1
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Li Q, Lu J, Yin X, Chang Y, Wang C, Yan M, Feng L, Cheng Y, Gao Y, Xu B, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cui G, Xu L, Sun Y, Zeng R, Li Y, Jing N, Xu GL, Wu L, Tang F, Li J. Base editing-mediated one-step inactivation of the Dnmt gene family reveals critical roles of DNA methylation during mouse gastrulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2922. [PMID: 37217538 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryo development, DNA methylation is established by DNMT3A/3B and subsequently maintained by DNMT1. While much research has been done in this field, the functional significance of DNA methylation in embryogenesis remains unknown. Here, we establish a system of simultaneous inactivation of multiple endogenous genes in zygotes through screening for base editors that can efficiently introduce a stop codon. Embryos with mutations in Dnmts and/or Tets can be generated in one step with IMGZ. Dnmt-null embryos display gastrulation failure at E7.5. Interestingly, although DNA methylation is absent, gastrulation-related pathways are down-regulated in Dnmt-null embryos. Moreover, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B are critical for gastrulation, and their functions are independent of TET proteins. Hypermethylation can be sustained by either DNMT1 or DNMT3A/3B at some promoters, which are related to the suppression of miRNAs. The introduction of a single mutant allele of six miRNAs and paternal IG-DMR partially restores primitive streak elongation in Dnmt-null embryos. Thus, our results unveil an epigenetic correlation between promoter methylation and suppression of miRNA expression for gastrulation and demonstrate that IMGZ can accelerate deciphering the functions of multiple genes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiansen Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xidi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunjian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yan
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Feng
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Beiying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidi Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ligang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fuchou Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Mammalian gastrulation: signalling activity and transcriptional regulation of cell lineage differentiation and germ layer formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1619-1631. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20220256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signalling input and downstream transcriptional activity is the key molecular attribute driving the differentiation of germ layer tissue and the specification of cell lineages within each germ layer during gastrulation. This review delves into the current understanding of signalling and transcriptional control of lineage development in the germ layers of mouse embryo and non-human primate embryos during gastrulation and highlights the inter-species conservation and divergence of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of germ layer development in the human embryo.
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3
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Gropp M, Waldhorn I, Gil Y, Steiner D, Turetsky TT, Smith Y, Sabag O, Falick-Michaeli T, Ram SE, Reubinoff BE. Laminin111-based defined culture promoting self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells with properties of the early post-implantation epiblast. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2643-2660. [PMID: 36368331 PMCID: PMC9768580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian embryo, a formative pluripotent phase is proposed to exist at the early post-implantation period, during the transition from the pre-implantation naive-to the post-implantation primed-epiblast. By recapitulating a laminin component of the extracellular matrix niche during embryonic formative transition, and defined culture conditions, we generated cultures highly enriched for self-renewing human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), exhibiting properties of early post-implantation epiblast cells. These hPSCs display post-implantation-epiblast gene expression profiles. FGF and TGF-β signaling maintain their self-renewal for multiple passages. They have inactive canonical Wnt signaling, do not express primitive streak markers, and are competent to initiate differentiation toward germline and somatic fates. hPSCs exhibiting early post-implantation epiblast properties may shed light on human embryonic PSCs development and may serve for initiating somatic and germ cell specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gropp
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ithai Waldhorn
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Debora Steiner
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tikva Tako Turetsky
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yoav Smith
- The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Sabag
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Falick-Michaeli
- Rubin Chair in Medical Science, Department of Developmental Biology & Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharona Even Ram
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Stem Cell Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel,Corresponding author
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4
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Dinh TTH, Iseki H, Mizuno S, Iijima-Mizuno S, Tanimoto Y, Daitoku Y, Kato K, Hamada Y, Hasan ASH, Suzuki H, Murata K, Muratani M, Ema M, Kim JD, Ishida J, Fukamizu A, Kato M, Takahashi S, Yagami KI, Wilson V, Arkell RM, Sugiyama F. Disruption of entire Cables2 locus leads to embryonic lethality by diminished Rps21 gene expression and enhanced p53 pathway. eLife 2021; 10:50346. [PMID: 33949947 PMCID: PMC8099427 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo function of CDK5 and Abl enzyme substrate 2 (Cables2), belonging to the Cables protein family, is unknown. Here, we found that targeted disruption of the entire Cables2 locus (Cables2d) caused growth retardation and enhanced apoptosis at the gastrulation stage and then induced embryonic lethality in mice. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed disruption of Cables2, 50% down-regulation of Rps21 abutting on the Cables2 locus, and up-regulation of p53-target genes in Cables2d gastrulas. We further revealed the lethality phenotype in Rps21-deleted mice and unexpectedly, the exon 1-deleted Cables2 mice survived. Interestingly, chimeric mice derived from Cables2d ESCs carrying exogenous Cables2 and tetraploid wild-type embryo overcame gastrulation. These results suggest that the diminished expression of Rps21 and the completed lack of Cables2 expression are intricately involved in the embryonic lethality via the p53 pathway. This study sheds light on the importance of Cables2 locus in mouse embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tra Thi Huong Dinh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Traditional Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iseki
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Saori Iijima-Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Daitoku
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuko Hamada
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ammar Shaker Hamed Hasan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctor's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hayate Suzuki
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Doctor's Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Murata
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Genome Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Division of Complex Bioscience Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of National Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junji Ishida
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kato
- Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of. Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Machine learning-assisted high-content analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived embryos in vitro. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1331-1346. [PMID: 33891867 PMCID: PMC8185434 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based embryo models by cultured pluripotent and extra-embryonic lineage stem cells are novel platforms to model early postimplantation development. We showed that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could form ITS (iPSCs and trophectoderm stem cells) and ITX (iPSCs, trophectoderm stem cells, and XEN cells) embryos, resembling the early gastrula embryo developed in vivo. To facilitate the efficient and unbiased analysis of the stem cell-based embryo model, we set up a machine learning workflow to extract multi-dimensional features and perform quantification of ITS embryos using 3D images collected from a high-content screening system. We found that different PSC lines differ in their ability to form embryo-like structures. Through high-content screening of small molecules and cytokines, we identified that BMP4 best promoted the morphogenesis of the ITS embryo. Our study established an innovative strategy to analyze stem cell-based embryo models and uncovered new roles of BMP4 in stem cell-based embryo models.
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6
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Liu T, Li J, Yu L, Sun HX, Li J, Dong G, Hu Y, Li Y, Shen Y, Wu J, Gu Y. Cross-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals pre-gastrulation developmental differences among pigs, monkeys, and humans. Cell Discov 2021; 7:8. [PMID: 33531465 PMCID: PMC7854681 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies blastocyst complementation enables organ-specific enrichment of xenogeneic pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derivatives, which raises an intriguing possibility to generate functional human tissues/organs in an animal host. However, differences in embryo development between human and host species may constitute the barrier for efficient chimera formation. Here, to understand these differences we constructed a complete single-cell landscape of early embryonic development of pig, which is considered one of the best host species for human organ generation, and systematically compared its epiblast development with that of human and monkey. Our results identified a developmental coordinate of pluripotency spectrum among pigs, humans and monkeys, and revealed species-specific differences in: (1) pluripotency progression; (2) metabolic transition; (3) epigenetic and transcriptional regulations of pluripotency; (4) cell surface proteins; and (5) trophectoderm development. These differences may prevent proper recognition and communication between donor human cells and host pig embryos, resulting in low integration and survival of human cells. These results offer new insights into evolutionary conserved and divergent processes during mammalian development and may be helpful for developing effective strategies to overcome low human-pig chimerism, thereby enabling the generation of functional human organs in pigs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbin Liu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Jie Li
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China
| | - Leqian Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Jing Li
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Guoyi Dong
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Yong Li
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Yue Shen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China. .,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518083, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518120, China. .,Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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7
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Vyas B, Nandkishore N, Sambasivan R. Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1933-1945. [PMID: 31722070 PMCID: PMC11105048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a discrete developmental unit compared to the mesoderm below the developing neck. An extraordinary feature of the cranial mesoderm is that it includes a common progenitor pool contributing to the chambered heart and the craniofacial skeletal muscles. This striking developmental potential and the excitement it generated led to advances in our understanding of cranial mesoderm developmental mechanism. Remarkably, recent findings have begun to unravel the origin of its distinct developmental characteristics. Here, we take a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm and its regulatory network. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest step of the process that patterns the mesoderm germ layer along the anterior-posterior body axis. Further, we discuss the latest evidence and their impact on our current understanding of the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm. Overall, the review highlights the findings from contemporary research, which lays the foundation to probe the molecular basis of unique developmental potential and evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitya Nandkishore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Karakambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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8
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Reich S, Weinstein DC. Repression of Inappropriate Gene Expression in the Vertebrate Embryonic Ectoderm. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E895. [PMID: 31698780 PMCID: PMC6895975 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate embryogenesis, precise regulation of gene expression is crucial for proper cell fate determination. Much of what we know about vertebrate development has been gleaned from experiments performed on embryos of the amphibian Xenopus laevis; this review will focus primarily on studies of this model organism. An early critical step during vertebrate development is the formation of the three primary germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm-which emerge during the process of gastrulation. While much attention has been focused on the induction of mesoderm and endoderm, it has become clear that differentiation of the ectoderm involves more than the simple absence of inductive cues; rather, it additionally requires the inhibition of mesendoderm-promoting genes. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the various inhibitors of inappropriate gene expression in the presumptive ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Reich
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel C. Weinstein
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Queens, NY 11367, USA
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9
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Tewary M, Dziedzicka D, Ostblom J, Prochazka L, Shakiba N, Heydari T, Aguilar-Hidalgo D, Woodford C, Piccinini E, Becerra-Alonso D, Vickers A, Louis B, Rahman N, Danovi D, Geens M, Watt FM, Zandstra PW. High-throughput micropatterning platform reveals Nodal-dependent bisection of peri-gastrulation-associated versus preneurulation-associated fate patterning. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000081. [PMID: 31634368 PMCID: PMC6822778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of postimplantation human development are valuable to the fields of regenerative medicine and developmental biology. Here, we report characterization of a robust in vitro platform that enabled high-content screening of multiple human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines for their ability to undergo peri-gastrulation-like fate patterning upon bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) treatment of geometrically confined colonies and observed significant heterogeneity in their differentiation propensities along a gastrulation associable and neuralization associable axis. This cell line-associated heterogeneity was found to be attributable to endogenous Nodal expression, with up-regulation of Nodal correlated with expression of a gastrulation-associated gene profile, and Nodal down-regulation correlated with a preneurulation-associated gene profile expression. We harness this knowledge to establish a platform of preneurulation-like fate patterning in geometrically confined hPSC colonies in which fates arise because of a BMPs signalling gradient conveying positional information. Our work identifies a Nodal signalling-dependent switch in peri-gastrulation versus preneurulation-associated fate patterning in hPSC cells, provides a technology to robustly assay hPSC differentiation outcomes, and suggests conserved mechanisms of organized fate specification in differentiating epiblast and ectodermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Tewary
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Dziedzicka
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Prochazka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiam Heydari
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Hidalgo
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Curtis Woodford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elia Piccinini
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Becerra-Alonso
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Universidad Loyola Andalucia, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alice Vickers
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Blaise Louis
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nafees Rahman
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Danovi
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mieke Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fiona M. Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W. Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Cheng S, Pei Y, He L, Peng G, Reinius B, Tam PP, Jing N, Deng Q. Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Cellular Heterogeneity of Pluripotency Transition and X Chromosome Dynamics during Early Mouse Development. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2593-2607.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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12
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Cui G, Suo S, Wang R, Qian Y, Han JDJ, Peng G, Tam PPL, Jing N. Mouse gastrulation: Attributes of transcription factor regulatory network for epiblast patterning. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:463-472. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Yun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Jing-Dong J. Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Patrick P. L. Tam
- Embryology Unit; Children's Medical Research Institute; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- School of Life Science and Technology; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai China
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13
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Tewary M, Ostblom J, Prochazka L, Zulueta-Coarasa T, Shakiba N, Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Zandstra PW. A stepwise model of reaction-diffusion and positional information governs self-organized human peri-gastrulation-like patterning. Development 2017; 144:4298-4312. [PMID: 28870989 PMCID: PMC5769627 DOI: 10.1242/dev.149658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
How position-dependent cell fate acquisition occurs during embryogenesis is a central question in developmental biology. To study this process, we developed a defined, high-throughput assay to induce peri-gastrulation-associated patterning in geometrically confined human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) colonies. We observed that, upon BMP4 treatment, phosphorylated SMAD1 (pSMAD1) activity in the colonies organized into a radial gradient. We developed a reaction-diffusion (RD)-based computational model and observed that the self-organization of pSMAD1 signaling was consistent with the RD principle. Consequent fate acquisition occurred as a function of both pSMAD1 signaling strength and duration of induction, consistent with the positional-information (PI) paradigm. We propose that the self-organized peri-gastrulation-like fate patterning in BMP4-treated geometrically confined hPSC colonies arises via a stepwise model of RD followed by PI. This two-step model predicted experimental responses to perturbations of key parameters such as colony size and BMP4 dose. Furthermore, it also predicted experimental conditions that resulted in RD-like periodic patterning in large hPSC colonies, and rescued peri-gastrulation-like patterning in colony sizes previously thought to be reticent to this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Tewary
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Joel Ostblom
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Prochazka
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Teresa Zulueta-Coarasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nika Shakiba
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Peter W Zandstra
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3ES, Canada
- Medicine by Design: A Canada First Research Excellence Fund Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
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14
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Huang X, Balmer S, Yang F, Fidalgo M, Li D, Guallar D, Hadjantonakis AK, Wang J. Zfp281 is essential for mouse epiblast maturation through transcriptional and epigenetic control of Nodal signaling. eLife 2017; 6:33333. [PMID: 29168693 PMCID: PMC5708896 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency is defined by a cell's potential to differentiate into any somatic cell type. How pluripotency is transited during embryo implantation, followed by cell lineage specification and establishment of the basic body plan, is poorly understood. Here we report the transcription factor Zfp281 functions in the exit from naive pluripotency occurring coincident with pre-to-post-implantation mouse embryonic development. By characterizing Zfp281 mutant phenotypes and identifying Zfp281 gene targets and protein partners in developing embryos and cultured pluripotent stem cells, we establish critical roles for Zfp281 in activating components of the Nodal signaling pathway and lineage-specific genes. Mechanistically, Zfp281 cooperates with histone acetylation and methylation complexes at target gene enhancers and promoters to exert transcriptional activation and repression, as well as epigenetic control of epiblast maturation leading up to anterior-posterior axis specification. Our study provides a comprehensive molecular model for understanding pluripotent state progressions in vivo during mammalian embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Sophie Balmer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Miguel Fidalgo
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Departamento de Fisioloxia, Centro de Investigacion en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Cronicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | - Dan Li
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Diana Guallar
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Jianlong Wang
- The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
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15
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Peng G, Tam PPL, Jing N. Lineage specification of early embryos and embryonic stem cells at the dawn of enabling technologies. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Establishment of progenitor cell populations and lineage diversity during embryogenesis and the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is a fascinating and intricate biological process. Conceptually, an understanding of this developmental process provides a framework to integrate stem-cell pluripotency, cell competence and differentiating potential with the activity of extrinsic and intrinsic molecular determinants. The recent advent of enabling technologies of high-resolution transcriptome analysis at the cellular, population and spatial levels proffers the capability of gaining deeper insights into the attributes of the gene regulatory network and molecular signaling in lineage specification and differentiation. In this review, we provide a snapshot of the emerging enabling genomic technologies that contribute to the study of development and stem-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Patrick P. L. Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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16
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Hutchins AP, Yang Z, Li Y, He F, Fu X, Wang X, Li D, Liu K, He J, Wang Y, Chen J, Esteban MA, Pei D. Models of global gene expression define major domains of cell type and tissue identity. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2354-2367. [PMID: 28426095 PMCID: PMC5389706 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The current classification of cells in an organism is largely based on their anatomic and developmental origin. Cells types and tissues are traditionally classified into those that arise from the three embryonic germ layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, but this model does not take into account the organization of cell type-specific patterns of gene expression. Here, we present computational models for cell type and tissue specification derived from a collection of 921 RNA-sequencing samples from 272 distinct mouse cell types or tissues. In an unbiased fashion, this analysis accurately predicts the three known germ layers. Unexpectedly, this analysis also suggests that in total there are eight major domains of cell type-specification, corresponding to the neurectoderm, neural crest, surface ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, blood mesoderm, germ cells and the embryonic domain. Further, we identify putative genes responsible for specifying the domain and the cell type. This model has implications for understanding trans-lineage differentiation for stem cells, developmental cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hutchins
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fangfang He
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiuling Fu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Kairong Liu
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.,Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiangping He
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China.,Laboratory of RNA, Chromatin and Human disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
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17
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Wen J, Zeng Y, Fang Z, Gu J, Ge L, Tang F, Qu Z, Hu J, Cui Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Li S, Sun Y, Jin Y. Single-cell analysis reveals lineage segregation in early post-implantation mouse embryos. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9840-9854. [PMID: 28298438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian post-implantation embryo has been extensively investigated at the tissue level. However, to unravel the molecular basis for the cell-fate plasticity and determination, it is essential to study the characteristics of individual cells. In particular, the individual definitive endoderm (DE) cells have not been characterized in vivo Here, we report gene expression patterns in single cells freshly isolated from mouse embryos on days 5.5 and 6.5. Initial transcriptome data from 124 single cells yielded signature genes for the epiblast, visceral endoderm, and extra-embryonic ectoderm and revealed a unique distribution pattern of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands and receptors. Further analysis indicated that early-stage epiblast cells do not segregate into lineages of the major germ layers. Instead, some cells began to diverge from epiblast cells, displaying molecular features of the premesendoderm by expressing higher levels of mesendoderm markers and lower levels of Sox3 transcripts. Analysis of single-cell high-throughput quantitative RT-PCR data from 441 cells identified a late stage of the day 6.5 embryo in which mesoderm and DE cells emerge, with many of them coexpressing Oct4 and Gata6 Analysis of single-cell RNA-sequence data from 112 cells of the late-stage day 6.5 embryos revealed differentially expressed signaling genes and networks of transcription factors that might underlie the segregation of the mesoderm and DE lineages. Moreover, we discovered a subpopulation of mesoderm cells that possess molecular features of the extraembryonic mesoderm. This study provides fundamental insight into the molecular basis for lineage segregation in post-implantation mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- From the Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031
| | - Yanwu Zeng
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Zhuoqing Fang
- From the Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031
| | - Junjie Gu
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Laixiang Ge
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Fan Tang
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Zepeng Qu
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Jing Hu
- the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
| | - Yaru Cui
- the Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kushan Zhang
- the Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- the Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siguang Li
- the Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Sun
- the Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Jin
- From the Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, .,the Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, and
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18
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Jang S, Choubey S, Furchtgott L, Zou LN, Doyle A, Menon V, Loew EB, Krostag AR, Martinez RA, Madisen L, Levi BP, Ramanathan S. Dynamics of embryonic stem cell differentiation inferred from single-cell transcriptomics show a series of transitions through discrete cell states. eLife 2017; 6:20487. [PMID: 28296635 PMCID: PMC5352225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of gene regulatory networks that lead multipotent cells to acquire different cell fates makes a quantitative understanding of differentiation challenging. Using a statistical framework to analyze single-cell transcriptomics data, we infer the gene expression dynamics of early mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell differentiation, uncovering discrete transitions across nine cell states. We validate the predicted transitions across discrete states using flow cytometry. Moreover, using live-cell microscopy, we show that individual cells undergo abrupt transitions from a naïve to primed pluripotent state. Using the inferred discrete cell states to build a probabilistic model for the underlying gene regulatory network, we further predict and experimentally verify that these states have unique response to perturbations, thus defining them functionally. Our study provides a framework to infer the dynamics of differentiation from single cell transcriptomics data and to build predictive models of the gene regulatory networks that drive the sequence of cell fate decisions during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20487.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Jang
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Sandeep Choubey
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Leon Furchtgott
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Biophysics Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ling-Nan Zou
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Adele Doyle
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Ethan B Loew
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | | | | | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Sharad Ramanathan
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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19
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Peng G, Jing N. The genome-wide molecular regulation of mouse gastrulation embryo. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:363-369. [PMID: 28251461 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diverse morphologies among vertebrate species stems from the evolution of a basic body plan that is constituted by a spatially organized ensemble of tissue lineage progenitors. At gastrulation, this body plan is established through a coordinated morphogenetic process and the delineation of tissue lineages that are driven by the activity of the genome. To explore the molecular mechanisms, in a comprehensive context, it is imperative to glean an understanding of the region- and population-specific genetic activity underpinning this fundamental developmental process. In this review, we outline the recent progresses and the future directions in studies of genome activity for the regulation of mouse embryogenesis at gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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20
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Houston DW. Vertebrate Axial Patterning: From Egg to Asymmetry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:209-306. [PMID: 27975274 PMCID: PMC6550305 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the bilateral embryonic body axis from a symmetrical egg has been a long-standing question in developmental biology. Historical and modern experiments point to an initial symmetry-breaking event leading to localized Wnt and Nodal growth factor signaling and subsequent induction and formation of a self-regulating dorsal "organizer." This organizer forms at the site of notochord cell internalization and expresses primarily Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) growth factor antagonists that establish a spatiotemporal gradient of BMP signaling across the embryo, directing initial cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Although the basics of this model have been known for some time, many of the molecular and cellular details have only recently been elucidated and the extent that these events remain conserved throughout vertebrate evolution remains unclear. This chapter summarizes historical perspectives as well as recent molecular and genetic advances regarding: (1) the mechanisms that regulate symmetry-breaking in the vertebrate egg and early embryo, (2) the pathways that are activated by these events, in particular the Wnt pathway, and the role of these pathways in the formation and function of the organizer, and (3) how these pathways also mediate anteroposterior patterning and axial morphogenesis. Emphasis is placed on comparative aspects of the egg-to-embryo transition across vertebrates and their evolution. The future prospects for work regarding self-organization and gene regulatory networks in the context of early axis formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 257 BB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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21
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Sandra O, Charpigny G, Galio L, Hue I. Preattachment Embryos of Domestic Animals: Insights into Development and Paracrine Secretions. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 5:205-228. [PMID: 27959670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian species, endometrial receptivity is driven by maternal factors independently of embryo signals. When pregnancy initiates, paracrine secretions of the preattachment embryo are essential both for maternal recognition and endometrium preparation for implantation and for coordinating development of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues of the conceptus. This review mainly focuses on domestic large animal species. We first illustrate the major steps of preattachment embryo development, including elongation in bovine, ovine, porcine, and equine species. We next highlight conceptus secretions that are involved in the communication between extraembryonic and embryonic tissues, as well as between the conceptus and the endometrium. Finally, we introduce experimental data demonstrating the intimate connection between conceptus secretions and endometrial activity and how adverse events perturbing this interplay may affect the progression of implantation that will subsequently impact pregnancy outcome, postnatal health, and expression of production traits in livestock offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sandra
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; , , ,
| | - Gilles Charpigny
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; , , ,
| | - Laurent Galio
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; , , ,
| | - Isabelle Hue
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France; , , ,
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22
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Dai HQ, Wang BA, Yang L, Chen JJ, Zhu GC, Sun ML, Ge H, Wang R, Chapman DL, Tang F, Sun X, Xu GL. TET-mediated DNA demethylation controls gastrulation by regulating Lefty-Nodal signalling. Nature 2016; 538:528-532. [PMID: 27760115 DOI: 10.1038/nature20095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes undergo epigenetic modifications, including cytosine methylation by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Oxidation of 5-methylcytosine by the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family of dioxygenases can lead to demethylation. Although cytosine methylation has key roles in several processes such as genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation, the functional significance of cytosine methylation and demethylation in mouse embryogenesis remains to be fully determined. Here we show that inactivation of all three Tet genes in mice leads to gastrulation phenotypes, including primitive streak patterning defects in association with impaired maturation of axial mesoderm and failed specification of paraxial mesoderm, mimicking phenotypes in embryos with gain-of-function Nodal signalling. Introduction of a single mutant allele of Nodal in the Tet mutant background partially restored patterning, suggesting that hyperactive Nodal signalling contributes to the gastrulation failure of Tet mutants. Increased Nodal signalling is probably due to diminished expression of the Lefty1 and Lefty2 genes, which encode inhibitors of Nodal signalling. Moreover, reduction in Lefty gene expression is linked to elevated DNA methylation, as both Lefty-Nodal signalling and normal morphogenesis are largely restored in Tet-deficient embryos when the Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b genes are disrupted. Additionally, a point mutation in Tet that specifically abolishes the dioxygenase activity causes similar morphological and molecular abnormalities as the null mutation. Taken together, our results show that TET-mediated oxidation of 5-methylcytosine modulates Lefty-Nodal signalling by promoting demethylation in opposition to methylation by DNMT3A and DNMT3B. These findings reveal a fundamental epigenetic mechanism featuring dynamic DNA methylation and demethylation crucial to regulation of key signalling pathways in early body plan formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qiang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bang-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jia-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guo-Chun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mei-Ling Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hao Ge
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Deborah L Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Guo-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Clavería
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain;
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain;
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24
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Peng G, Suo S, Chen J, Chen W, Liu C, Yu F, Wang R, Chen S, Sun N, Cui G, Song L, Tam PPL, Han JDJ, Jing N. Spatial Transcriptome for the Molecular Annotation of Lineage Fates and Cell Identity in Mid-gastrula Mouse Embryo. Dev Cell 2016; 36:681-97. [PMID: 27003939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation of the mouse embryo entails progressive restriction of lineage potency and the organization of the lineage progenitors into a body plan. Here we performed a high-resolution RNA sequencing analysis on single mid-gastrulation mouse embryos to collate a spatial transcriptome that correlated with the regionalization of cell fates in the embryo. 3D rendition of the quantitative data enabled the visualization of the spatial pattern of all expressing genes in the epiblast in a digital whole-mount in situ format. The dataset also identified genes that (1) are co-expressed in a specific cell population, (2) display similar global pattern of expression, (3) have lineage markers, (4) mark domains of transcriptional and signaling activity associated with cell fates, and (5) can be used as zip codes for mapping the position of single cells isolated from the mid-gastrula stage embryo and the embryo-derived stem cells to the equivalent epiblast cells for delineating their prospective cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jing-Dong J Han
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Naihe Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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25
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Song L, Chen J, Peng G, Tang K, Jing N. Dynamic Heterogeneity of Brachyury in Mouse Epiblast Stem Cells Mediates Distinct Response to Extrinsic Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15212-25. [PMID: 27226536 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.705418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), provide excellent in vitro systems to study imperative pre- and postimplantation events of in vivo mammalian development. It is known that mouse ESCs are dynamic heterogeneous populations. However, it remains largely unclear whether and how EpiSCs possess heterogeneity and plasticity similar to that of ESCs. Here, we show that EpiSCs are discriminated by the expression of a specific marker T (Brachyury) into two populations. The T-positive (T(+)) and the T-negative (T(-)) populations can be interconverted within the same culture condition. In addition, the two populations display distinct responses to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and different developmental potentials. The T(-) EpiSCs are preferentially differentiated into ectoderm lineages, whereas T(+) EpiSCs have a biased potential for mesendoderm fates. Mechanistic studies reveal that T(+) EpiSCs have an earlier and faster response to BMP4 stimulation than T(-) EpiSCs. Id1 mediates the commitment of T(-) EpiSCs to epidermal lineage during BMP4 treatment. On the other hand, Snail modulates the conversion of T(+) EpiSCs to mesendoderm fates with the presence of BMP4. Furthermore, T expression is essential for epithelial-mesenchymal transition during EpiSCs differentiation. Our findings suggest that the dynamic heterogeneity of the T(+)/T(-) subpopulation primes EpiSCs toward particular cell lineages, providing important insights into the dynamic development of the early mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jun Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Guangdun Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Ke Tang
- the Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Naihe Jing
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China and
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26
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27
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Takata N, Sakakura E, Kasukawa T, Sakuma T, Yamamoto T, Sasai Y. Establishment of Functional Genomics Pipeline in Mouse Epiblast-Like Tissue by Combining Transcriptomic Analysis and Gene Knockdown/Knockin/Knockout, Using RNA Interference and CRISPR/Cas9. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:436-50. [PMID: 26839115 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epiblast (foremost embryonic ectoderm) generates all three germ layers and therefore has crucial roles in the formation of all mammalian body cells. However, regulation of epiblast gene expression is poorly understood because of the difficulty of manipulating epiblast tissues in vivo. In the present study, using the self-organizing properties of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC), we generated and characterized epiblast-like tissue in three-dimensional culture. We identified significant genome-wide gene expression changes in this epiblast-like tissue by transcriptomic analysis. In addition, we identified the particular significance of the Erk/Mapk and integrin-linked kinase pathways, and genes related to ectoderm/epithelial formation, using the bioinformatics resources IPA and DAVID. Here, we focused on Fgf5, which ranked in the top 10 among the discovered genes. To develop a functional analysis of Fgf5, we created an efficient method combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering and RNA interference (RNAi). Notably, we show one-step generation of various Fgf5 reporter lines including heterozygous and homozygous knockins (the GET method). For time- and dose-dependent depletion of fgf5 over the course of development, we generated an ESC line harboring Tol2 transposon-mediated integration of an inducible short hairpin RNA interference system (pdiRNAi). Our findings raised the possibility that Fgf/Erk signaling and apicobasal epithelial integrity are important factors in epiblast development. In addition, our methods provide a framework for a broad array of applications in the areas of mammalian genetics and molecular biology to understand development and to improve future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Takata
- 1 Laboratory for In Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eriko Sakakura
- 1 Laboratory for In Vitro Histogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeya Kasukawa
- 2 Large Scale Data Managing Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sakuma
- 3 Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- 3 Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University , Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sasai
- 4 Laboratory for Organogenesis and Neurogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology , Hyogo, Japan
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28
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Kitajima K, Nakajima M, Kanokoda M, Kyba M, Dandapat A, Tolar J, Saito MK, Toyoda M, Umezawa A, Hara T. GSK3β inhibition activates the CDX/HOX pathway and promotes hemogenic endothelial progenitor differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2015; 44:68-74.e1-10. [PMID: 26477526 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
WNT/β-CATENIN signaling promotes the hematopoietic/endothelial differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). The transient addition of a GSK3β inhibitor (GSKi) has been found to facilitate in vitro endothelial cell differentiation from hESCs/hiPSCs. Because hematopoietic and endothelial cells are derived from common progenitors (hemogenic endothelial progenitors [HEPs]), we examined the effect of transient GSKi treatment on hematopoietic cell differentiation from hiPSCs. We found that transient GSKi treatment at the start of hiPSC differentiation induction altered the gene expression profile of the cells. Multiple CDX/HOX genes, which are expressed in the posterior mesoderm of developing embryos, were significantly upregulated by GSKi treatment. Further, inclusion of the GSKi in a serum- and stroma-free culture with chemically defined medium efficiently induced HEPs, and the HEPs gave rise to various lineages of hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Therefore, transient WNT/β-CATENIN signaling triggers activation of the CDX/HOX pathway, which in turn confers hemogenic posterior mesoderm identity to differentiating hiPSCs. These data enhance our understanding of human embryonic hematopoietic/endothelial cell development and provide a novel in vitro system for inducing the differentiation of hematopoietic cells from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kitajima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Marino Nakajima
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mai Kanokoda
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Abhijit Dandapat
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Yamaguchi YL, Tanaka SS, Kumagai M, Fujimoto Y, Terabayashi T, Matsui Y, Nishinakamura R. Sall4 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell specification by suppressing somatic cell program genes. Stem Cells 2015; 33:289-300. [PMID: 25263278 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Spalt-like 4 (Sall4) zinc finger protein is a critical transcription factor for pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). It is also involved in the formation of a variety of organs, in mice, and humans. We report the essential roles of Sall4 in mouse primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. PGC specification is accompanied by the activation of the stem cell program and repression of the somatic cell program in progenitor cells. Conditional inactivation of Sall4 during PGC specification led to a reduction in the number of PGCs in embryonic gonads. Sall4(del/del) PGCs failed to translocate from the mesoderm to the endoderm and underwent apoptosis. In Sall4(del/del) PGC progenitors, somatic cell program genes (Hoxa1 and Hoxb1) were derepressed, while activation of the stem cell program was not impaired. We demonstrated that in differentiated ESCs, Sall4 bound to these somatic cell program gene loci, which are reportedly occupied by Prdm1 in embryonic carcinoma cells. Given that Sall4 and Prdm1 are known to associate with the histone deacetylase repressor complex, our findings suggest that Sall4 suppresses the somatic cell program possibly by recruiting the repressor complex in conjunction with Prdm1; therefore, it is essential for PGC specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuka L Yamaguchi
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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30
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Kaufman-Francis K, Goh HN, Kojima Y, Studdert JB, Jones V, Power MD, Wilkie E, Teber E, Loebel DAF, Tam PPL. Differential response of epiblast stem cells to Nodal and Activin signalling: a paradigm of early endoderm development in the embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0550. [PMID: 25349457 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) display temporal differences in the upregulation of Mixl1 expression during the initial steps of in vitro differentiation, which can be correlated with their propensity for endoderm differentiation. EpiSCs that upregulated Mixl1 rapidly during differentiation responded robustly to both Activin A and Nodal in generating foregut endoderm and precursors of pancreatic and hepatic tissues. By contrast, EpiSCs that delayed Mixl1 upregulation responded less effectively to Nodal and showed an overall suboptimal outcome of directed differentiation. The enhancement in endoderm potency in Mixl1-early cells may be accounted for by a rapid exit from the progenitor state and the efficient response to the induction of differentiation by Nodal. EpiSCs that readily differentiate into the endoderm cells are marked by a distinctive expression fingerprint of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway genes and genes related to the endoderm lineage. Nodal appears to elicit responses that are associated with transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, whereas Activin A promotes gene expression associated with maintenance of an epithelial phenotype. We postulate that the formation of definitive endoderm (DE) in embryoid bodies follows a similar process to germ layer formation from the epiblast, requiring an initial de-epithelialization event and subsequent re-epithelialization. Our results show that priming EpiSCs with the appropriate form of TGF-β signalling at the formative phase of endoderm differentiation impacts on the further progression into mature DE-derived lineages, and that this is influenced by the initial characteristics of the cell population. Our study also highlights that Activin A, which is commonly used as an in vitro surrogate for Nodal in differentiation protocols, does not elicit the same downstream effects as Nodal, and therefore may not effectively mimic events that take place in the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Hwee Ngee Goh
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Yoji Kojima
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Institute of Integrated Cell-Material Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Joshua B Studdert
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Vanessa Jones
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Melinda D Power
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Emilie Wilkie
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Erdahl Teber
- Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - David A F Loebel
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia
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31
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Viotti M, Foley AC, Hadjantonakis AK. Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0547. [PMID: 25349455 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the gut and its accessory organs, our understanding of early endoderm development is still incomplete. Traditionally, endoderm has been difficult to study because of its small size and relative fragility. However, recent advances in live cell imaging technologies have dramatically expanded our understanding of this tissue, adding a new appreciation for the complex molecular and morphogenetic processes that mediate gut formation. Several spatially and molecularly distinct subpopulations have been shown to exist within the endoderm before the onset of gastrulation. Here, we review findings that have uncovered complex cell movements within the endodermal layer, before and during gastrulation, leading to the conclusion that cells from primitive endoderm contribute descendants directly to gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Viotti
- Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ann C Foley
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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32
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Xing J, Toh YC, Xu S, Yu H. A method for human teratogen detection by geometrically confined cell differentiation and migration. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10038. [PMID: 25966467 PMCID: PMC4428054 DOI: 10.1038/srep10038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unintended exposure to teratogenic compounds can lead to various birth defects; however current animal-based testing is limited by time, cost and high inter-species variability. Here, we developed a human-relevant in vitro model, which recapitulated two cellular events characteristic of embryogenesis, to identify potentially teratogenic compounds. We spatially directed mesoendoderm differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the ensuing cell migration in micropatterned human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) colonies to collectively form an annular mesoendoderm pattern. Teratogens could disrupt the two cellular processes to alter the morphology of the mesoendoderm pattern. Image processing and statistical algorithms were developed to quantify and classify the compounds' teratogenic potential. We not only could measure dose-dependent effects but also correctly classify species-specific drug (Thalidomide) and false negative drug (D-penicillamine) in the conventional mouse embryonic stem cell test. This model offers a scalable screening platform to mitigate the risks of teratogen exposures in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1 EA #03-12, Singapore 117575
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #10-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, #10-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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β-Catenin Regulates Primitive Streak Induction through Collaborative Interactions with SMAD2/SMAD3 and OCT4. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 16:639-52. [PMID: 25921273 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt and Nodal signaling are both required for induction of the primitive streak (PS), which guides organization of the early embryo. The Wnt effector β-catenin is thought to function in these early lineage specification decisions via transcriptional activation of Nodal signaling. Here, we demonstrate a broader role for β-catenin in PS formation by analyzing its genome-wide binding in a human embryonic stem cell model of PS induction. β-catenin occupies regulatory regions in numerous PS and neural crest genes, and direct interactions between β-catenin and the Nodal effectors SMAD2/SMAD3 are required at these regions for PS gene activation. Furthermore, OCT4 binding in proximity to these sites is likewise required for PS induction, suggesting a collaborative interaction between β-catenin and OCT4. Induction of neural crest genes by β-catenin is repressed by SMAD2/SMAD3, ensuring proper lineage specification. This study provides mechanistic insight into how Wnt signaling controls early cell lineage decisions.
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Larabee SM, Coia H, Jones S, Cheung E, Gallicano GI. miRNA-17 members that target Bmpr2 influence signaling mechanisms important for embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro and gastrulation in embryos. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:354-71. [PMID: 25209090 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Body axes and germ layers evolve at gastrulation, and in mammals are driven by many genes; however, what orchestrates the genetic pathways during gastrulation remains elusive. Previously, we presented evidence that microRNA-17 (miRNA-17) family members, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-93, and miR-106a were differentially expressed in mouse embryos and functioned to control differentiation of the stem cell population. Here, we identify function(s) that these miRNAs have during gastrulation. Fluorescent in situ hybridization miRNA probes reveal that these miRNAs are localized at the mid/posterior primitive streak (ps) in distinct populations of primitive ectoderm, mesendoderm, and mesoderm. Seven different miRNA prediction algorithms are identified in silico bone morphogenic protein receptor 2 (Bmpr2) as a target of these miRNAs. Bmpr2 is a member of the TGFβ pathway and invokes stage-specific changes during gastrulation. Recently, Bmpr2 was shown regulating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and invasion. Our previous and current data led to a hypothesis by which members of the miR-17 family influence gastrulation by suppressing Bmpr2 expression at the primitive streak. This suppression influences fate decisions of cells by affecting genes downstream of BMPR2 as well as mesoderm invasion through regulation of actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Larabee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia
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The States of Pluripotency: Pluripotent Lineage Development in the Embryo and in the Dish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/208067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent cell lineage of the embryo comprises a series of temporally and functionally distinct intermediary cell states, the epiblast precursor cell of the newly formed blastocyst, the epiblast population of the inner cell mass, and the early and late epiblast of the postimplantation embryo, referred to here as early and late primitive ectoderm. Pluripotent cell populations representative of the embryonic populations can be formed in culture. Although multiple pluripotent cell states are now recognised, little is known about the signals and pathways that progress cells from the epiblast precursor cell to the late primitive ectoderm in the embryo or in culture. The characterisation of cell states is most advanced in mouse where conditions for culturing distinct pluripotent cell states are well established and embryonic material is accessible. This review will focus on the pluripotent cell states present during embryonic development in the mouse and what is known of the mechanisms that regulate the progression of the lineage from the epiblast precursor cell and the ground state of pluripotency to the late primitive ectoderm present immediately prior to cell differentiation.
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Yang D, Lutter D, Burtscher I, Uetzmann L, Theis FJ, Lickert H. miR-335 promotes mesendodermal lineage segregation and shapes a transcription factor gradient in the endoderm. Development 2014; 141:514-25. [PMID: 24449834 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) pattern developing tissues and determine cell fates; however, how spatio-temporal TF gradients are generated is ill defined. Here we show that miR-335 fine-tunes TF gradients in the endoderm and promotes mesendodermal lineage segregation. Initially, we identified miR-335 as a regulated intronic miRNA in differentiating embryonic stem cells (ESCs). miR-335 is encoded in the mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) and targets the 3'-UTRs of the endoderm-determining TFs Foxa2 and Sox17. Mest and miR-335 are co-expressed and highly accumulate in the mesoderm, but are transiently expressed in endoderm progenitors. Overexpression of miR-335 does not affect initial mesendoderm induction, but blocks Foxa2- and Sox17-mediated endoderm differentiation in ESCs and ESC-derived embryos. Conversely, inhibition of miR-335 activity leads to increased Foxa2 and Sox17 protein accumulation and endoderm formation. Mathematical modeling predicts that transient miR-335 expression in endoderm progenitors shapes a TF gradient in the endoderm, which we confirm by functional studies in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-335 targets endoderm TFs for spatio-temporal gradient formation in the endoderm and to stabilize lineage decisions during mesendoderm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Yang
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Arkell RM, Tam PPL. Initiating head development in mouse embryos: integrating signalling and transcriptional activity. Open Biol 2013; 2:120030. [PMID: 22754658 PMCID: PMC3382960 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of an embryonic body plan is the outcome of inductive interactions between the progenitor tissues that underpin their specification, regionalization and morphogenesis. The intercellular signalling activity driving these processes is deployed in a time- and site-specific manner, and the signal strength must be precisely controlled. Receptor and ligand functions are modulated by secreted antagonists to impose a dynamic pattern of globally controlled and locally graded signals onto the tissues of early post-implantation mouse embryo. In response to the WNT, Nodal and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signalling cascades, the embryo acquires its body plan, which manifests as differences in the developmental fate of cells located at different positions in the anterior–posterior body axis. The initial formation of the anterior (head) structures in the mouse embryo is critically dependent on the morphogenetic activity emanating from two signalling centres that are juxtaposed with the progenitor tissues of the head. A common property of these centres is that they are the source of antagonistic factors and the hub of transcriptional activities that negatively modulate the function of WNT, Nodal and BMP signalling cascades. These events generate the scaffold of the embryonic head by the early-somite stage of development. Beyond this, additional tissue interactions continue to support the growth, regionalization, differentiation and morphogenesis required for the elaboration of the structure recognizable as the embryonic head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Mei W, Jin Z, Lai F, Schwend T, Houston DW, King ML, Yang J. Maternal Dead-End1 is required for vegetal cortical microtubule assembly during Xenopus axis specification. Development 2013; 140:2334-44. [PMID: 23615278 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate axis specification is an evolutionarily conserved developmental process that relies on asymmetric activation of Wnt signaling and subsequent organizer formation on the future dorsal side of the embryo. Although roles of Wnt signaling during organizer formation have been studied extensively, it is unclear how the Wnt pathway is asymmetrically activated. In Xenopus and zebrafish, the Wnt pathway is triggered by dorsal determinants, which are translocated from the vegetal pole to the future dorsal side of the embryo shortly after fertilization. The transport of dorsal determinants requires a unique microtubule network formed in the vegetal cortex shortly after fertilization. However, molecular mechanisms governing the formation of vegetal cortical microtubule arrays are not fully understood. Here we report that Dead-End 1 (Dnd1), an RNA-binding protein required for primordial germ cell development during later stages of embryogenesis, is essential for Xenopus axis specification. We show that knockdown of maternal Dnd1 specifically interferes with the formation of vegetal cortical microtubules. This, in turn, impairs translocation of dorsal determinants, the initiation of Wnt signaling, organizer formation, and ultimately results in ventralized embryos. Furthermore, we found that Dnd1 binds to a uridine-rich sequence in the 3'-UTR of trim36, a vegetally localized maternal RNA essential for vegetal cortical microtubule assembly. Dnd1 anchors trim36 to the vegetal cortex in the egg, promoting high concentrations of Trim36 protein there. Our work thus demonstrates a novel and surprising function for Dnd1 during early development and provides an important link between Dnd1, mRNA localization, the microtubule cytoskeleton and axis specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Mei
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, 3411 Veterinary Medicine Basic Sciences Building, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Beyer TA, Narimatsu M, Weiss A, David L, Wrana JL. The TGFβ superfamily in stem cell biology and early mammalian embryonic development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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40
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Stephenson RO, Rossant J, Tam PPL. Intercellular interactions, position, and polarity in establishing blastocyst cell lineages and embryonic axes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/11/a008235. [PMID: 23125013 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the three lineages of the mouse blastocyst provides a powerful model system to study interactions among cell behavior, cell signaling, and lineage development. Hippo signaling differences between the inner and outer cells of the early cleavage stages, combined with establishment of a stably polarized outer epithelium, lead to the establishment of the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm, whereas FGF signaling differences among the individual cells of the ICM lead to gradual separation and segregation of the epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages. Events in the late blastocyst lead to the formation of a special subset of cells from the primitive endoderm that are key sources for the signals that establish the subsequent body axis. The slow pace of mouse early development, the ability to culture embryos over this time period, the increasing availability of live cell imaging tools, and the ability to modify gene expression at will are providing increasing insights into the cell biology of early cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Stephenson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Klymiuk I, Kenner L, Adler T, Busch DH, Boersma A, Irmler M, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Leitner N, Müller M, Kühn R, Schlederer M, Treise I, de Angelis MH, Beckers J. In vivo functional requirement of the mouse Ifitm1 gene for germ cell development, interferon mediated immune response and somitogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44609. [PMID: 23115618 PMCID: PMC3480353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (Ifitm1) gene was originally identified as a member of a gene family highly inducible by type I and type II interferons. Based on expression analyses, it was suggested to be required for normal primordial germ cell migration. The knockdown of Ifitm1 in mouse embryos provided evidence for a role in somitogenesis. We generated the first targeted knockin allele of the Ifitm1 gene to systematically reassess all inferred functions. Sperm motility and the fertility of male and female mutant mice are as in wild type littermates. Embryonic somites and the adult vertebral column appear normal in homozygous Ifitm1 knockout mice, demonstrating that Ifitm1 is not essential for normal segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm. Proportions of leucocyte subsets, including granulocytes, monocytes, B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, and NKT-cells, are unchanged in mutant mice. Based on a normal immune response to Listeria monocytogenes infection, there is no evidence for a dysfunction in downstream IFNγ signaling in Ifitm1 mutant mice. Expression from the Ifitm1 locus from E8.5 to E14.5 is highly dynamic. In contrast, in adult mice, Ifitm1 expression is highly restricted and strong in the bronchial epithelium. Intriguingly, IFITM1 is highly overexpressed in tumor epithelia cells of human squamous cell carcinomas and in adenocarcinomas of NSCLC patients. These analyses underline the general importance of targeted in vivo studies for the functional annotation of the mammalian genome. The first comprehensive description of the Ifitm1 expression pattern provides a rational basis for the further examination of Ifitm1 gene functions. Based on our data, the fact that IFITM1 can function as a negative regulator of cell proliferation, and because the gene maps to chromosome band 11p15.5, previously associated with NSCLC, it is likely that IFITM1 in man has a key role in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (JB)
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research and Institute for Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thure Adler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Auke Boersma
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Leitner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Treise
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail: (IK); (JB)
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Rong L, Liu J, Qi Y, Graham AM, Parmacek MS, Li S. GATA-6 promotes cell survival by up-regulating BMP-2 expression during embryonic stem cell differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3754-63. [PMID: 22855527 PMCID: PMC3442421 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic inactivation of the transcription factor GATA-6 in the embryoid body induces massive apoptosis at the early stage of ES cell differentiation. Evidence is provided that BMP-2 is a direct transcription target of GATA-6 and mediates GATA-6-dependent cell survival in concert with endoderm-derived basement membrane. GATA-6 is a zinc-finger transcription factor essential for early embryogenesis. Ablation of GATA-6 in mice impairs endoderm differentiation and causes apoptosis of epiblast cells. The endoderm defects have been attributed to the loss of HNF4, disabled-2, and GATA-4. However, the mechanisms underlying epiblast apoptosis are unclear. In this study we used mouse embryonic stem cell–derived embryoid bodies (EBs) as a model for peri-implantation development and found that ablation of GATA-6 causes massive apoptosis during EB differentiation. Endoderm grafting experiments and ectopic basement membrane (BM) assembly suggest that both BM and non-BM factors contribute to cell survival. Furthermore, the increased cell death in mutant EBs is accompanied by reduced expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals direct binding of GATA-6 to the Bmp2 promoter. Treatment of the mutant EBs with BMP-2 markedly suppresses apoptosis, whereas stable overexpression of the BMP antagonist noggin or a dominant-negative BMP receptor in normal EBs leads to increased apoptosis. Last, activation of SMAD1/5 by phosphorylation is significantly inhibited in the absence of GATA-6, and this is reversed by exogenous BMP-2. Treatment of normal EBs with SMAD phosphorylation inhibitor increases apoptosis. Collectively these results suggest that GATA-6 promotes cell survival by regulating endoderm expression of BMP-2 and BM during embryonic epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Rong
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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43
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Burtscher I, Barkey W, Schwarzfischer M, Theis FJ, Lickert H. The Sox17-mCherry fusion mouse line allows visualization of endoderm and vascular endothelial development. Genesis 2012; 50:496-505. [PMID: 22121118 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sox17 is a HMG-box transcription factor that has been shown to play important roles in both cardio-vascular development and endoderm formation. To analyze these processes in greater detail, we have generated a Sox17-mCherry fusion (SCF) protein by gene targeting in ES cells. SCF reporter mice are homozygous viable and faithfully reflect the endogenous Sox17 protein localization. We report that SCF positive cells constitute a subpopulation in the visceral endoderm before gastrulation and time-lapse imaging reveals that SCF monitors the nascent definitive endoderm during epithelialization. After gastrulation, SCF marks the mid- and hindgut endoderm and vascular endothelial network, which can be imaged during establishment in allantois explant cultures. The SCF reporter is downregulated in the endoderm epithelium and upregulated in endothelial cells of the intestine, lung, and pancreas during organogenesis. In summary, the generation of the Sox17-mCherry reporter mouse line allows direct visualization of endoderm and vascular development in culture and the mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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44
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Tamashiro DAA, Alarcon VB, Marikawa Y. Nkx1-2 is a transcriptional repressor and is essential for the activation of Brachyury in P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma cell. Differentiation 2012; 83:282-92. [PMID: 22475651 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is crucial for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, namely the epiblast, embryonic stem, and embryonal carcinoma cells, into mesendoderm. However, downstream events of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that control the formation of mesendoderm are still unclear. In the present study, we used mouse P19 embryonal carcinoma cells as a model, and identified a homeodomain protein Nkx1-2 as a key regulator of mesendoderm formation. In the mouse embryo, Nkx1-2 was expressed in the primitive streak, in which the nascent mesendoderm emerges. In P19 cells, the expression of Nkx1-2 was activated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling independently of Brachyury, an evolutionary conserved early mesendoderm gene. In contrast, the expression of Nkx1-2 was both necessary and sufficient for the activation of Brachyury. Nkx1-2 acted as a transcriptional repressor to mediate the action of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to activate the Brachyury expression. We found Tcf3 as a potential target of gene repression by Nkx1-2, and the down-regulation of Tcf3 was partly required for effective activation of Brachyury by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results suggest that Nkx1-2 is a critical component of the gene regulatory network that operates downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling to regulate the formation of mesendoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ann A Tamashiro
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, 651 Ilalo Street, Biosciences Building, Room 163A, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core developmental pathway that controls tissue morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4044-51. [PMID: 22343533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1200421109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnts make up a large family of extracellular signaling molecules that play crucial roles in development and disease. A subset of noncanonical Wnts signal independently of the transcription factor β-catenin by a mechanism that regulates key morphogenetic movements during embryogenesis. The best characterized noncanonical Wnt, Wnt5a, has been suggested to signal via a variety of different receptors, including the Ror family of receptor tyrosine kinases, the Ryk receptor tyrosine kinase, and the Frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors. Whether one or several of these receptors mediates the effects of Wnt5a in vivo is not known. Through loss-of-function experiments in mice, we provide conclusive evidence that Ror receptors mediate Wnt5a-dependent processes in vivo and identify Dishevelled phosphorylation as a physiological target of Wnt5a-Ror signaling. The absence of Ror signaling leads to defects that mirror phenotypes observed in Wnt5a null mutant mice, including decreased branching of sympathetic neuron axons and major defects in aspects of embryonic development that are dependent upon morphogenetic movements, such as severe truncation of the caudal axis, the limbs, and facial structures. These findings suggest that Wnt5a-Ror-Dishevelled signaling constitutes a core noncanonical Wnt pathway that is conserved through evolution and is crucial during embryonic development.
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Bernemann C, Greber B, Ko K, Sterneckert J, Han DW, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Schöler HR. Distinct developmental ground states of epiblast stem cell lines determine different pluripotency features. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1496-503. [PMID: 21898681 DOI: 10.1002/stem.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from mouse postimplantation embryos at embryonic day (E) 5.5-E7.5 at the onset of gastrulation, which makes them a valuable tool for studying mammalian postimplantation development in vitro. EpiSCs can also be reprogrammed into a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC)-like state. Some reports have shown that the reversion of EpiSCs requires transcription factor overexpression, whereas others have suggested that use of stringent mESC culture conditions alone is sufficient for the reversion of EpiSCs. To clarify these discrepancies, we systematically compared a panel of independent EpiSC lines. We found that--regardless of the embryonic day of derivation--the different EpiSC lines shared a number of defining characteristics such as the ability to form teratomas. However, despite use of standard EpiSC culture conditions, some lines exhibited elevated expression of genes associated with mesendodermal differentiation. Pluripotency (Oct4) and mesodermal (Brachyury) marker genes were coexpressed in this subset of lines. Interestingly, the expression of mesendodermal marker genes was negatively correlated with the cells' ability to efficiently undergo neural induction. Moreover, these mesodermal marker gene-expressing cell lines could not be efficiently reverted to an mESC-like state by using stringent mESC culture conditions. Conversely, Brachyury overexpression diminished the reversion efficiency in otherwise Brachyury-negative lines. Overall, our data suggest that different EpiSC lines may undergo self-renewal into distinct developmental states, a finding with important implications for functional readouts such as reversion of EpiSCs to an mESC-like state as well as directed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Bernemann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse, Münster, Germany
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An ensemble approach for inferring semi-quantitative regulatory dynamics for the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells using prior knowledge. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 736:247-60. [PMID: 22161333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The process of differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is currently becoming the focus of many systems biologists not only due to mechanistic interest but also since it is expected to play an increasingly important role in regenerative medicine, in particular with the advert to induced pluripotent stem cells. These ESCs give rise to the formation of the three germ layers and therefore to the formation of all tissues and organs. Here, we present a computational method for inferring regulatory interactions between the genes involved in ESC differentiation based on time resolved microarray profiles. Fully quantitative methods are commonly unavailable on such large-scale data; on the other hand, purely qualitative methods may fail to capture some of the more detailed regulations. Our method combines the beneficial aspects of qualitative and quantitative (ODE-based) modeling approaches searching for quantitative interaction coefficients in a discrete and qualitative state space. We further optimize on an ensemble of networks to detect essential properties and compare networks with respect to robustness. Applied to a toy model our method is able to reconstruct the original network and outperforms an entire discrete boolean approach. In particular, we show that including prior knowledge leads to more accurate results. Applied to data from differentiating mouse ESCs reveals new regulatory interactions, in particular we confirm the activation of Foxh1 through Oct4, mediating Nodal signaling.
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Xu X, Browning VL, Odorico JS. Activin, BMP and FGF pathways cooperate to promote endoderm and pancreatic lineage cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Mech Dev 2011; 128:412-27. [PMID: 21855631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of how human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells has twofold significance: first, it provides an in vitro model system for the study of human pancreatic development, and second, it serves as a platform for the ultimate production of beta cells for transplantation into patients with diabetes. The delineation of growth factor interactions regulating pancreas specification from hESCs in vitro is critical to achieving these goals. In this study, we describe the roles of growth factors bFGF, BMP4 and Activin A in early hESC fate determination. The entire differentiation process is carried out in serum-free chemically-defined media (CDM) and results in reliable and robust induction of pancreatic endoderm cells, marked by PDX1, and cell clusters co-expressing markers characteristic of beta cells, including PDX1 and insulin/C-peptide. Varying the combinations of growth factors, we found that treatment of hESCs with bFGF, Activin A and BMP4 (FAB) together for 3-4days resulted in strong induction of primitive-streak and definitive endoderm-associated genes, including MIXL1, GSC, SOX17 and FOXA2. Early proliferative foregut endoderm and pancreatic lineage cells marked by PDX1, FOXA2 and SOX9 expression are specified in EBs made from FAB-treated hESCs, but not from Activin A alone treated cells. Our results suggest that important tissue interactions occur in EB-based suspension culture that contribute to the complete induction of definitive endoderm and pancreas progenitors. Further differentiation occurs after EBs are embedded in Matrigel and cultured in serum-free media containing insulin, transferrin, selenium, FGF7, nicotinamide, islet neogenesis associated peptide (INGAP) and exendin-4, a long acting GLP-1 agonist. 21-28days after embedding, PDX1 gene expression levels are comparable to those of human islets used for transplantation, and many PDX1(+) clusters are formed. Almost all cells in PDX1(+) clusters co-express FOXA2, HNF1ß, HNF6 and SOX9 proteins, and many cells also express CPA1, NKX6.1 and PTF1a. If cells are then switched to medium containing B27 and nicotinamide for 7-14days, then the number of insulin(+) cells increases markedly. Our study identifies a new chemically defined culture protocol for inducing endoderm- and pancreas-committed cells from hESCs and reveals an interplay between FGF, Activin A and BMP signaling in early hESC fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Tanaka SS, Yamaguchi YL, Steiner KA, Nakano T, Nishinakamura R, Kwan KM, Behringer RR, Tam PPL. Loss of Lhx1 activity impacts on the localization of primordial germ cells in the mouse. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2851-9. [PMID: 20845430 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryos lacking Lhx1 (Lim1) activity display defective gastrulation and are deficient of primordial germ cells (PGCs) (Tsang et al. [2001] International Journal of Developmental Biology 45:549-555). To dissect the specific role of Lhx1 in germ cell development, we studied embryos with conditional inactivation of Lhx1 activity in epiblast derivatives, which, in contrast to completely null embryos, develop normally through gastrulation before manifesting a head truncation phenotype. Initially, PGCs are localized properly to the definitive endoderm of the posterior gut in the conditional mutant embryos, but they depart from the embryonic gut prematurely. The early exit of PGCs from the gut is accompanied by the failure to maintain a strong expression of Ifitm1 in the mesoderm enveloping the gut, which may mediate the repulsive activity that facilitates the retention of PGCs in the hindgut during early organogenesis. Lhx1 therefore may influence the localization of PGCs by modulating Ifitm1-mediated repulsive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi S Tanaka
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, Australia.
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Abstract
In mammals, the heart arises from the differentiation of 2 sources of multipotent cardiovascular progenitors (MCPs). Different studies indicated that an evolutionary conserved transcriptional regulatory network controls cardiovascular development from flies to humans. Whereas in Drosophila, Tinman acts as a master regulator of cardiac development, the identification of such a master regulator in mammals remained elusive for a long time. In this review, we discuss the recent findings suggesting that Mesp1 acts as a key regulator of cardiovascular progenitors in vertebrates. Lineage tracing in mice demonstrated that Mesp1 represents the earliest marker of cardiovascular progenitors, tracing almost all the cells of the heart including derivatives of the primary and second heart fields. The inactivation of Mesp1/2 indicated that Mesp genes are essential for early cardiac mesoderm formation and MCP migration. Several recent studies have demonstrated that Mesp1 massively promotes cardiovascular differentiation during embryonic development and pluripotent stem cell differentiation and indicated that Mesp1 resides at the top of the cellular and transcriptional hierarchy that orchestrates MCP specification. In primitive chordates, Mesp also controls early cardiac progenitor specification and migration, suggesting that Mesp arises during chordate evolution to regulate the earliest step of cardiovascular development. Defining how Mesp1 regulates the earliest step of MCP specification and controls their migration is essential to understand the root of cardiovascular development and how the deregulation of these processes can lead to congenital heart diseases. In addition, these findings will be very useful to boost the production of cardiovascular cells for cellular therapy, drug and toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bondue
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, BatC, C6-130, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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