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Goo YH, Plakkal Ayyappan J, Cheeran FD, Bangru S, Saha PK, Baar P, Schulz S, Lydic TA, Spengler B, Wagner AH, Kalsotra A, Yechoor VK, Paul A. Lipid droplet-associated hydrolase mobilizes stores of liver X receptor sterol ligands and protects against atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6540. [PMID: 39095402 PMCID: PMC11297204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Foam cells in atheroma are engorged with lipid droplets (LDs) that contain esters of regulatory lipids whose metabolism remains poorly understood. LD-associated hydrolase (LDAH) has a lipase structure and high affinity for LDs of foam cells. Using knockout and transgenic mice of both sexes, here we show that LDAH inhibits atherosclerosis development and promotes stable lesion architectures. Broad and targeted lipidomic analyzes of primary macrophages and comparative lipid profiling of atheroma identified a broad impact of LDAH on esterified sterols, including natural liver X receptor (LXR) sterol ligands. Transcriptomic analyzes coupled with rescue experiments show that LDAH modulates the expression of prototypical LXR targets and leads macrophages to a less inflammatory phenotype with a profibrotic gene signature. These studies underscore the role of LDs as reservoirs and metabolic hubs of bioactive lipids, and suggest that LDAH favorably modulates macrophage activation and protects against atherosclerosis via lipolytic mobilization of regulatory sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hwa Goo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Francis D Cheeran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Sushant Bangru
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paula Baar
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Todd A Lydic
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bernhard Spengler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- TransMIT GmbH, Center for Mass Spectrometric Developments, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Cancer Center@Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Antoni Paul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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Kwak D, Bradley PB, Subbotina N, Ling S, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Osterholzer JJ, Sisson TH, Kim KK. CD36/Lyn kinase interactions within macrophages promotes pulmonary fibrosis in response to oxidized phospholipid. Respir Res 2023; 24:314. [PMID: 38098035 PMCID: PMC10722854 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data from human studies and animal models have established roles for type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC2) injury/apoptosis and monocyte/macrophage accumulation and activation in progressive lung fibrosis. Although the link between these processes is not well defined, we have previously shown that CD36-mediated uptake of apoptotic AEC2s by lung macrophages is sufficient to drive fibrosis. Importantly, apoptotic AEC2s are rich in oxidized phospholipids (oxPL), and amongst its multiple functions, CD36 serves as a scavenger receptor for oxPL. Recent studies have established a role for oxPLs in alveolar scarring, and we hypothesized that uptake and accrual of oxPL by CD36 would cause a macrophage phenotypic change that promotes fibrosis. To test this hypothesis, we treated wild-type and CD36-null mice with the oxPL derivative oxidized phosphocholine (POVPC) and found that CD36-null mice were protected from oxPL-induced scarring. Compared to WT mice, fewer macrophages accumulated in the lungs of CD36-null animals, and the macrophages exhibited a decreased accumulation of intracellular oxidized lipid. Importantly, the attenuated accrual of oxPL in CD36-null macrophages was associated with diminished expression of the profibrotic mediator, TGFβ. Finally, the pathway linking oxPL uptake and TGFβ expression was found to require CD36-mediated activation of Lyn kinase. Together, these observations elucidate a causal pathway that connects AEC2 injury with lung macrophage activation via CD36-mediated uptake of oxPL and suggest several potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick B Bradley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Natalia Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Song Ling
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Pulmonary Section, Department of Medicine, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 4061, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Bellini R, Bonacina F, Norata GD. Crosstalk between dendritic cells and T lymphocytes during atherogenesis: Focus on antigen presentation and break of tolerance. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:934314. [PMID: 35966516 PMCID: PMC9365967 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.934314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease resulting from an impaired lipid and immune homeostasis, where the interaction between innate and adaptive immune cells leads to the promotion of atherosclerosis-associated immune-inflammatory response. Emerging evidence has suggested that this response presents similarities to the reactivity of effector immune cells toward self-epitopes, often as a consequence of a break of tolerance. In this context, dendritic cells, a heterogeneous population of antigen presenting cells, play a key role in instructing effector T cells to react against foreign antigens and T regulatory cells to maintain tolerance against self-antigens and/or to patrol for self-reactive effector T cells. Alterations in this delicate balance appears to contribute to atherogenesis. The aim of this review is to discuss different DC subsets, and their role in atherosclerosis as well as in T cell polarization. Moreover, we will discuss how loss of T cell tolerogenic phenotype participates to the immune-inflammatory response associated to atherosclerosis and how a better understanding of these mechanisms might result in designing immunomodulatory therapies targeting DC-T cell crosstalk for the treatment of atherosclerosis-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Bellini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabrizia Bonacina,
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata,
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4
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Ding H, Chen S, Pan X, Dai X, Pan G, Li Z, Mai X, Tian Y, Zhang S, Liu B, Cao G, Yao Z, Yao X, Gao L, Yang L, Chen X, Sun J, Chen H, Han M, Yin Y, Xu G, Li H, Wu W, Chen Z, Lin J, Xiang L, Hu J, Lu Y, Zhu X, Xie L. Transferrin receptor 1 ablation in satellite cells impedes skeletal muscle regeneration through activation of ferroptosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:746-768. [PMID: 33955709 PMCID: PMC8200440 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite cells (SCs) are critical to skeletal muscle regeneration. Inactivation of SCs is linked to skeletal muscle loss. Transferrin receptor 1 (Tfr1) is associated with muscular dysfunction as muscle-specific deletion of Tfr1 results in growth retardation, metabolic disorder, and lethality, shedding light on the importance of Tfr1 in muscle physiology. However, its physiological function regarding skeletal muscle ageing and regeneration remains unexplored. METHODS RNA sequencing is applied to skeletal muscles of different ages to identify Tfr1 associated to skeletal muscle ageing. Mice with conditional SC ablation of Tfr1 were generated. Between Tfr1SC/WT and Tfr1SC/KO (n = 6-8 mice per group), cardiotoxin was intramuscularly injected, and transverse abdominal muscle was dissected, weighted, and cryosectioned, followed by immunostaining, haematoxylin and eosin staining, and Masson staining. These phenotypical analyses were followed with functional analysis such as flow cytometry, tread mill, Prussian blue staining, and transmission electron microscopy to identify pathological pathways that contribute to regeneration defects. RESULTS By comparing gene expression between young (2 weeks old, n = 3) and aged (80 weeks old, n = 3) mice among four types of muscles, we identified that Tfr1 expression is declined in muscles of aged mice (~80% reduction, P < 0.005), so as to its protein level in SCs of aged mice. From in vivo and ex vivo experiments, Tfr1 deletion in SCs results in an irreversible depletion of SCs (~60% reduction, P < 0.005) and cell-autonomous defect in SC proliferation and differentiation, leading to skeletal muscle regeneration impairment, followed by labile iron accumulation, lipogenesis, and decreased Gpx4 and Nrf2 protein levels leading to reactive oxygen species scavenger defects. These abnormal phenomena including iron accumulation, activation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid peroxidation are orchestrated with the occurrence of ferroptosis in skeletal muscle. Ferroptosis further exacerbates SC proliferation and skeletal muscle regeneration. Ferrostatin-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor, could not rescue ferroptosis. However, intramuscular administration of lentivirus-expressing Tfr1 could partially reduce labile iron accumulation, decrease lipogenesis, and promote skeletal muscle regeneration. Most importantly, declined Tfr1 but increased Slc39a14 protein level on cellular membrane contributes to labile iron accumulation in skeletal muscle of aged rodents (~80 weeks old), leading to activation of ferroptosis in aged skeletal muscle. This is inhibited by ferrostatin-1 to improve running time (P = 0.0257) and distance (P = 0.0248). CONCLUSIONS Satellite cell-specific deletion of Tfr1 impairs skeletal muscle regeneration with activation of ferroptosis. This phenomenon is recapitulated in skeletal muscle of aged rodents and human sarcopenia. Our study provides mechanistic information for developing novel therapeutic strategies against muscular ageing and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis, The Marine Biomedical Research InstituteGuangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Shujie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoshuang Dai
- BGI Institute of Applied AgricultureBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Guihua Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Ze Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xudong Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ye Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Susu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bingdong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangchao Cao
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiangping Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mulan Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- China Institute of Subtropical AgricultureChinese Academy of SciencesChangshaHunanChina
| | - Guohuan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Huijun Li
- College of Public HealthXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Weidong Wu
- College of Public HealthXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Zheng Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and TechnologyHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Jingchao Lin
- Metabo‐Profile Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Liping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, The Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhongshan Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis, The Marine Biomedical Research InstituteGuangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Liwei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern ChinaInstitute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismZhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- College of Public HealthXinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
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5
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Bargagli E, Refini RM, d’Alessandro M, Bergantini L, Cameli P, Vantaggiato L, Bini L, Landi C. Metabolic Dysregulation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165663. [PMID: 32784632 PMCID: PMC7461042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibroproliferative disorder limited to the lung. New findings, starting from our proteomics studies on IPF, suggest that systemic involvement with altered molecular mechanisms and metabolic disorder is an underlying cause of fibrosis. The role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF has not been extensively studied, despite a recent surge of interest. In particular, our studies on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), the hypoxia/oxidative stress response, and changes in iron and lipid metabolism are involved in onset of IPF. These processes appear to interact in an intricate manner and to be related to different fibrosing pathologies not directly linked to the lung environment. The disordered metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and hormones has been documented in lung, liver, and kidney fibrosis. Correcting these metabolic alterations may offer a new strategy for treating fibrosis. This paper focuses on the role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of IPF and is a continuation of our previous studies, investigating metabolic dysregulation as a new target for fibrosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bargagli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Rosa Metella Refini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Miriana d’Alessandro
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Laura Bergantini
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Cameli
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Lorenza Vantaggiato
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
| | - Claudia Landi
- Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (E.B.); (R.M.R.); (M.d.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
- Functional Proteomics Lab, Department Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.V.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-234-937
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Trus E, Basta S, Gee K. Who's in charge here? Macrophage colony stimulating factor and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor: Competing factors in macrophage polarization. Cytokine 2019; 127:154939. [PMID: 31786501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages make up a crucial aspect of the immune system, carrying out a variety of functions ranging from clearing cellular debris to their well-recognized roles as innate immune cells. These cells exist along a spectrum of phenotypes but can be generally divided into proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) groups, representing different states of polarization. Due to their diverse functions, macrophages are implicated in a variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, lupus nephritis, or infection with HIV. Throughout their lifetime, macrophages can be influenced by a wide variety of signals that influence their polarization states, which can affect their function and influence their effects on disease progression. This review seeks to provide a summary of how GM-CSF and M-CSF influence macrophage activity during disease, and provide examples of in vitro research that indicate competition between the two cytokines in governing macrophage polarization. Gaining a greater understanding of the relationship between GM-CSF and M-CSF, along with how these cytokines fit into the larger context of diseases, will inform their use as treatments or targets for treatment in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Trus
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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7
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Kopper TJ, Gensel JC. Myelin as an inflammatory mediator: Myelin interactions with complement, macrophages, and microglia in spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:969-977. [PMID: 28696010 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers chronic intraspinal inflammation consisting of activated resident and infiltrating immune cells (especially microglia/macrophages). The environmental factors contributing to this protracted inflammation are not well understood; however, myelin lipid debris is a hallmark of SCI. Myelin is also a potent macrophage stimulus and target of complement-mediated clearance and inflammation. The downstream effects of these neuroimmune interactions have the potential to contribute to ongoing pathology or facilitate repair. This depends in large part on whether myelin drives pathological or reparative macrophage activation states, commonly referred to as M1 (proinflammatory) or M2 (alternatively) macrophages, respectively. Here we review the processes by which myelin debris may be cleared through macrophage surface receptors and the complement system, how this differentially influences macrophage and microglial activation states, and how the cellular functions of these myelin macrophages and complement proteins contribute to chronic inflammation and secondary injury after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Kopper
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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8
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Taroni JN, Greene CS, Martyanov V, Wood TA, Christmann RB, Farber HW, Lafyatis RA, Denton CP, Hinchcliff ME, Pioli PA, Mahoney JM, Whitfield ML. A novel multi-network approach reveals tissue-specific cellular modulators of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Genome Med 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28330499 PMCID: PMC5363043 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by skin fibrosis. Internal organ involvement is heterogeneous. It is unknown whether disease mechanisms are common across all involved affected tissues or if each manifestation has a distinct underlying pathology. Methods We used consensus clustering to compare gene expression profiles of biopsies from four SSc-affected tissues (skin, lung, esophagus, and peripheral blood) from patients with SSc, and the related conditions pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and derived a consensus disease-associate signature across all tissues. We used this signature to query tissue-specific functional genomic networks. We performed novel network analyses to contrast the skin and lung microenvironments and to assess the functional role of the inflammatory and fibrotic genes in each organ. Lastly, we tested the expression of macrophage activation state-associated gene sets for enrichment in skin and lung using a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results We identified a common pathogenic gene expression signature—an immune–fibrotic axis—indicative of pro-fibrotic macrophages (MØs) in multiple tissues (skin, lung, esophagus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) affected by SSc. While the co-expression of these genes is common to all tissues, the functional consequences of this upregulation differ by organ. We used this disease-associated signature to query tissue-specific functional genomic networks to identify common and tissue-specific pathologies of SSc and related conditions. In contrast to skin, in the lung-specific functional network we identify a distinct lung-resident MØ signature associated with lipid stimulation and alternative activation. In keeping with our network results, we find distinct MØ alternative activation transcriptional programs in SSc-associated PF lung and in the skin of patients with an “inflammatory” SSc gene expression signature. Conclusions Our results suggest that the innate immune system is central to SSc disease processes but that subtle distinctions exist between tissues. Our approach provides a framework for examining molecular signatures of disease in fibrosis and autoimmune diseases and for leveraging publicly available data to understand common and tissue-specific disease processes in complex human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0417-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn N Taroni
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Viktor Martyanov
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Tammara A Wood
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Romy B Christmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harrison W Farber
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert A Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | - Monique E Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Patricia A Pioli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - J Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, HSRF 426, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Michael L Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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