two different highly sensitive quantitative real-time RT-PCR methodologies were developed in order to assess the expression levels of BCL2 family genes and microRNAs. Exposure of cancer cells to gemcitabine produced the IC50 values of 30 and 3 nM for Caki-1 and T24 cells, correspondingly, while cleaved PARP was detected only in Caki-1 cells. T24 cells demonstrated the ability to recover from gemcitabine treatment, whereas Caki-1 cells' recovery capability was dependent on the initial time of exposure. BCL2 and BAX were significantly modulated in treated Caki-1 cells. Instead, T24 cells exhibited alterations only in the latter, as well as in all studied microRNAs. Therefore, according to our data, bladder and renal cancer cells' response to gemcitabine is accompanied by distinct alterations in the expression levels of their apoptosis-related genes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I Papadopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15701, Greece
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25
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de Sousa Cavalcante L, Monteiro G. Gemcitabine: metabolism and molecular mechanisms of action, sensitivity and chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:8-16. [PMID: 25084222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is the first-line treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but is increasingly used to treat breast, bladder, and non-small cell lung cancers. Despite such broad use, intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance is common. In general, the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance are poorly understood. Here, current knowledge of gemcitabine metabolism, mechanisms of action, sensitivity and chemoresistance reported over the past two decades are reviewed; and we also offer new perspectives to improve gemcitabine efficacy with particular reference to the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Sousa Cavalcante
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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26
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Lee MW, Parker WB, Xu B. New insights into the synergism of nucleoside analogs with radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:223. [PMID: 24066967 PMCID: PMC3851323 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs have been frequently used in combination with radiotherapy in the clinical setting, as it has long been understood that inhibition of DNA repair pathways is an important means by which many nucleoside analogs synergize. Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), a critical enzyme required for the anti-tumor activity for many nucleoside analogs, have clarified the mechanistic role this kinase plays in chemo- and radio-sensitization. A heretofore unrecognized role of dCK in the DNA damage response and cell cycle machinery has helped explain the synergistic effect of these agents with radiotherapy. Since most currently employed nucleoside analogs are primarily activated by dCK, these findings lend fresh impetus to efforts focused on profiling and modulating dCK expression and activity in tumors. In this review we will briefly review the pharmacology and biochemistry of the major nucleoside analogs in clinical use that are activated by dCK. This will be followed by discussions of recent advances in our understanding of dCK activation via post-translational modifications in response to radiation and current strategies aimed at enhancing this activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Lee
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd,, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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27
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Hamed SS, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Pharmacodynamic modeling of cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:553-63. [PMID: 23835677 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The standard of care for treating patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas includes gemcitabine (2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine). Gemcitabine primarily elicits its response by stalling the DNA replication forks of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle. To provide a quantitative framework for characterizing the cell cycle and apoptotic effects of gemcitabine, we developed a pharmacodynamic model in which the activation of cell cycle checkpoints or cell death is dependent on gemcitabine exposure. METHODS Three pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines (AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and MiaPaca-2) were exposed to varying concentrations (0-100,000 ng/mL) of gemcitabine over a period of 96 h in order to quantify proliferation kinetics and cell distributions among the cell cycle phases. The model assumes that the drug can inhibit cycle-phase transitioning in each of the 3 phases (G1, S, and G2/M) and can cause apoptosis of cells in G1 and G2/M phases. Fitting was performed using the ADAPT5 program. RESULTS The time course of gemcitabine effects was well described by the model, and parameters were estimated with good precision. Model predictions and experimental data show that gemcitabine induces cell cycle arrest in the S phase at low concentrations, whereas higher concentrations induce arrest in all cell cycle phases. Furthermore, apoptotic effects of gemcitabine appear to be minimal and take place at later time points. CONCLUSION The pharmacodynamic model developed provides a quantitative, mechanistic interpretation of gemcitabine efficacy in 3 pancreatic cancer cell lines, and provides useful insights for rational selection of chemotherapeutic agents for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheldin S Hamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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28
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Liu J, Jiang Y, Mao J, Gu B, Liu H, Fang B. High levels of glucose induces a dose-dependent apoptosis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts by activating caspase-3 signaling pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:1458-71. [PMID: 23686473 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus and many researches have been done on the relationship between periodontitis and diabetes mellitus, but too much are still unclear, especially the mechanisms by which high glucose induces damage of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. So in this study, we investigated the effects of different concentration of high glucose on apoptosis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts and the possible mechanisms involved. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured and subjected to glucose of different concentration (5.5, 15, 25, and 35 mM) for 24 h. Apoptosis was studied by flow cytometry, caspase assays, fluorescent real-time PCR and Western blot. We also determined Fas/FasL expression was by Western blot. The application of different concentration of high glucose induced a concentration-dependent increase of apoptosis and the activity of caspase-3 in cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Furthermore, inhibitor of caspase-3 could prevent the high-glucose-induced apoptosis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Protein levels of Fas and FasL remained unchanged. These data indicate that high glucose induces a concentration- and caspase-3-dependent increase of apoptosis in cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts in vitro. Activation of caspase-3 caused by high glucose is independent of Fas/FasL signaling pathways system. These results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts apoptosis by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China.
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Bhuniya S, Lee MH, Jeon HM, Han JH, Lee JH, Park N, Maiti S, Kang C, Kim JS. A fluorescence off–on reporter for real time monitoring of gemcitabine delivery to the cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7141-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42653j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Yee NS, Zhou W, Lee M, Yee RK. Targeted silencing of TRPM7 ion channel induces replicative senescence and produces enhanced cytotoxicity with gemcitabine in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 318:99-105. [PMID: 22166235 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential TRPM7 ion channel is required for cellular proliferation in pancreatic epithelia and adenocarcinoma. To elucidate the mechanism that mediates the function of TRPM7, we examined its role in survival of pancreatic cancer cells. RNA interference-mediated silencing of TRPM7 did not induce apoptotic cell death. TRPM7-deficient cells underwent replicative senescence with up-regulation of p16(CDKN2A) and WRN mRNA. The combination of anti-TRPM7 siRNA and gemcitabine produced enhanced cytotoxicity as compared to gemcitabine alone. Thus, TRPM7 is required for preventing senescence, and modulation of TRPM7 expression may help improve treatment response of pancreatic cancer by combining with apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson S Yee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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31
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Potts BC, Albitar MX, Anderson KC, Baritaki S, Berkers C, Bonavida B, Chandra J, Chauhan D, Cusack JC, Fenical W, Ghobrial IM, Groll M, Jensen PR, Lam KS, Lloyd GK, McBride W, McConkey DJ, Miller CP, Neuteboom STC, Oki Y, Ovaa H, Pajonk F, Richardson PG, Roccaro AM, Sloss CM, Spear MA, Valashi E, Younes A, Palladino MA. Marizomib, a proteasome inhibitor for all seasons: preclinical profile and a framework for clinical trials. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 11:254-84. [PMID: 21247382 DOI: 10.2174/156800911794519716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome has emerged as an important clinically relevant target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Since the Food and Drug Administration approved the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma, it has become clear that new inhibitors are needed that have a better therapeutic ratio, can overcome inherent and acquired bortezomib resistance and exhibit broader anti-cancer activities. Marizomib (NPI-0052; salinosporamide A) is a structurally and pharmacologically unique β-lactone-γ-lactam proteasome inhibitor that may fulfill these unmet needs. The potent and sustained inhibition of all three proteolytic activities of the proteasome by marizomib has inspired extensive preclinical evaluation in a variety of hematologic and solid tumor models, where it is efficacious as a single agent and in combination with biologics, chemotherapeutics and targeted therapeutic agents. Specifically, marizomib has been evaluated in models for multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic and acute lymphocytic leukemia, as well as glioma, colorectal and pancreatic cancer models, and has exhibited synergistic activities in tumor models in combination with bortezomib, the immunomodulatory agent lenalidomide (Revlimid), and various histone deacetylase inhibitors. These and other studies provided the framework for ongoing clinical trials in patients with MM, lymphomas, leukemias and solid tumors, including those who have failed bortezomib treatment, as well as in patients with diagnoses where other proteasome inhibitors have not demonstrated significant efficacy. This review captures the remarkable translational studies and contributions from many collaborators that have advanced marizomib from seabed to bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Potts
- Nereus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Liu J, Wang Y, Yuan X, Feng Y, Liu H. Cyclic-stretch induces the apoptosis of myoblast by activation of Caspase-3 protease in a magnitude-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:2004-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Guillermet-Guibert J, Davenne L, Pchejetski D, Saint-Laurent N, Brizuela L, Guilbeau-Frugier C, Delisle MB, Cuvillier O, Susini C, Bousquet C. Targeting the sphingolipid metabolism to defeat pancreatic cancer cell resistance to the chemotherapeutic gemcitabine drug. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:809-20. [PMID: 19372554 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Defeating pancreatic cancer resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine remains a challenge to treat this deadly cancer. Targeting the sphingolipid metabolism for improving tumor chemosensitivity has recently emerged as a promising strategy. The fine balance between intracellular levels of the prosurvival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and the proapoptotic ceramide sphingolipids determines cell fate. Among enzymes that control this metabolism, sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1), a tumor-associated protein overexpressed in many cancers, favors survival through S1P production, and inhibitors of SphK1 are used in ongoing clinical trials to sensitize epithelial ovarian and prostate cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. We here report that the cellular ceramide/S1P ratio is a critical biosensor for predicting pancreatic cancer cell sensitivity to gemcitabine. A low level of the ceramide/S1P ratio, associated with a high SphK1 activity, correlates with a robust intrinsic pancreatic cancer cell chemoresistance toward gemcitabine. Strikingly, increasing the ceramide/S1P ratio, by using pharmacologic (SphK1 inhibitor or ceramide analogue) or small interfering RNA-based approaches to up-regulate intracellular ceramide levels or reduce SphK1 activity, sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Conversely, decreasing the ceramide/S1P ratio, by up-regulating SphK1 activity, promoted gemcitabine resistance in these cells. Development of novel pharmacologic strategies targeting the sphingolipid metabolism might therefore represent an interesting promising approach, when combined with gemcitabine, to defeat pancreatic cancer chemoresistance to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- INSERM U858, I2MR, IFR31, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR5089, Service d'Anatomie-Pathologique, Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France
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Hilbig A, Oettle H. Gemcitabine in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:511-23. [PMID: 18402518 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.4.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2 ,2 -difluorodeoxycytidine) is a deoxycytidine-analog antimetabolite with broad activity against a variety of solid tumors and lymphoid malignancies. It was approved as standard of care in patients with pancreatic cancer one decade ago, based primarily on improvement in clinical benefit response such as pain reduction, improvement in Karnofsky performance status and increase in body weight. This article gives an overview of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gemcitabine, highlights the clinical activity of gemcitabine and summarizes the treatment options in metastatic pancreatic cancer with focus on gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. The emerging role of combinations of gemcitabine with novel targeted agents, including small-molecule inhibitors and other investigational drugs, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hilbig
- Department of Medical Hematology & Oncology, Charité School of Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Mini E, Nobili S, Caciagli B, Landini I, Mazzei T. Cellular pharmacology of gemcitabine. Ann Oncol 2008; 17 Suppl 5:v7-12. [PMID: 16807468 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro 2'-deoxycytidine, dFdC) is the most important cytidine analogue developed since cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). The evidence of its potent antitumor activity in a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo tumor models has been successfully confirmed in the clinical setting. Despite structural and pharmacological similarities to Ara-C, gemcitabine displays distinctive features of cellular pharmacology, metabolism and mechanism of action. Following influx through the cell membrane via nucleoside transporters, gemcitabine undergoes complex intracellular conversion to the nucleotides gemcitabine diphosphate (dFdCDP) and triphosphate (dFdCTP) responsible for its cytotoxic actions. The cytotoxic activity of gemcitabine may be the result of several actions on DNA synthesis. dFdCTP competes with deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) as an inhibitor of DNA polymerase. dFdCDP is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleoside reductase, resulting in depletion of deoxyribonucleotide pools necessary for DNA synthesis and, thereby potentiating the effects of dFdCTP. dFdCTP is incorporated into DNA and after the incorporation of one more nucleotide leads to DNA strand termination. This extra nucleotide may be important in hiding the dFdCTP from DNA repair enzymes, as incorporation of dFdCTP into DNA appears to be resistant to the normal mechanisms of DNA repair. Gemcitabine can be effectively inactivated mainly by the action of deoxycytidine deaminase to 2,2'-difluorodeoxyuridine. Also, 5'-nucleotidase opposes the action of nucleoside kinases by catalysing the conversion of nucleotides back to nucleosides. Additional sites of action and self-potentiating effects have been described. Evidence that up- or down-regulation of the multiple membrane transporters, target enzymes, enzymes involved in the metabolism of gemcitabine and alterations in the apoptotic pathways may confer sensitivity/resistance to this drug, has been provided in experimental models and more recently also in the clinical setting. Synergism between gemcitabine and several other antineoplastic agents has been demonstrated in experimental models based on specific pharmacodynamic interactions. Knowledge of gemcitabine cellular pharmacology and its molecular mechanisms of resistance and drug interaction may thus be pivotal to a more rational clinical use of this drug in combination regimens and in tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Kirstein MN, Brundage RC, Moore MM, Williams BW, Hillman LA, Dagit JW, Fisher JE, Marker PH, Kratzke RA, Yee D. Pharmacodynamic characterization of gemcitabine cytotoxicity in an in vitro cell culture bioreactor system. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:291-9. [PMID: 17429628 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gemcitabine, a pyrimidine nucleoside, is approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic carcinoma, and breast cancer. Chemotherapy regimens are determined experimentally with static tissue culture systems, animal models, and in Phase I clinical trials. The aim of this study was to assess for gemcitabine-induced cell death following infusion of drug under clinically-relevant conditions of infusion rate and drug exposure in an in vitro bioreactor system. METHODS To estimate an appropriate harvest time for cells from the bioreactor after drug treatment, we estimated the temporal relationship between gemcitabine treatment for 1 h and cell death at a later time point with monolayer growth assays (i.e., static culture). Afterward, 5.3 mg gemcitabine was infused over 0.5 h in the bioreactor, followed by mono-exponential decay, simulating patient concentration-time profiles (n = 4). Controls were run with drug-free media (n = 4). Cells were harvested from the bioreactor at a later time point and assessed for cell death by flow cytometry. RESULTS According to monolayer growth assay results, cytotoxicity became more apparent with increasing time. The E Max for cells 48 h after treatment was 50% and after 144 h, 93% (P = 0.022; t test), while flow cytometry showed complete DNA degradation by 120 h. Gemcitabine was infused in the bioreactor. The gemcitabine area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was 56.4 microM h and the maximum concentration was 87.5 +/- 2.65 microM. Flow cytometry results were as follows: the G1 fraction decreased from 65.1 +/- 4.91 to 28.6 +/- 12% (P = 0.005) and subG1 increased from 14.1 +/- 5.28 to 42.6 +/- 9.78% (P = 0.004) relative to control. An increase in apoptotic cells was observed by TUNEL assay. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro bioreactor system will be expanded to test additional cell lines, and will serve as a useful model system for assessing the role of drug pharmacokinetics in delivery of optimized anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Kirstein
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Scriven P, Brown NJ, Pockley AG, Wyld L. The unfolded protein response and cancer: a brighter future unfolding? J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:331-41. [PMID: 17216204 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are bathed in an interstitial fluid that has a tightly regulated composition in healthy states. Interstitial fluid provides cells with all the necessary metabolic substrates (oxygen, glucose, amino acids, etc.), and waste molecules are removed by diffusion gradients that are controlled by local vascular perfusion. The health and normal function of all cells within a body is dependent on the maintenance of this microenvironment. However, many disease states cause fluctuations in this, and in some instances, these might be of sufficient severity to stress and/or be toxic to the cell. Cells have developed a number of responses to enable their survival in a hostile environment. This article discusses one such pathway--the unfolded protein response and its relationship to cancer. The molecular signalling cascade, the mechanism of its activation in cancer and the consequences of its activation for a tumour are discussed, as are clinical studies and potential translational approaches for utilising this pathway for tumour targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Scriven
- Academic Unit of Surgical Oncology, University of Sheffield, K Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK.
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Li Y, Jian Z, Xia K, Li X, Lv X, Pei H, Chen Z, Li J. XIAP is related to the chemoresistance and inhibited its expression by RNA interference sensitize pancreatic carcinoma cells to chemotherapeutics. Pancreas 2006; 32:288-96. [PMID: 16628085 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000218314.67111.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the exact role does the x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) play in chemoresistance of pancreatic carcinoma cell and the cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs changed after XIAP is inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi). METHODS Pancreatic carcinoma cell line SW1990 was exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) with the concentrations of 1.0 and 10 mug/mL to increase the expression of XIAP. Then 4 RNAi plasmid vectors against XIAP were designed and constructed, then transfected into SW1990. Repressive effect was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot; 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry were performed to determine cell sensitivity to 5-fu and gemcitabine; furthermore, apoptosis is confirmed by Hoechst 33258 stain. RESULTS XIAP of SW1990 can be up-regulated with the chemoresistance increasing 1.5- and 4-fold after 10 and 30 days induced by 5-fu. Two of the 4 vectors can inhibit the expression of XIAP protein more than 60%. The cells apoptosis index induced by 5-fu and gemcitabine increased greatly after XIAP is inhibited by the RNAi plasmid vectors. CONCLUSIONS XIAP is one of the most important factors in the pancreatic carcinoma chemoresistance, and inhibition of XIAP in pancreatic carcinoma can enhance the cancer sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Hunan, China.
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Jiang PH, Motoo Y, Sawabu N, Minamoto T. Effect of gemcitabine on the expression of apoptosis-related genes in human pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1597-602. [PMID: 16570353 PMCID: PMC4124293 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i10.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of genes involved in the gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells.
METHODS: A human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-1, was cultured. 1 x 104 PANC-1 cells were plated in 96-well microtiter plates. After being incubated for 24 h, gemcitabine was added to the medium at concentrations ranging 2.5 -1 000 mg/L. The AlamarBlue dye method was used for cell growth analysis. DNA fragmentation was quantitatively assayed using a DNA fragmentation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. PAP and TP53INP1 mRNA expression was determined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with semi-quantitative analysis. The expression of GSK-3β and phospho-GSK-3β proteins was examined with Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: The IC50 for the drug after a 48-h exposure to gemcitabine was 16 mg/L. The growth of PANC-1 cells was inhibited by gemcitabine in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.0001) and the cell growth was also inhibited throughout the time course (P < 0.0001). The DNA fragmentation rate in the gemcitabine-treated group at 48 h was 44.7 %, whereas it was 25.3 % in the untreated group. The PAP mRNA expression was decreased after being treated with gemcitabine, whereas the TP53INP1 mRNA was increased by the gemcitabine treatment. Western blot analysis showed that phospho- GSK-3βser9 was induced by the gemcitabine treatment.
CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine suppresses PANC-1 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis. Apoptosis is considered to be associated with the inhibition of PAP and GSK-3β, and the activation of TP53INP1 and pospho-GSK-3βser9.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Fragmentation
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Gemcitabine
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Hamada S, Satoh K, Kimura K, Kanno A, Masamune A, Shimosegawa T. MSX2 overexpression inhibits gemcitabine-induced caspase-3 activity in pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:6867-70. [PMID: 16425399 PMCID: PMC4725033 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i43.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of MSX2 on gemcitabine-induced caspase-3 activation in pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1. METHODS Using V5-tagged MSX2 expression vector, stable transfectant of MSX2 was generated from Panc-1 cells (Px14 cells). Cell viability under gemcitabine administration was determined by MTT assay relative to control cell line (empty-vector transfected Panc-1 cells; P-3EV cells). Hoechst staining was used for the detection of apoptotic cell. Activation of caspase-3 was assessed using Western blotting analysis and direct measurement of caspase-3 specific activities. RESULTS MSX2 overexpression in Panc-1 cells resulted in decreased gemcitabine-induced caspase-3 activation and increased cell viability under gemcitabine treatment in Px14 cells. CONCLUSION MSX2 exerts repressive effects on gemcitabine-induced apoptotic pathway. This novel apoptosis-regulating function of MSX2 may provide a new therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aobaku, Sendai city, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Kirstein MN, Brundage RC, Elmquist WF, Remmel RP, Marker PH, Guire DE, Yee D. Characterization of an in vitro cell culture bioreactor system to evaluate anti-neoplastic drug regimens. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 96:217-25. [PMID: 16502018 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic 3-dimensional tissue culture system has been developed that will allow for control of gemcitabine exposure to mimic concentration-time profiles measured from biologic samples. Gemcitabine was infused into a central reservoir. Media is mixed and delivered through hollow fiber capillaries, where it diffuses into the extracapillary space containing anchorage-dependent MDA-231 cells. To test for control of gemcitabine concentration-time profiles, drug was first infused through bioreactors without cells, and gemcitabine concentrations were measured with HPLC. Concentrations could be controlled to simulate 30-min and 2.5 h infusions, and were similar in both the lumen and extracapillary space. MDA-231 cells were then seeded into control (n = 4) and gemcitabine treatment (n = 4) groups, and maintained in culture for 2 weeks. Gemcitabine (5.3 mg) was infused over 30 min to the treatment group, and blank media to the control group. Accuracy of measured gemcitabine maximum concentration (Cmax) was 83.4%, and area under the curve (AUC), 106.2%, relative to pre-experimental theoretical values. With cells present, gemcitabine AUC in the extracapillary space was 32% of the value in the lumen. For the control group, 21.2 million cells (94.3% viable) were recovered, and for the gemcitabine-treated group, 16.8 million cells (87.1 % viable). Flow cytometry showed that 13.3 % of cells in the control group were in S-phase and 34.3 % in the gemcitabine-treated group were in S-phase (p = 0.003). In conclusion, gemcitabine concentration-time profiles could be accurately controlled through dosage, infusion rate, and pump flow rate, and cells could be recovered afterward to evaluate drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Kirstein
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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