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Mendivelso González DF, Sánchez Villalobos SA, Ramos AE, Montero Ovalle WJ, Serrano López ML. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Prostate Cancer Progression: A Systematic Review. Cancer Invest 2024; 42:75-96. [PMID: 38055319 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2023.2291776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New biomarkers of progression in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) are needed to improve their classification and clinical management. This systematic review investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and PCa progression. METHODS A keyword search was performed in Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane for publications between 2007 and 2022. We included articles with adjusted and significant associations, a median follow-up greater than or equal to 24 months, patients taken to radical prostatectomy (RP) as a first therapeutic option, and results presented based on biochemical recurrence (BCR). RESULTS In the 27 articles selected, 73 SNPs were identified in 39 genes, organized in seven functional groups. Of these, 50 and 23 SNPs were significantly associated with a higher and lower risk of PCa progression, respectively. Likewise, four haplotypes were found to have a significant association with PCa progression. CONCLUSION This article highlights the importance of SNPs as potential markers of PCa progression and their possible functional relationship with some genes relevant to its development and progression. However, most variants were identified only in cohorts from two countries; no additional studies reproduce these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martha Lucía Serrano López
- Cancer Biology Research Group, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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García-Caballero D, Hart JR, Vogt PK. Long Non-Coding RNAs as "MYC Facilitators". PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2023; 30:389-399. [PMID: 37755396 PMCID: PMC10534484 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology30030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we discuss a class of MYC-interacting lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) that share the following criteria: They are direct transcriptional targets of MYC. Their expression is coordinated with the expression of MYC. They are required for sustained MYC-driven cell proliferation, and they are not essential for cell survival. We refer to these lncRNAs as "MYC facilitators" and discuss two representative members of this class of lncRNAs, SNHG17 (small nuclear RNA host gene) and LNROP (long non-coding regulator of POU2F2). We also present a general hypothesis on the role of lncRNAs in MYC-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter K. Vogt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Roohinejad Z, Bahramian S, Shamsabadi FT, Sahebi R, Amini A, Sabour D, Shafiee M. Upregulation of the c-MYC oncogene and adjacent long noncoding RNAs PVT1 and CCAT1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:34. [PMID: 36624401 PMCID: PMC9830801 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All cell types express long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have the potential to play a role in carcinogenesis by altering the levels of their expression. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (ESCC) is a deadly disease with a poor prognosis and a high frequency of lymphatic metastases. Understanding the functional role and signaling pathways of two neighboring lncRNAs, CCAT1 and PVT1, in this oncogene's pathogenesis may help us determine ESCC. Furthermore, it is still unclear whether these lncRNAs are linked to the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with ESCC. METHODS For this study, we used biopsy from the Imam Khomeini Cancer Institute's tumor bank in Tehran, Iran to obtain 40 ESCC tumor samples and their normal margin counterparts. The expression levels of the CCAT1, PVT1, and c-MYC genes were assessed using quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR. Additionally, demographic data and clinical-pathologic characteristics, such as tumor grade, tumor stage, lymph node, and metastasis, were taken into consideration. Graphpad prism version 8 was used for bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS Comparing ESCC tissues to non-tumor tissues, we found significant upregulation of PVT1, CCAT1, and c-MYC. Patients with ESCC who had increased PVT1 expression also had higher rates of advanced stage and lymph node metastasis, whereas increased CCAT1 expression was only linked to advanced stage and wasn't associated with lymph node metastasis. In predicting ESCC, CCAT1 (p < 0.05) was found to be an important factor. Overall survival was reduced by c-MYC and PVT1 overexpression (p < 0.001), according to Kaplan-Meier analysis. PVT1, CCAT1, and c-MYC were found to interact with 23 miRNAs with high and medium score classes, as shown in a bioinformatics study. We summarized the experimentally proven interactions between c-MYC, PVT1, and CCAT1 and other miRNAs, lncRNAs, and proteins. CONCLUSION This is the first report that CCAT1, PVT1 and c-MYC have been found to be up-regulated simultaneously in ESCC. It is possible that these genes may be involved in ESCC as a result of these findings. Therefore, as consequence, more research is needed to determine whether or not these lncRNAs play an oncogenic role in ESCC development and progression, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that control them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roohinejad
- Genetic Department, University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shabbou Bahramian
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tash Shamsabadi
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Reza Sahebi
- grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Amini
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Genetic Department, University of Medical Sciences, Ganjafrooz Street, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiee
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Chen HY, Chan SJ, Liu X, Wei AC, Jian RI, Huang KW, Lang YD, Shih JH, Liao CC, Luan CL, Kao YT, Chiang SY, Hsiao PW, Jou YS, Chen Y, Chen RH. Long noncoding RNA Smyca coactivates TGF-β/Smad and Myc pathways to drive tumor progression. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:85. [PMID: 35794621 PMCID: PMC9258208 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis and chemoresistance are major culprits of cancer mortality, but factors contributing to these processes are incompletely understood. Methods Bioinformatics methods were used to identify the relations of Smyca expression to clinicopathological features of human cancers. RNA-sequencing analysis was used to reveal Smyca-regulated transcriptome. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to examine the binding of Smyca to Smad3/4 and c-Myc/Max. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromatin isolation by RNA purification were used to determine the binding of transcription factors and Smyca to various gene loci, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR and luciferase assay were used to examine gene expression levels and promoter activities, respectively. Xenograft mouse models were performed to evaluate the effects of Smyca on metastasis and chemoresistance. Nanoparticle-assisted gapmer antisense oligonucleotides delivery was used to target Smyca in vivo. Results We identify lncRNA Smyca for its association with poor prognosis of many cancer types. Smyca potentiates metabolic reprogramming, migration, invasion, cancer stemness, metastasis and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, Smyca enhances TGF-β/Smad signaling by acting as a scaffold for promoting Smad3/Smad4 association and further serves as a Smad target to amplify/prolong TGF-β signaling. Additionally, Smyca potentiates c-Myc-mediated transcription by enhancing the recruitment of c-Myc/Max complex to a set of target promoters and c-Myc binding to TRRAP. Through potentiating TGF-β and c-Myc pathways, Smyca synergizes the Warburg effect elicited by both pathways but evades the anti-proliferative effect of TGF-β. Targeting Smyca prevents metastasis and overcomes chemoresistance.
Conclusions This study uncovers a lncRNA that coordinates tumor-relevant pathways to orchestra a pro-tumor program and establishes the clinical values of Smyca in cancer prognosis and therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13045-022-01306-3.
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Parnigoni A, Caon I, Moretto P, Viola M, Karousou E, Passi A, Vigetti D. The role of the multifaceted long non-coding RNAs: A nuclear-cytosolic interplay to regulate hyaluronan metabolism. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 11:100060. [PMID: 34435179 PMCID: PMC8377009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the extracellular matrix (ECM), the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) hyaluronan (HA) has different physiological roles favouring hydration, elasticity and cell survival. Three different isoforms of HA synthases (HAS1, 2, and 3) are responsible for the production of HA. In several pathologies the upregulation of HAS enzymes leads to an abnormal HA accumulation causing cell dedifferentiation, proliferation and migration thus favouring cancer progression, fibrosis and vascular wall thickening. An intriguing new player in HAS2 gene expression regulation and HA production is the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) hyaluronan synthase 2 antisense 1 (HAS2-AS1). A significant part of mammalian genomes corresponds to genes that transcribe lncRNAs; they can regulate gene expression through several mechanisms, being involved not only in maintaining the normal homeostasis of cells and tissues, but also in the onset and progression of different diseases, as demonstrated by the increasing number of studies published through the last decades. HAS2-AS1 is no exception: it can be localized both in the nucleus and in the cytosol, regulating cancer cells as well as vascular smooth muscle cells behaviour. Hyaluronan is a component of the extracellular matrix and is synthetised by three isoenzymes named HAS1, 2, and 3. In several pathologies an upregulation of HAS2 leads to an abnormal accumulation of HA. The long non-coding RNA is a new specific epigenetic regulator of HAS2. In the nucleus HAS2-AS1 modulates chromatin structure around HAS2 promoter increasing transcription. In the cytosol, HAS2-AS1 can interact with several miRNAs altering the expression of several genes as well as can stabilise HAS2 mRNA forming RNA: RNA duplex.
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Key Words
- 4-MU, 4-methylubelliferone
- 4-MUG, 4-methylumbelliferyl glucuronide
- Atherosclerosis
- Cancer
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- Epigenetics
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycans
- Glycosaminoglycans
- HA, hyaluronan
- HAS2
- HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2
- HAS2-AS1
- HAS2–AS1, hyaluronan synthase 2 natural antisense 1
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κ–light-chain enhancer of activated B cell
- PG, proteoglycan
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Proteoglycans
- RBP, RNA-binding protein
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- SMCs, smooth muscle cells
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor alpha
- UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
- UDP-GlcUA, UDP-glucuronic acid
- ceRNA, competitive endogenous RNA
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- miRNA, micro-RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Parnigoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caon
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Moretto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Manuela Viola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Evgenia Karousou
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 5, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Ikoma D, Cardillo N, Devor E, Gonzalez-Bosquet J. A nuclear polymorphism at the 8q24 region is associated with improved survival time and chemo-response in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:733. [PMID: 34429773 PMCID: PMC8371958 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The 8q24 chromosomal region is strongly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. One single nucleotide polymorphism that is associated with ovarian cancer in this region is rs6983267, located within the long non-coding RNA colon cancer associated transcript 2 (CCAT2). The aim of the present study was to assess the association between rs6983267 and clinical outcomes in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). The present retrospective genetic association study utilized Sanger sequencing to determine the genotype at the rs6983267 locus (GG, GT, TT) in 98 patients with HGSOC. Survival time and chemotherapy responses between patients were compared with the TT genotype and patients with a genotype containing a G allele (GT, GG). Survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazard ratio analysis. Association with chemo-response was performed using a logistic regression. The results revealed that patients with HGSOC and the TT genotype at the rs6983267 locus had improved survival time compared with patients with genotypes containing a G allele [hazard ratio=0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.36–0.97; P=0.039] and were significantly associated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage [odds ratio (OR)=5.34; 95% CI, 1.50–22.62; P=0.014] and positive chemo-response (OR=4.51; 95% CI, 1.40–18.00; P=0.018). In summary, patients with HGSOC and the TT genotype at the rs6983267 locus had improved survival time compared with those with a G allele, despite being associated with more advanced disease; this was possibly due to an improved response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Ikoma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nicholas Cardillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eric Devor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
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Lu Y, Yuan W, Wang L, Ning M, Han Y, Gu W, Zhao T, Shang F, Guo X. Contribution of lncRNA CASC8, CASC11, and PVT1 Genetic Variants to the Susceptibility of Coronary Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:756-766. [PMID: 34001726 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between lncRNA CASC8, CASC11, and plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1). genetic variants and coronary heart disease (CHD) susceptibility among a Chinese Han population. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY platform among 464 CHD patients and 510 healthy controls. Binary logistic regression models by calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association between selected single nucleotide polymorphisms and CHD risk. Multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis was performed to analyze gene-gene interaction. PVT1 rs4410871 (OR = 0.77, P = 0.040) was associated with a reduced risk of CHD occurrence in the Chinese population. CASC11 rs9642880 (OR = 1.49, P = 0.021) was a risk factor for increased CHD susceptibility in subjects over 60 years old, and PVT1 rs4410871 was a protective factor for CHD susceptibility in males (OR = 0.67, P = 0.015) and smokers (OR = 0.62, P = 0.047). Complications (hypertension or diabetes) of CHD influenced the association between CASC8, CASC11, and PVT1 genetic polymorphisms and CHD predisposition. Moreover, CASC8, CASC11, and PVT1 polymorphisms were related to the number of pathological branches and Gensini score in CHD patients. The study displayed the contribution of CASC8, CASC11, and PVT1 genetic polymorphisms to CHD predisposition, and these variants could serve as potential biomarkers of CHD susceptibility. These findings contribute to enhancing the understanding of the role of lncRNA polymorphisms in CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiovasology, Xi'an Qinghua Hospital, Xi'an, China. ; and
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingan Ning
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Gu
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fenqing Shang
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Department of Cardiovasology, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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Wang YN, Yang CE, Zhang DD, Chen YY, Yu XY, Zhao YY, Miao H. Long non-coding RNAs: A double-edged sword in aging kidney and renal disease. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 337:109396. [PMID: 33508306 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging as one of intrinsic biological processes is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. Kidney disease is a global problem and health care burden worldwide. The diagnosis of kidney disease is currently based on serum creatinine and urea levels. Novel biomarkers may improve diagnostic accuracy, thereby allowing early prevention and treatment. Over the past few years, advances in genome analyses have identified an emerging class of noncoding RNAs that play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression and epigenetic reprogramming. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are pervasively transcribed in the genome and could bind DNA, RNA and protein. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs played an important role in all stages of kidney disease. To date, only some lncRNAs were well identified and characterized, but the complexity of multilevel regulation of transcriptional programs involved in these processes remains undefined. In this review, we summarized the lncRNA expression profiling of large-scale identified lncRNAs on kidney diseases including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy and kidney transplantation. We further discussed a number of annotated lncRNAs linking with complex etiology of kidney diseases. Finally, several lncRNAs were highlighted as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Targeting lncRNAs may represent a precise therapeutic strategy for progressive renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Wang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Chang-E Yang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 2 Xihuamen, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Hua Miao
- Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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Sang Y, Gu H, Chen Y, Shi Y, Liu C, Lv L, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Long non-coding RNA CASC8 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of esophageal cancer in a Chinese population. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:2852-2857. [PMID: 32875717 PMCID: PMC7529552 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal cancer (EC) is an important disease that threatens public health and safety. Although there are numerous treatment options for esophageal cancer including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, these treatments have limited effects. Its morbidity and mortality vary widely among countries and regions. Esophageal cancer is classified into squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esopheageal adenocarcinoma (EADC). Here, we examined the genetic susceptibility to ESCC in relation to functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) CASC8. Methods To detect the susceptibility to ESCC in relation to functional polymorphisms in CASC8, a hypothesis‐driven study was performed to identify CASC8 SNPs in 949 patients with ESCC and 1369 control subjects. Results The CASC8 rs1562430 GG genotype was significantly associated with increased ESCC risk in men, patients younger than 63 years, non‐smokers, and nondrinkers. Conclusions CASC8 rs1562430 A > G may cause susceptibility to ESCC and CASC8 SNPs may play a vital role in ESCC risk, thereby serving as a potential biomarker for diagnosing ESCC. A larger sample size and multifactor information are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Sang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiyong Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Li F, Chen ZH, Tan BB, Li Y. Long non-coding RNAs as potential markers for occurrence, progression, and prognosis of gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:544-552. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i13.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the relationship between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and tumor. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs plays an oncogenic or tumor-suppressing role in gastric cancer (GC) by participating in the biological behaviors of GC cells, such as proliferation, invasion, and migration. By summarizing the relevant literature, this paper discusses the research status, detection technology, and mechanism of action of lncRNAs in GC, as well as their potential as markers for occurrence, progression, prognosis, and drug resistance of GC. It is expected that lncRNAs can play an important role in early detection, early treatment, and effective improvement of chemotherapy resistance of GC to achieve personalized precise treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zi-Hao Chen
- Third Department of Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bi-Bo Tan
- Third Department of Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Li
- Third Department of Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei Province, China
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Evolutionary-driven C-MYC gene expression in mammalian fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11056. [PMID: 32632086 PMCID: PMC7338511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which mammalian cells share similar transcriptomes remains unclear. Notwithstanding, such cross-species gene expression inquiries have been scarce for defined cell types and most lack the dissection of gene regulatory landscapes. Therefore, the work was aimed to determine C-MYC relative expression across mammalian fibroblasts (Ovis aries and Bos taurus) via cross-species RT-qPCR and comprehensively explore its regulatory landscape by in silico tools. The prediction of transcription factor binding sites in C-MYC and its 2.5 kb upstream sequence revealed substantial variation, thus indicating evolutionary-driven re-wiring of cis-regulatory elements. C-MYC and its downstream target TBX3 were up-regulated in Bos taurus fibroblasts. The relative expression of C-MYC regulators [RONIN (also known as THAP11), RXRβ, and TCF3] and the C-MYC-associated transcript elongation factor CDK9 did not differ between species. Additional in silico analyses suggested Bos taurus-specific C-MYC exonization, alternative splicing, and binding sites for non-coding RNAs. C-MYC protein orthologs were highly conserved, while variation was in the transactivation domain and the leucine zipper motif. Altogether, mammalian fibroblasts display evolutionary-driven C-MYC relative expression that should be instructive for understanding cellular physiology, cellular reprogramming, and C-MYC-related diseases.
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13
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Gu Y, Lin X, Kapoor A, Chow MJ, Jiang Y, Zhao K, Tang D. The Oncogenic Potential of the Centromeric Border Protein FAM84B of the 8q24.21 Gene Desert. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030312. [PMID: 32183428 PMCID: PMC7140883 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM84B is a risk gene in breast and prostate cancers. Its upregulation is associated with poor prognosis of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. FAM84B facilitates cancer cell proliferation and invasion in vitro, and xenograft growth in vivo. The FAM84B and Myc genes border a 1.2 Mb gene desert at 8q24.21. Co-amplification of both occurs in 20 cancer types. Mice deficient of a 430 Kb fragment within the 1.2 Mb gene desert have downregulated FAM84B and Myc expressions concurrent with reduced breast cancer growth. Intriguingly, Myc works in partnership with other oncogenes, including Ras. FAM84B shares similarities with the H-Ras-like suppressor (HRASLS) family over their typical LRAT (lecithin:retinal acyltransferase) domain. This domain contains a catalytic triad, H23, H35, and C113, which constitutes the phospholipase A1/2 and O-acyltransferase activities of HRASLS1-5. These enzymatic activities underlie their suppression of Ras. FAM84B conserves H23 and H35 but not C113 with both histidine residues residing within a highly conserved motif that FAM84B shares with HRASLS1-5. Deletion of this motif abolishes FAM84B oncogenic activities. These properties suggest a collaboration of FAM84B with Myc, consistent with the role of the gene desert in strengthening Myc functions. Here, we will discuss recent research on FAM84B-derived oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gu
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilda Jing Chow
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yanzhi Jiang
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kuncheng Zhao
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada; (Y.G.); (X.L.); (M.J.C.); (Y.J.); (K.Z.)
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(905)-522-1155 (ext. 35168)
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Abstract
The past two centuries have witnessed an unprecedented rise in human life expectancy. Sustaining longer lives with reduced periods of disability will require an understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ageing, and genetics is a powerful tool for identifying these mechanisms. Large-scale genome-wide association studies have recently identified many loci that influence key human ageing traits, including lifespan. Multi-trait loci have been linked with several age-related diseases, suggesting shared ageing influences. Mutations that drive accelerated ageing in prototypical progeria syndromes in humans point to an important role for genome maintenance and stability. Together, these different strands of genetic research are highlighting pathways for the discovery of anti-ageing interventions that may be applicable in humans.
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15
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Boloix A, Masanas M, Jiménez C, Antonelli R, Soriano A, Roma J, Sánchez de Toledo J, Gallego S, Segura MF. Long Non-coding RNA PVT1 as a Prognostic and Therapeutic Target in Pediatric Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1173. [PMID: 31781490 PMCID: PMC6853055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, biomedical research has focused on understanding the functionality of the human translated genome, which represents a minor part of all genetic information transcribed from the human genome. However, researchers have become aware of the importance of non-coding RNA species that constitute the vast majority of the transcriptome. In addition to their crucial role in tissue development and homeostasis, mounting evidence shows non-coding RNA to be deregulated and functionally contributing to the development and progression of different types of human disease including cancer both in adults and children. Small non-coding RNAs (i.e., microRNA) are in the vanguard of clinical research which revealed that RNA could be used as disease biomarkers or new therapeutic targets. Furthermore, many more expectations have been raised for long non-coding RNAs, by far the largest fraction of non-coding transcripts, and still fewer findings have been translated into clinical applications. In this review, we center on PVT1, a large and complex long non-coding RNA that usually confers oncogenic properties on different tumor types. We focus on the compilation of early advances in the field of pediatric tumors which often lags behind clinical improvements in adult tumors, and provide a rationale to continue studying PVT1 as a possible functional contributor to pediatric malignancies and as a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Boloix
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Esfera UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Masanas
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Antonelli
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Soriano
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Roma
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Sánchez de Toledo
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Gallego
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel F Segura
- Group of Translational Research in Child and Adolescent Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Cui Z, Gao M, Yin Z, Yan L, Cui L. Association between lncRNA CASC8 polymorphisms and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3141-3148. [PMID: 30214306 PMCID: PMC6124472 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s170783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in one of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), cancer susceptibility candidate 8 (CASC8) gene and the risk of cancer. Materials and methods A meta-analysis was conducted to summarize the relationship between common SNPs (rs10505477 and rs7837328) in the lncRNA CASC8 gene and the risk of cancer. The relevant references were retrieved from several authoritative databases. Rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria were adopted to ensure the credibility of the results. The fixed effects or random effects model was used to calculate the OR and 95% CI. We tested for publication bias. Results Fifteen articles containing 20 datasets (24,504 cases and 22,969 controls) were finally included in the meta-analysis. Compared to the individuals carrying the rs10505477 TT genotype, those with the TC or CC genotype had a decreased risk of cancer (TC vs TT: OR 0.876, 95% CI 0.832–0.923, P<0.001; CC vs TT: OR 0.748, 95% CI 0.703–0.795, P<0.001). Allele C of rs10505477 might be a protective factor for decreasing susceptibility to cancer (OR 0.866, 95% CI 0.840–0.893, P<0.001). As for rs7837328, the GA and AA genotypes were associated with increased risks of cancer as compared to the GG genotype (ORs 1.209 and 1.336; 95% CIs 1.127–1.298 and 1.202–1.484, respectively); its A allele could significantly increase the risk of cancer compared with the G allele (OR 1.169, 95% CI 1.114–1.227, P<0.001). Conclusion The rs10505477 and rs7837328 polymorphisms might be associated with risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Cui
- Department of Medical Informatics, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China, .,School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Medical Informatics, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Medical Informatics, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China,
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17
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Watanabe T, Marotta M, Suzuki R, Diede SJ, Tapscott SJ, Niida A, Chen X, Mouakkad L, Kondratova A, Giuliano AE, Orsulic S, Tanaka H. Impediment of Replication Forks by Long Non-coding RNA Provokes Chromosomal Rearrangements by Error-Prone Restart. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2223-2235. [PMID: 29166612 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally stalled replication forks are considered to cause structurally abnormal chromosomes in tumor cells. However, underlying mechanisms remain speculative, as capturing naturally stalled forks has been a challenge. Here, we captured naturally stalled forks in tumor cells and delineated molecular processes underlying the structural evolution of circular mini-chromosomes (double-minute chromosomes; DMs). Replication forks stalled on the DM by the co-directional collision with the transcription machinery for long non-coding RNA. RPA, BRCA2, and DNA polymerase eta (Polη) were recruited to the stalled forks. The recruitment of Polη was critical for replication to continue, as Polη knockdown resulted in DM loss. Rescued stalled forks were error-prone and switched replication templates repeatedly to create complex fusions of multiple short genomic segments. In mice, such complex fusions circularized the genomic region surrounding MYC to create a DM during tumorigenesis. Our results define a molecular path that guides stalled replication forks to complex chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Watanabe
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Marotta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Scott J Diede
- Division of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen J Tapscott
- Division of Clinical Research and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Atsushi Niida
- Division of Health Medical Computational Science, Health Intelligence Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Xiongfong Chen
- Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Lila Mouakkad
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna Kondratova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Sandra Orsulic
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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18
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Yuan Q, Chu H, Ge Y, Ma G, Du M, Wang M, Zhang Z, Zhang W. LncRNA PCAT1 and its genetic variant rs1902432 are associated with prostate cancer risk. J Cancer 2018; 9:1414-1420. [PMID: 29721051 PMCID: PMC5929086 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has showed that lncRNAs and trait-associated loci in lncRNAs play a crucial role in the progression of cancer including prostate cancer (PCa).This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of lncRNA PCAT1 involved in PCa development and its genetic variant associated with PCa risk. We applied cell proliferation and apoptosis assays to assess the effect of PCAT1 on PCa cell phenotypes. In addition, the genome-wide profiling of gene expression was assessed from three pairs of DU145 cells transfected with PCAT1 overexpression vector or negative control (NC) vector. Furthermore, a case-control study was conducted to explore the associations of four tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) and PCa risk in 850 PCa cases and 860 cancer-free controls. Our results showed that lncRNA PCAT1 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) indicated that dysregulated mRNAs induced by overexpression of PCAT1 were primarily enriched in androgen-independent prostate tumor term and implicated in the disease and functions networks, such as cell death and survival, cell proliferation and gene expression. Besides, rs1902432 in PCAT1 was significantly associated with increased risk of PCa (Additive model: OR = 1.19, P = 0.014; Co-dominant model: CC vs. TT, OR = 1.45, P =0.012; Recessive model: CC vs. TT/CT, OR= 1.34, P = 0.027). This study suggests that PCAT1 may act as an oncogene through promoting cell proliferation and suppressing cell apoptosis in PCa development, and genetic variant in PCAT1 contributes to the susceptibility to PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinbo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Urology, Huaiyin Hospital of Huai'an City, Huai'an, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiu Ge
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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19
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O'Brien EM, Selfe JL, Martins AS, Walters ZS, Shipley JM. The long non-coding RNA MYCNOS-01 regulates MYCN protein levels and affects growth of MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 29466962 PMCID: PMC5822637 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYCN is amplified in small cell lung cancers and several pediatric tumors, including alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN protein is known to play a key oncogenic role in both alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and neuroblastomas. MYCN opposite strand (MYCNOS) is a gene located on the antisense strand to MYCN that encodes alternatively spliced transcripts, two of which (MYCNOS-01 and MYCNOS-02) are known to be expressed in neuroblastoma and small cell lung cancer with reciprocal regulation between MYCNOS-02 and MYCN reported for neuroblastomas. We sought to determine a functional role for MYCNOS-01 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells and identify any associated regulatory effects between MYCN and MYCNOS-01. Methods MYCNOS-01, MYCNOS-02 and MYCN expression levels were assessed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples from patients using Affymetrix microarray data and quantitative RT-PCR. Following MYCNOS-01 or MYCN siRNA knockdown and MYCNOS-01 overexpression, transcript levels were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR and MYCN protein expression assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. Additionally, effects on cell growth, apoptosis and cell cycle profiles were determined by a metabolic assay, caspase activity and flow cytometry, respectively. Results MYCNOS-01 transcript levels were generally higher in NB and RMS tumor samples and cell lines with MYCN genomic amplification. RNA interference of MYCNOS-01 expression did not alter MYCN transcript levels but decreased MYCN protein levels. Conversely, MYCN reduction increased MYCNOS-01 transcript levels, creating a negative feedback loop on MYCN protein levels. Reduction of MYCNOS-01 or MYCN expression decreased cell growth in MYCN-amplified alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines. This is consistent with MYCNOS-01-mediated regulation of MYCN contributing to the phenotype observed. Conclusions An alternative transcript of MYCNOS, MYCNOS-01, post-transcriptionally regulates MYCN levels and affects growth in MYCN-amplified rhabdomyosarcoma and neuroblastoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4129-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M O'Brien
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joanna L Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ana Sofia Martins
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Zoë S Walters
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK.
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20
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Moghaddas Sani H, Hejazian M, Hosseinian Khatibi SM, Ardalan M, Zununi Vahed S. Long non-coding RNAs: An essential emerging field in kidney pathogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:755-765. [PMID: 29710473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Genome Project has made it clear that a majority of the genome is transcribed into the non-coding RNAs including microRNAs as well as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which both can affect different features of cells. LncRNAs are long heterogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression and a variety of signaling pathways involved in cellular homeostasis and development. Studies over the past decade have shown that lncRNAs have a major role in the kidney pathogenesis. The effective roles of lncRNAs have been recognized in renal ischemia, injury, inflammation, fibrosis, glomerular diseases, renal transplantation, and renal cell carcinoma. The present review outlines the role and function of lncRNAs in kidney pathogenesis as novel essential regulators. Molecular mechanism insights into the functions of lncRNAs in kidney pathophysiological processes may contribute to effective future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Wang C, Wang L, Ding Y, Lu X, Zhang G, Yang J, Zheng H, Wang H, Jiang Y, Xu L. LncRNA Structural Characteristics in Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122659. [PMID: 29292750 PMCID: PMC5751261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of new generation sequencing technology has deepened the understanding of genomes and functional products. RNA-sequencing studies in mammals show that approximately 85% of the DNA sequences have RNA products, for which the length greater than 200 nucleotides (nt) is called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). LncRNAs now have been shown to play important epigenetic regulatory roles in key molecular processes, such as gene expression, genetic imprinting, histone modification, chromatin dynamics, and other activities by forming specific structures and interacting with all kinds of molecules. This paper mainly discusses the correlation between the structure and function of lncRNAs with the recent progress in epigenetic regulation, which is important to the understanding of the mechanism of lncRNAs in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Lianzong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yu Ding
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Guosi Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Hewei Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Liangde Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
- Training Center for Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation by Long Non-coding RNA. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 15:177-186. [PMID: 28529100 PMCID: PMC5487525 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in genomics technology over recent years have led to the surprising discovery that the genome is far more pervasively transcribed than was previously appreciated. Much of the newly-discovered transcriptome appears to represent long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), a heterogeneous group of largely uncharacterised transcripts. Understanding the biological function of these molecules represents a major challenge and in this review we discuss some of the progress made to date. One major theme of lncRNA biology seems to be the existence of a network of interactions with microRNA (miRNA) pathways. lncRNA has been shown to act as both a source and an inhibitory regulator of miRNA. At the transcriptional level, a model is emerging whereby lncRNA bridges DNA and protein by binding to chromatin and serving as a scaffold for modifying protein complexes. Such a mechanism can bridge promoters to enhancers or enhancer-like non-coding genes by regulating chromatin looping, as well as conferring specificity on histone modifying complexes by directing them to specific loci.
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23
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Teerlink CC, Leongamornlert D, Dadaev T, Thomas A, Farnham J, Stephenson RA, Riska S, McDonnell SK, Schaid DJ, Catalona WJ, Zheng SL, Cooney KA, Ray AM, Zuhlke KA, Lange EM, Giles GG, Southey MC, Fitzgerald LM, Rinckleb A, Luedeke M, Maier C, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Kaikkonen EM, Sipeky C, Tammela T, Schleutker J, Wiley KE, Isaacs SD, Walsh PC, Isaacs WB, Xu J, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Mandal D, Laurie C, Laurie C, Thibodeau SN, Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Cannon-Albright L. Genome-wide association of familial prostate cancer cases identifies evidence for a rare segregating haplotype at 8q24.21. Hum Genet 2016; 135:923-38. [PMID: 27262462 PMCID: PMC5020907 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of prostate cancer risk focused on cases unselected for family history and have reported over 100 significant associations. The International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) has now performed a GWAS of 2511 (unrelated) familial prostate cancer cases and 1382 unaffected controls from 12 member sites. All samples were genotyped on the Illumina 5M+exome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) platform. The GWAS identified a significant evidence for association for SNPs in six regions previously associated with prostate cancer in population-based cohorts, including 3q26.2, 6q25.3, 8q24.21, 10q11.23, 11q13.3, and 17q12. Of note, SNP rs138042437 (p = 1.7e(-8)) at 8q24.21 achieved a large estimated effect size in this cohort (odds ratio = 13.3). 116 previously sampled affected relatives of 62 risk-allele carriers from the GWAS cohort were genotyped for this SNP, identifying 78 additional affected carriers in 62 pedigrees. A test for an excess number of affected carriers among relatives exhibited strong evidence for co-segregation of the variant with disease (p = 8.5e(-11)). The majority (92 %) of risk-allele carriers at rs138042437 had a consistent estimated haplotype spanning approximately 100 kb of 8q24.21 that contained the minor alleles of three rare SNPs (dosage minor allele frequencies <1.7 %), rs183373024 (PRNCR1), previously associated SNP rs188140481, and rs138042437 (CASC19). Strong evidence for co-segregation of a SNP on the haplotype further characterizes the haplotype as a prostate cancer predisposition locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig C Teerlink
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA.
| | - Daniel Leongamornlert
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Tokhir Dadaev
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Alun Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - James Farnham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Robert A Stephenson
- Department of Urology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Shaun Riska
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shannon K McDonnell
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - William J Catalona
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - S Lilly Zheng
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anna M Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kimberly A Zuhlke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Liesel M Fitzgerald
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, 3004, Australia
| | - Antje Rinckleb
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, 53179, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuel Luedeke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ulm, 53179, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christiane Maier
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC), Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elina M Kaikkonen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Teuvo Tammela
- Department of Urology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Kathleen E Wiley
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sarah D Isaacs
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Patrick C Walsh
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - William B Isaacs
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Program for Personalized Cancer Care, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Hopital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Diptasri Mandal
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Cecelia Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cathy Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Stephen N Thibodeau
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Rosalind A Eeles
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Lisa Cannon-Albright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an ever-expanding role in stem cell self-renewal, tumorigenesis and cancer chemoresistance. Genes Dis 2016; 3:11-40. [PMID: 27077077 PMCID: PMC4827448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling transduces evolutionarily conserved pathways which play important roles in initiating and regulating a diverse range of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, calcium homeostasis, and cell polarity. The role of Wnt signaling in controlling cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal is primarily carried out through the canonical pathway, which is the best-characterized the multiple Wnt signaling branches. The past 10 years has seen a rapid expansion in our understanding of the complexity of this pathway, as many new components of Wnt signaling have been identified and linked to signaling regulation, stem cell functions, and adult tissue homeostasis. Additionally, a substantial body of evidence links Wnt signaling to tumorigenesis of cancer types and implicates it in the development of cancer drug resistance. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which dysregulation of Wnt signaling precedes the development and progression of human cancer may hasten the development of pathway inhibitors to augment current therapy. This review summarizes and synthesizes our current knowledge of the canonical Wnt pathway in development and disease. We begin with an overview of the components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and delve into the role this pathway has been shown to play in stemness, tumorigenesis, and cancer drug resistance. Ultimately, we hope to present an organized collection of evidence implicating Wnt signaling in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance to facilitate the pursuit of Wnt pathway modulators that may improve outcomes of cancers in which Wnt signaling contributes to aggressive disease and/or treatment resistance.
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25
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Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that are changing how researchers view eukaryotic gene regulation. Once considered to be non-functional products of low-level aberrant transcription from non-coding regions of the genome, lncRNAs are now viewed as important epigenetic regulators and several lncRNAs have now been demonstrated to be critical players in the development and/or maintenance of cancer. Similarly, the emerging variety of interactions between lncRNAs and MYC, a well-known oncogenic transcription factor linked to most types of cancer, have caught the attention of many biomedical researchers. Investigations exploring the dynamic interactions between lncRNAs and MYC, referred to as the lncRNA-MYC network, have proven to be especially complex. Genome-wide studies have shown that MYC transcriptionally regulates many lncRNA genes. Conversely, recent reports identified lncRNAs that regulate MYC expression both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. These findings are of particular interest because they suggest roles of lncRNAs as regulators of MYC oncogenic functions and the possibility that targeting lncRNAs could represent a novel avenue to cancer treatment. Here, we briefly review the current understanding of how lncRNAs regulate chromatin structure and gene transcription, and then focus on the new developments in the emerging field exploring the lncRNA-MYC network in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Hamilton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Matthew D. Young
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Silvia Sauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ernest Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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