1
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Bowen JC, Hoyt AM, Xu X, Nuriman M, Anshari GZ, Wahyudio PJ, Aluwihare LI. Aquatic processing enhances the loss of aged carbon from drained and burned peatlands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17394. [PMID: 38988095 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Water-logged peatlands store tremendous amounts of soil carbon (C) globally, accumulating C over millennia. As peatlands become disturbed by human activity, these long-term C stores are getting destabilized and ultimately released as greenhouse gases that may exacerbate climate change. Oxidation of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mobilized from disturbed soils to streams and canals may be one avenue for the transfer of previously stored, millennia-aged C to the atmosphere. However, it remains unknown whether aged peat-derived DOC undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2) following disturbance. Here, we use a new approach to measure the radiocarbon content of CO2 produced from the oxidation of DOC in canals overlying peatland soils that have undergone widespread disturbance in Indonesia. This work shows for the first time that aged DOC mobilized from drained and burned peatland soils is susceptible to oxidation by both microbial respiration and photomineralization over aquatic travel times for DOC. The bulk radiocarbon age of CO2 produced during canal oxidation ranged from modern to ~1300 years before present. These ages for CO2 were most strongly influenced by canal water depth, which was proportional to the water table level where DOC is mobilized from disturbed soils to canals. Canal microbes preferentially respired older or younger organic C pools to CO2, and this may have been facilitated by the use of a small particulate organic C pool over the dissolved pool. Given that high densities of canals are generally associated with lower water tables and higher fire risk, our findings suggest that peatland areas with high canal density may be a hotspot for the loss of aged C on the landscape. Taken together, the results of this study show how and why aquatic processing of organic C on the landscape can enhance the transfer of long-term peat C stores to the atmosphere following disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Bowen
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Muhammad Nuriman
- Department of Soil Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Gusti Z Anshari
- Department of Soil Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
- Magister of Environmental Science, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | | | - Lihini I Aluwihare
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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2
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Murdiyarso D, Swails E, Hergoualc’h K, Bhomia R, Sasmito SD. Refining greenhouse gas emission factors for Indonesian peatlands and mangroves to meet ambitious climate targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307219121. [PMID: 38621139 PMCID: PMC11047108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307219121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
For countries' emission-reduction efforts under the Paris Agreement to be effective, baseline emission/removals levels and reporting must be as transparent and accurate as possible. For Indonesia, which holds among the largest area of tropical peatlands and mangrove forest in the world, it is particularly important for these high-carbon ecosystems to produce high-accuracy greenhouse gas inventory and to improve national forest reference emissions level/forest reference level. Here, we highlight the opportunity for refining greenhouse gas emission factors (EF) of peatlands and mangroves and describe scientific challenges to support climate policy processes in Indonesia, where 55 to 59% of national emission reduction targets by 2030 depend on mitigation in Forestry and Other Land Use. Based on the stock-difference and flux change approaches, we examine higher-tier EF for drained and rewetted peatland, peatland fires, mangrove conversions, and mangrove on peatland to improve future greenhouse gas flux reporting in Indonesia. We suggest that these refinements will be essential to support Indonesia in achieving Forest and Other Land Use net sink by 2030 and net zero emissions targets by 2060 or earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor16680, Indonesia
| | - Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Kristell Hergoualc’h
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- Centre de coopération International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 34398Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rupesh Bhomia
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
| | - Sigit D. Sasmito
- Center for International Forestry Research–World Agroforestry, Situgede, Bogor16115, Indonesia
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), National University of Singapore, Singapore117411, Singapore
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD4811, Australia
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3
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Fawzi NI, Sumawinata B, Suwardi, Rahmasary AN, Qurani IZ, Naufaldary RG, Nabillah R, Palunggono HB, Mulyanto B. Integrated water management practice in tropical peatland agriculture has low carbon emissions and subsidence rates. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26661. [PMID: 38444506 PMCID: PMC10912239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrological management in the use of peatland for agriculture is the backbone of its sustainability and a critical factor in climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the application of an integrated water management practice known as the "Water Management Trinity" (WMT), implemented since 1986 on a coconut plantation on the eastern coast of Sumatra, in relation to CO2 emissions and subsidence rates. The WMT integrates canals, dikes, and dams with water gates to regulate water levels for both coconut agronomy and the preservation of the peat soil. The WMT has successfully regulated and maintained an average yearly water table depth of -45 to -51 cm below the surface. The methodology involved a closed chamber method for measuring soil CO2 flux using a portable Infrared Gas Analyzer, conducted weekly over a six-month period to cover dry and rainy season at bi-modal climate condition. Subsidence measurements have been ongoing from 1986 to 2022. The results show bare peat soil has heterotrophic respiration CO2 emissions of 7.77 t C-CO2 ha-1 yr-1, while in coconut plantations 7.99 t C-CO2 ha-1 yr-1, similar to emissions in mineral soils. Autotrophic respiration leads to the overestimation of CO2 emissions on peatland and accounts for 212-424% of the total emissions. The cumulative subsidence from 1986 to 2022 is -56.3 cm, with a soil rise of +0.8 cm in 2022, indicating a flattening rate of subsidence. This is characterized by an increase in bulk density at the surface from 0.072 to 0.144 gr/cm3, with approximately 81% of the subsidence being due to compaction. The statistical analysis found no relationship between water table depth and CO2 emissions, indicating that water table depth cannot be used as a predictor for CO2 emissions. In summary, peatland agriculture has a promising future when managed sustainably using an integrated hydrological management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ihsan Fawzi
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
- Tay Juhana Foundation, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Basuki Sumawinata
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Suwardi
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Noyara Rahmasary
- Indonesian Agro-climate and Hydrology Standardization Institute, Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | | | - Raihan Garin Naufaldary
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ratu Nabillah
- Tay Juhana Foundation, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Heru Bagus Palunggono
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Budi Mulyanto
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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4
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Ledger MJ, Sowter A, Morrison K, Evans CD, Large DJ, Athab A, Gee D, Brown C, Sjögersten S. Potential of APSIS-InSAR for measuring surface oscillations of tropical peatlands. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298939. [PMID: 38394278 PMCID: PMC10889637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tropical peatland across Southeast Asia is drained extensively for production of pulpwood, palm oil and other food crops. Associated increases in peat decomposition have led to widespread subsidence, deterioration of peat condition and CO2 emissions. However, quantification of subsidence and peat condition from these processes is challenging due to the scale and inaccessibility of dense tropical peat swamp forests. The development of satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has the potential to solve this problem. The Advanced Pixel System using Intermittent Baseline Subset (APSIS, formerly ISBAS) modelling technique provides improved coverage across almost all land surfaces irrespective of ground cover, enabling derivation of a time series of tropical peatland surface oscillations across whole catchments. This study aimed to establish the extent to which APSIS-InSAR can monitor seasonal patterns of tropical peat surface oscillations at North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, Peninsular Malaysia. Results showed that C-band SAR could penetrate the forest canopy over tropical peat swamp forests intermittently and was applicable to a range of land covers. Therefore the APSIS technique has the potential for monitoring peat surface oscillations under tropical forest canopy using regularly acquired C-band Sentinel-1 InSAR data, enabling continuous monitoring of tropical peatland surface motion at a spatial resolution of 20 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J. Ledger
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew Sowter
- Terra Motion Limited, Ingenuity Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Morrison
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Chris D. Evans
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Large
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Athab
- Terra Motion Limited, Ingenuity Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Gee
- Terra Motion Limited, Ingenuity Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Brown
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sofie Sjögersten
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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5
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Temmink RJM, Robroek BJM, van Dijk G, Koks AHW, Käärmelahti SA, Barthelmes A, Wassen MJ, Ziegler R, Steele MN, Giesen W, Joosten H, Fritz C, Lamers LPM, Smolders AJP. Wetscapes: Restoring and maintaining peatland landscapes for sustainable futures. AMBIO 2023; 52:1519-1528. [PMID: 37222914 PMCID: PMC10406990 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01875-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are among the world's most carbon-dense ecosystems and hotspots of carbon storage. Although peatland drainage causes strong carbon emissions, land subsidence, fires and biodiversity loss, drainage-based agriculture and forestry on peatland is still expanding on a global scale. To maintain and restore their vital carbon sequestration and storage function and to reach the goals of the Paris Agreement, rewetting and restoration of all drained and degraded peatlands is urgently required. However, socio-economic conditions and hydrological constraints hitherto prevent rewetting and restoration on large scale, which calls for rethinking landscape use. We here argue that creating integrated wetscapes (wet peatland landscapes), including nature preserve cores, buffer zones and paludiculture areas (for wet productive land use), will enable sustainable and complementary land-use functions on the landscape level. As such, transforming landscapes into wetscapes presents an inevitable, novel, ecologically and socio-economically sound alternative for drainage-based peatland use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J. M. Temmink
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J. M. Robroek
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- School of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Gijs van Dijk
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam H. W. Koks
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sannimari A. Käärmelahti
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin J. Wassen
- Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Ziegler
- Department of Management, HEC Montréal, Édifice Côte-Sainte-Catherine 3000, Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Magdalena N. Steele
- School of Biological Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Wim Giesen
- Associate with Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Joosten
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Partner in the Greifswald Mire Centre, Soldmannstr. 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Fritz
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leon P. M. Lamers
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. P. Smolders
- Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- B-WARE Research Centre, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Jovani‐Sancho AJ, O'Reilly P, Anshari G, Chong XY, Crout N, Evans CD, Evers S, Gan JY, Gibbins CN, Gusmayanti E, Jamaludin J, Jaya A, Page S, Yosep Y, Upton C, Wilson P, Sjögersten S. CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4279-4297. [PMID: 37100767 PMCID: PMC10946781 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from smallholder agricultural systems in tropical peatlands, with data for non-CO2 emissions from human-influenced tropical peatlands particularly scarce. The aim of this study was to quantify soil CH4 and N2 O fluxes from smallholder agricultural systems on tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia and assess their environmental controls. The study was carried out in four regions in Malaysia and Indonesia. CH4 and N2 O fluxes and environmental parameters were measured in cropland, oil palm plantation, tree plantation and forest. Annual CH4 emissions (in kg CH4 ha-1 year-1 ) were: 70.7 ± 29.5, 2.1 ± 1.2, 2.1 ± 0.6 and 6.2 ± 1.9 at the forest, tree plantation, oil palm and cropland land-use classes, respectively. Annual N2 O emissions (in kg N2 O ha-1 year-1 ) were: 6.5 ± 2.8, 3.2 ± 1.2, 21.9 ± 11.4 and 33.6 ± 7.3 in the same order as above, respectively. Annual CH4 emissions were strongly determined by water table depth (WTD) and increased exponentially when annual WTD was above -25 cm. In contrast, annual N2 O emissions were strongly correlated with mean total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in soil water, following a sigmoidal relationship, up to an apparent threshold of 10 mg N L-1 beyond which TDN seemingly ceased to be limiting for N2 O production. The new emissions data for CH4 and N2 O presented here should help to develop more robust country level 'emission factors' for the quantification of national GHG inventory reporting. The impact of TDN on N2 O emissions suggests that soil nutrient status strongly impacts emissions, and therefore, policies which reduce N-fertilisation inputs might contribute to emissions mitigation from agricultural peat landscapes. However, the most important policy intervention for reducing emissions is one that reduces the conversion of peat swamp forest to agriculture on peatlands in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick O'Reilly
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Mores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Gusti Anshari
- Magister of Environmental ScienceUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
- Soil Science DepartmentUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
| | - Xin Yi Chong
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Neil Crout
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | | | - Stephanie Evers
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Mores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Jing Ye Gan
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Christopher N. Gibbins
- School of Environmental and Geographical SciencesUniversity of Nottingham MalaysiaSemenyihMalaysia
| | - Evi Gusmayanti
- Magister of Environmental ScienceUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
- Agrotechnology DepartmentUniversitas TanjungpuraPontianakIndonesia
| | | | - Adi Jaya
- Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Palangka RayaPalangka RayaIndonesia
| | - Susan Page
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Yosep Yosep
- Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Palangka RayaPalangka RayaIndonesia
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology & the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
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7
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Deshmukh CS, Susanto AP, Nardi N, Nurholis N, Kurnianto S, Suardiwerianto Y, Hendrizal M, Rhinaldy A, Mahfiz RE, Desai AR, Page SE, Cobb AR, Hirano T, Guérin F, Serça D, Prairie YT, Agus F, Astiani D, Sabiham S, Evans CD. Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia. Nature 2023; 616:740-746. [PMID: 37020018 PMCID: PMC10132972 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands cycle and store large amounts of carbon in their soil and biomass1-5. Climate and land-use change alters greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of tropical peatlands, but the magnitude of these changes remains highly uncertain6-19. Here we measure net ecosystem exchanges of carbon dioxide, methane and soil nitrous oxide fluxes between October 2016 and May 2022 from Acacia crassicarpa plantation, degraded forest and intact forest within the same peat landscape, representing land-cover-change trajectories in Sumatra, Indonesia. This allows us to present a full plantation rotation GHG flux balance in a fibre wood plantation on peatland. We find that the Acacia plantation has lower GHG emissions than the degraded site with a similar average groundwater level (GWL), despite more intensive land use. The GHG emissions from the Acacia plantation over a full plantation rotation (35.2 ± 4.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1, average ± standard deviation) were around two times higher than those from the intact forest (20.3 ± 3.7 tCO2-eq ha-1 year-1), but only half of the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 1 emission factor (EF)20 for this land use. Our results can help to reduce the uncertainty in GHG emissions estimates, provide an estimate of the impact of land-use change on tropical peat and develop science-based peatland management practices as nature-based climate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Deshmukh
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia.
| | - Ari P Susanto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nardi Nardi
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Nurholis Nurholis
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Sofyan Kurnianto
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | | | - M Hendrizal
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ade Rhinaldy
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Reyzaldi E Mahfiz
- Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd., Pelalawan Regency, Indonesia
| | - Ankur R Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan E Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexander R Cobb
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takashi Hirano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Frédéric Guérin
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Serça
- LAERO, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves T Prairie
- UNESCO Chair in Global Environmental Change, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fahmuddin Agus
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Astiani
- Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Supiandi Sabiham
- Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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8
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Rahman NEB, Smith SW, Lam WN, Chong KY, Chua MSE, Teo PY, Lee DWJ, Phua SY, Aw CY, Lee JSH, Wardle DA. Leaf decomposition and flammability are largely decoupled across species in a tropical swamp forest despite sharing some predictive leaf functional traits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:598-611. [PMID: 36651117 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition and fire are major carbon pathways in many ecosystems, yet potential linkages between these processes are poorly understood. We test whether variability in decomposability and flammability across species are related to each other and to key plant functional traits in tropical swamp forests, where habitat degradation is elevating decomposition and fire regimes. Using senesced and fresh leaves of 22 swamp tree species in Singapore, we conducted an in situ decomposition experiment and a laboratory flammability experiment. We analysed 16 leaf physical and biochemical traits as predictors of decomposability and components of flammability: combustibility, ignitability and sustainability. Decomposability and flammability were largely decoupled across species, despite some shared predictive traits such as specific leaf area (SLA). Physical traits predicted that thicker leaves with a smaller SLA and volume decomposed faster, while various cation concentrations predicted flammability components, particularly ignitability. We show that flammability and decomposability of swamp forest leaves are decoupled because flammability is mostly driven by biochemical traits, while decomposition is driven by physical traits. Our approach identifies species that are slow to decompose and burn (e.g. Calophyllum tetrapterum and Xanthophyllum flavescens), which could be planted to mitigate carbon losses in tropical swamp reforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur E B Rahman
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Stuart W Smith
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
- Ecology, Conservation and Zoonosis Research and Enterprise Group, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Weng Ngai Lam
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117558, Singapore
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore City, 259 569, Singapore
| | - Matthias S E Chua
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117558, Singapore
| | - Pei Yun Teo
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Daniel W J Lee
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Shi Yu Phua
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Y Aw
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - Janice S H Lee
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
| | - David A Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637459, Singapore
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9
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Terzano D, Romana Trezza F, Rezende M, Malatesta L, Lew Siew Yan S, Parish F, Moss P, Bresciani F, Cooke R, Dargusch P, Attorre F. Prioritization of Peatland Restoration and Conservation interventions in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua. J Nat Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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10
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McCalmont J, Kho LK, Teh YA, Chocholek M, Rumpang E, Rowland L, Basri MHA, Hill T. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantation on tropical peatland in South East Asia: Photosynthetic response to soil drainage level for mitigation of soil carbon emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159356. [PMID: 36270353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While existing moratoria in Indonesia and Malaysia should preclude continued large-scale expansion of palm oil production into new areas of South-East Asian tropical peatland, existing plantations in the region remain a globally significant source of atmospheric carbon due to drainage driven decomposition of peatland soils. Previous studies have made clear the direct link between drainage depth and peat carbon decomposition and significant reductions in the emission rate of CO2 can be made by raising water tables nearer to the soil surface. However, the impact of such changes on palm fruit yield is not well understood and will be a critical consideration for plantation managers. Here we take advantage of very high frequency, long-term monitoring of canopy-scale carbon exchange at a mature oil palm plantation in Malaysian Borneo to investigate the relationship between drainage level and photosynthetic uptake and consider the confounding effects of light quality and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit. Canopy modelling from our dataset demonstrated that palms were exerting significantly greater stomatal control at deeper water table depths (WTD) and the optimum WTD for photosynthesis was found to be between 0.3 and 0.4 m below the soil surface. Raising WTD to this level, from the industry typical drainage level of 0.6 m, could increase photosynthetic uptake by 3.6 % and reduce soil surface emission of CO2 by 11 %. Our study site further showed that despite being poorly drained compared to other planting blocks at the same plantation, monthly fruit bunch yield was, on average, 14 % greater. While these results are encouraging, and at least suggest that raising WTD closer to the soil surface to reduce emissions is unlikely to produce significant yield penalties, our results are limited to a single study site and more work is urgently needed to confirm these results at other plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon McCalmont
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, King's College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK.
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Economic Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister's Dept., 93502 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Drummond Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Melanie Chocholek
- Dept. Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St. Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
| | - Elisa Rumpang
- Peat Ecosystem and Biodiversity Unit, Biology and Sustainability Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Mohd Hadi Akbar Basri
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; Dept. of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tim Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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11
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Fluet-Chouinard E, Stocker BD, Zhang Z, Malhotra A, Melton JR, Poulter B, Kaplan JO, Goldewijk KK, Siebert S, Minayeva T, Hugelius G, Joosten H, Barthelmes A, Prigent C, Aires F, Hoyt AM, Davidson N, Finlayson CM, Lehner B, Jackson RB, McIntyre PB. Extensive global wetland loss over the past three centuries. Nature 2023; 614:281-286. [PMID: 36755174 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands have long been drained for human use, thereby strongly affecting greenhouse gas fluxes, flood control, nutrient cycling and biodiversity1,2. Nevertheless, the global extent of natural wetland loss remains remarkably uncertain3. Here, we reconstruct the spatial distribution and timing of wetland loss through conversion to seven human land uses between 1700 and 2020, by combining national and subnational records of drainage and conversion with land-use maps and simulated wetland extents. We estimate that 3.4 million km2 (confidence interval 2.9-3.8) of inland wetlands have been lost since 1700, primarily for conversion to croplands. This net loss of 21% (confidence interval 16-23%) of global wetland area is lower than that suggested previously by extrapolations of data disproportionately from high-loss regions. Wetland loss has been concentrated in Europe, the United States and China, and rapidly expanded during the mid-twentieth century. Our reconstruction elucidates the timing and land-use drivers of global wetland losses, providing an improved historical baseline to guide assessment of wetland loss impact on Earth system processes, conservation planning to protect remaining wetlands and prioritization of sites for wetland restoration4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Fluet-Chouinard
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Avni Malhotra
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joe R Melton
- Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kees Klein Goldewijk
- Faculty of Geosciences, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gustaf Hugelius
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Joosten
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexandra Barthelmes
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Peatland Studies and Paleoecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Greifswald Mire Centre, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catherine Prigent
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, Paris, France.,Estellus, Paris, France
| | - Filipe Aires
- Sorbonne Université, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, LERMA, Paris, France.,Estellus, Paris, France
| | - Alison M Hoyt
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nick Davidson
- Nick Davidson Environmental, Queens House, Wigmore, UK.,Gulbali Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Max Finlayson
- Gulbali Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Elizabeth Mitchell Drive, Albury, New South Wales, Australia.,IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Lehner
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Taufik M, Widyastuti MT, Santikayasa IP, Arif C, Minasny B. Peat moisture dataset of Sumatra peatlands. Data Brief 2023; 46:108889. [PMID: 36817731 PMCID: PMC9936326 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peatland is a unique ecosystem that is key in regulating global carbon cycle, climate, hydrology, and biodiversity. Peat moisture content is a key variable in ecohydrological and biogeochemical cycles known to control peatland's greenhouse gas emissions and fire vulnerability. Peat moisture is also an indicator of the success of peat restoration projects. Here we present datasets of peat moisture dynamic and retention capacity of degraded tropical peatlands. The data were collected from automatic daily monitoring and field campaigns. The peat moisture content data consists of daily data from 21 stations across three peatland provinces in Sumatra Island, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2019. In addition, peat water retention data were collected from field campaigns in Riau province. This dataset represents human modified peatlands which can be used as a benchmark for hydrological and biogeochemical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muh Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Jalan Meranti Wing 19 Lvl 4 Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia,Corresponding author.
| | - Marliana Tri Widyastuti
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - I Putu Santikayasa
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Jalan Meranti Wing 19 Lvl 4 Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Chusnul Arif
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IPB University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Budiman Minasny
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Brown C, Boyd DS, Sjögersten S, Vane CH. Detecting tropical peatland degradation: Combining remote sensing and organic geochemistry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280187. [PMID: 36989287 PMCID: PMC10057786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are important carbon stores that are vulnerable to drainage and conversion to agriculture. Protection and restoration of peatlands are increasingly recognised as key nature based solutions that can be implemented as part of climate change mitigation. Identification of peatland areas that are important for protection and restauration with regards to the state of their carbon stocks, are therefore vital for policy makers. In this paper we combined organic geochemical analysis by Rock-Eval (6) pyrolysis of peat collected from sites with different land management history and optical remote sensing products to assess if remotely sensed data could be used to predict peat conditions and carbon storage. The study used the North Selangor Peat Swamp forest, Malaysia, as the model system. Across the sampling sites the carbon stocks in the below ground peat was ca 12 times higher than the forest (median carbon stock held in ground vegetation 114.70 Mg ha-1 and peat soil 1401.51 Mg ha-1). Peat core sub-samples and litter collected from Fire Affected, Disturbed Forest, and Managed Recovery locations (i.e. disturbed sites) had different decomposition profiles than Central Forest sites. The Rock-Eval pyrolysis of the upper peat profiles showed that surface peat layers at Fire Affected, Disturbed Forest, and Managed Recovery locations had lower immature organic matter index (I-index) values (average I-index range in upper section 0.15 to -0.06) and higher refractory organic matter index (R -index) (average R-index range in upper section 0.51 to 0.65) compared to Central Forest sites indicating enhanced decomposition of the surface peat. In the top 50 cm section of the peat profile, carbon stocks were negatively related to the normalised burns ratio (NBR) (a satellite derived parameter) (Spearman's rho = -0.664, S = 366, p-value = <0.05) while there was a positive relationship between the hydrogen index and the normalised burns ratio profile (Spearman's rho = 0.7, S = 66, p-value = <0.05) suggesting that this remotely sensed product is able to detect degradation of peat in the upper peat profile. We conclude that the NBR can be used to identify degraded peatland areas and to support identification of areas for conversation and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Brown
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Doreen S Boyd
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sofie Sjögersten
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, United Kingdom
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14
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Juman MM, Woodman N, Miller-Murthy A, Olson LE, Sargis EJ. Taxonomic boundaries in Lesser Treeshrews (Scandentia, Tupaiidae: Tupaia minor ). J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Lesser Treeshrew, Tupaia minor Günther, 1876, is a small mammal from Southeast Asia with four currently recognized subspecies: T. m. minor from Borneo; T. m. malaccana from the Malay Peninsula; T. m. humeralis from Sumatra; and T. m. sincepis from Singkep Island and Lingga Island. A fifth subspecies, T. m. caedis, was previously synonymized with T. m. minor; it was thought to occur in northern Borneo and on the nearby islands of Banggi and Balambangan. These subspecies were originally differentiated based on pelage color, a plastic feature that has proven to be an unreliable indicator of taxonomic boundaries in treeshrews and other mammals. To explore infraspecific variation among T. minor populations across the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and smaller islands, we conducted multivariate analyses of morphometric data collected from the hands and skulls of museum specimens. Principal component and discriminant function analyses reveal limited differentiation in manus and skull proportions among populations of T. minor from different islands. We find no morphometric support for the recognition of the four allopatric subspecies and no support for the recognition of T. m. caedis as a separate subspecies on Borneo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M Juman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
| | - Neal Woodman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center , Laurel, Maryland 20708 , USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, District of Columbia 20013 , USA
| | - Ananth Miller-Murthy
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
| | - Link E Olson
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, District of Columbia 20013 , USA
- Department of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 , USA
| | - Eric J Sargis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, District of Columbia 20013 , USA
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
- Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies , New Haven, Connecticut 06520 , USA
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15
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Swails E, Hergoualc'h K, Deng J, Frolking S, Novita N. How can process-based modeling improve peat CO 2 and N 2O emission factors for oil palm plantations? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156153. [PMID: 35609697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm plantations on peat and associated drainage generate sizeable GHG emissions. Current IPCC default emission factors (EF) for oil palm on organic soil are based on a very limited number of observations from young plantations, thereby resulting in large uncertainties in emissions estimates. To explore the potential of process-based modeling to refine oil palm peat CO2 and N2O EFs, we simulated peat GHG emissions and biogeophysical variables over 30 years in plantations of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The DNDC model simulated well the magnitude of C inputs (litterfall and root mortality) and dynamics of annual heterotrophic respiration and peat decomposition N2O fluxes. The modeled peat onsite CO2-C EF was lower than the IPCC default (11 Mg C ha-1 yr-1) and decreased from 7.7 ± 0.4 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 3.0 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ± 0.3 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 in the second and third decades of the rotation. The modeled N2O-N EF from peat decomposition was higher than the IPCC default (1.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and increased from 3.5 ± 0.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the first decade to 4.7-4.6 ± 0.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in the following ones. Modeled fertilizer-induced N2O emissions were minimal and much less than 1.6% of N inputs recommended by the IPCC in wet climates regardless of soil type. Temporal variations in EFs were strongly linked to soil C:N ratio and soil mineral N content for CO2 and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions, and to precipitation, water table level and soil NH4+ content for peat decomposition N2O emissions. These results suggest that current IPCC EFs for oil palm on organic soil could over-estimate peat onsite CO2 emissions and underestimate peat decomposition N2O emissions and that temporal variation in emissions should be considered for further improvement of EFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Swails
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia.
| | - Kristell Hergoualc'h
- Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16115, Indonesia
| | - Jia Deng
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Steve Frolking
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Nisa Novita
- Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara, Graha Iskandarsyah 3(rd) floor, Jalan Iskandarsyah Raya 66 C, 12160 Jakarta, Indonesia
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16
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Pendrill F, Gardner TA, Meyfroidt P, Persson UM, Adams J, Azevedo T, Bastos Lima MG, Baumann M, Curtis PG, De Sy V, Garrett R, Godar J, Goldman ED, Hansen MC, Heilmayr R, Herold M, Kuemmerle T, Lathuillière MJ, Ribeiro V, Tyukavina A, Weisse MJ, West C. Disentangling the numbers behind agriculture-driven tropical deforestation. Science 2022; 377:eabm9267. [PMID: 36074840 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm9267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tropical deforestation continues at alarming rates with profound impacts on ecosystems, climate, and livelihoods, prompting renewed commitments to halt its continuation. Although it is well established that agriculture is a dominant driver of deforestation, rates and mechanisms remain disputed and often lack a clear evidence base. We synthesize the best available pantropical evidence to provide clarity on how agriculture drives deforestation. Although most (90 to 99%) deforestation across the tropics 2011 to 2015 was driven by agriculture, only 45 to 65% of deforested land became productive agriculture within a few years. Therefore, ending deforestation likely requires combining measures to create deforestation-free supply chains with landscape governance interventions. We highlight key remaining evidence gaps including deforestation trends, commodity-specific land-use dynamics, and data from tropical dry forests and forests across Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Pendrill
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Toby A Gardner
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Georges Lemaître Earth and Climate Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - U Martin Persson
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Justin Adams
- Tropical Forest Alliance, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Matthias Baumann
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Veronique De Sy
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Rachael Garrett
- Environmental PolicyLab, Department of Humanities, Social, and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Geography and Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Javier Godar
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew C Hansen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Heilmayr
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA.,Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Martin Herold
- Helmholz GFZ Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Integrated Research Institute for Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vivian Ribeiro
- Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Tyukavina
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mikaela J Weisse
- Global Forest Watch, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chris West
- Stockholm Environment Institute York, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK
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17
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Smith SW, Rahman NEB, Harrison ME, Shiodera S, Giesen W, Lampela M, Wardle DA, Chong KY, Agusti R, Wijedasa LS, Teo PY, Fatimah YA, Teng NT, Yeo JKQ, Alam MJ, Brugues Sintes P, Darusman T, Graham LLB, Katoppo DR, Kojima K, Kusin K, Lestari DP, Metali F, Morrogh‐Bernard HC, Nahor MB, Napitupulu RRP, Nasir D, Nath TK, Nilus R, Norisada M, Rachmanadi D, Rachmat HH, Ripoll Capilla B, Salahuddin, Santosa PB, Sukri RS, Tay B, Tuah W, Wedeux BMM, Yamanoshita T, Yokoyama EY, Yuwati TW, Lee JSH. Tree species that ‘live slow, die older’ enhance tropical peat swamp restoration: evidence from a systematic review. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W. Smith
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Sweden
| | | | - Mark E. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester UK
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Department of Global Liberal Studies, Faculty of Global Liberal Studies Nanzan University Japan
- Centre for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto University Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Japan
| | - Wim Giesen
- Euroconsult Mott MacDonald the Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Centre the Netherlands
| | - Maija Lampela
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Department of Forest Sciences University of Helsinki Finland
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Kwek Yan Chong
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore
| | - Randi Agusti
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- Natural Kapital Indonesia Pontianak Indonesia
| | - Lahiru S. Wijedasa
- Environmental Research Institute National University of Singapore Singapore
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- ConservationLinks Pvt Ltd Singapore
| | - Pei Yun Teo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
- Future Cities Lab Global Singapore‐ETH Centre Singapore
| | - Yuti A. Fatimah
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | | | - Joanne K. Q. Yeo
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - M. Jahangir Alam
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | | | - Laura L. B. Graham
- Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation Indonesia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Australia
| | | | - Katsumi Kojima
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Kitso Kusin
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | | | - Faizah Metali
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Helen C. Morrogh‐Bernard
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter UK
| | | | | | - Darmae Nasir
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Tapan Kumar Nath
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences University of Nottingham Malaysia Malaysia
| | | | - Mariko Norisada
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | - Dony Rachmanadi
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Henti H. Rachmat
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | | | - Salahuddin
- Yayasan Borneo Nature Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan Indonesia
- Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands University of Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Purwanto B. Santosa
- Research Center of Plant Conservation, Botanical Garden and Forestry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Rahayu S. Sukri
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | | | - Wardah Tuah
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research Universiti Brunei Darussalam Brunei Darussalam
| | - Béatrice M. M. Wedeux
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute Cambridge UK
| | - Takashi Yamanoshita
- Asian Research Center for Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Tri Wira Yuwati
- Research Center of Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) Indonesia
| | - Janice S. H. Lee
- Asian School of Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore
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18
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Hapsari KA, Jennerjahn T, Nugroho SH, Yulianto E, Behling H. Sea level rise and climate change acting as interactive stressors on development and dynamics of tropical peatlands in coastal Sumatra and South Borneo since the Last Glacial Maximum. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3459-3479. [PMID: 35312144 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asian peatlands, along with their various important ecosystem services, are mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Sumatra and Borneo. These ecosystems are threatened by coastal development, global warming and sea level rise (SLR). Despite receiving growing attention for their biodiversity and as massive carbon stores, there is still a lack of knowledge on how they initiated and evolved over time, and how they responded to past environmental change, that is, precipitation, sea level and early anthropogenic activities. To improve our understanding thereof, we conducted multi-proxy paleoecological studies in the Kampar Peninsula and Katingan peatlands in the coastal area of Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The results indicate that the initiation timing and environment of both peatlands are very distinct, suggesting that peat could form under various vegetation as soon as there is sufficient moisture to limit organic matter decomposition. The past dynamics of both peatlands were mainly attributable to natural drivers, while anthropogenic activities were hardly relevant. Changes in precipitation and sea level led to shifts in peat swamp forest vegetation, peat accumulation rates and fire regimes at both sites. We infer that the simultaneous occurrence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and SLR resulted in synergistic effects which led to the occurrence of severe fires in a pristine coastal peatland ecosystem; however, it did not interrupt peat accretion. In the future, SLR, combined with the projected increase in frequency and intensity of ENSO, can potentially amplify the negative effects of anthropogenic peatland fires. This prospectively stimulates massive carbon release, thus could, in turn, contribute to worsening the global climate crisis especially once an as yet unknown threshold is crossed and peat accretion is halted, that is, peatlands lose their carbon sink function. Given the current rapid SLR, coastal peatland managements should start develop fire risk reduction or mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anggi Hapsari
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Jennerjahn
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Geoscience, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Septriono Hari Nugroho
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Eko Yulianto
- Research Center for Geotechnology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hermann Behling
- Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Sanwlani N, Evans CD, Müller M, Cherukuru N, Martin P. Rising dissolved organic carbon concentrations in coastal waters of northwestern Borneo related to tropical peatland conversion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi5688. [PMID: 35417233 PMCID: PMC9007511 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia's peatlands are considered a globally important source of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the ocean. Human disturbance has probably increased peatland DOC fluxes, but the lack of monitoring has precluded a robust demonstration of such a regional-scale impact. Here, we use a time series of satellite ocean color data from northwestern Borneo to show that DOC concentrations in coastal waters have increased between 2002 and 2021 by 0.31 μmol liter-1 year-1 (95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.44 μmol liter-1 year-1). We show that this was caused by a ≥30% increase in the concentration of terrigenous DOC and coincided with the conversion of 69% of regional peatland area to nonforest land cover, suggesting that peatland conversion has substantially increased DOC fluxes to the sea. This rise in DOC concentration has also increased the underwater light absorption by dissolved organic matter, which may affect marine productivity by altering underwater light availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Sanwlani
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (P.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Chris D. Evans
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Moritz Müller
- Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Malaysia
| | | | - Patrick Martin
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding author. (P.M.); (N.S.)
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20
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Umarhadi DA, Widyatmanti W, Kumar P, Yunus AP, Khedher KM, Kharrazi A, Avtar R. Tropical peat subsidence rates are related to decadal LULC changes: Insights from InSAR analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151561. [PMID: 34767891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands in Indonesia are subject to subsidence in recent years, resulting in significant soil organic carbon loss. Their degradation is responsible for several environmental issues; however, understanding the causes of peatland subsidence is of prime concern for implementing mitigation measures. Here, we employed time-series Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) using ALOS PALSAR-2 images to assess the relationship between subsidence rates and land use/land cover (LULC) change (including drainage periods) derived from decadal Landsat data (1972-2019). Overall, the study area subsided with a mean rate of -2.646 ± 1.839 cm/year in 2018-2019. The subsidence rates slowed over time, with significant subsidence decreases in peatlands after being drained for 9 years. We found that the long-time persistence of vegetated areas leads to subsidence deceleration. The relatively lower subsidence rates are in areas that changed to rubber/mixed plantations. Further, the potential of subsidence prediction was assessed using Random Forest (RF) regression based on LULC change, distance from peat edge, and elevation. With an R2 of 0.532 (RMSE = 0.594 cm/year), this machine learning method potentially enlarges the spatial coverage of InSAR method for the higher frequency SAR data (such as Sentinel-1) that mainly have limited coverage due to decorrelation in vegetated areas. According to feature importance in the RF model, the contribution of LULC change (including drainage period) to the subsidence model is comparable with distance from peat edge and elevation. Other uncertainties are from unexplained factors related to drainage and peat condition, which need to be accounted for as well. This work shows the significance of decadal LULC change analysis to supplement InSAR measurement in tropical peatland subsidence monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deha Agus Umarhadi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wirastuti Widyatmanti
- Department of Geographic Information Science, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Natural Resources and Ecosystem Services, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ali P Yunus
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China; Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Khaled Mohamed Khedher
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Technological Studies, Mrezgua University Campus, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia
| | - Ali Kharrazi
- Advanced Systems Analysis Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria; Faculty of International Liberal Arts Global Studies Program, Akita International University, Okutsubakidai-193-2 Yuwatsubakigawa, Akita 010-1211, Japan; CMCC Foundation-Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change and Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30175 Venice, Italy
| | - Ram Avtar
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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21
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Forty Years of Soil and Water Conservation Policy, Implementation, Research and Development in Indonesia: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dominated by mountainous topography, high rainfall, and erosion-sensitive soil types, and with the majority of its population living in rural areas as farmers, most of Indonesia’s watersheds are highly vulnerable to erosion. In 1984, the Government of Indonesia established 22 priority watersheds to be handled, which marked the start of formal soil and water conservation activities. Although it has not fully succeeded in improving watershed conditions from all aspects, something which is indicated by fluctuations in the area of degraded land, over the past 40 years the Indonesian government has systematically implemented various soil and water conservation techniques in various areas with the support of policies, laws and regulations, and research and development. These systematic efforts have shown positive results, with a 40% reduction in the area of degraded land over the last 15 years from 2004–2018. This paper reviews policy, implementation, and research and development of soil and water conservation activities in Indonesia over the last 40 years from the 1980s to 2020 and explores the dynamics of the activities.
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22
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Apers S, De Lannoy GJM, Baird AJ, Cobb AR, Dargie GC, del Aguila Pasquel J, Gruber A, Hastie A, Hidayat H, Hirano T, Hoyt AM, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Katimon A, Kurnain A, Koster RD, Lampela M, Mahanama SPP, Melling L, Page SE, Reichle RH, Taufik M, Vanderborght J, Bechtold M. Tropical Peatland Hydrology Simulated With a Global Land Surface Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002784. [PMID: 35860446 PMCID: PMC9285420 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are among the most carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth, and their water storage dynamics strongly control these carbon stocks. The hydrological functioning of tropical peatlands differs from that of northern peatlands, which has not yet been accounted for in global land surface models (LSMs). Here, we integrated tropical peat-specific hydrology modules into a global LSM for the first time, by utilizing the peatland-specific model structure adaptation (PEATCLSM) of the NASA Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM). We developed literature-based parameter sets for natural (PEATCLSMTrop,Nat) and drained (PEATCLSMTrop,Drain) tropical peatlands. Simulations with PEATCLSMTrop,Nat were compared against those with the default CLSM version and the northern version of PEATCLSM (PEATCLSMNorth,Nat) with tropical vegetation input. All simulations were forced with global meteorological reanalysis input data for the major tropical peatland regions in Central and South America, the Congo Basin, and Southeast Asia. The evaluation against a unique and extensive data set of in situ water level and eddy covariance-derived evapotranspiration showed an overall improvement in bias and correlation compared to the default CLSM version. Over Southeast Asia, an additional simulation with PEATCLSMTrop,Drain was run to address the large fraction of drained tropical peatlands in this region. PEATCLSMTrop,Drain outperformed CLSM, PEATCLSMNorth,Nat, and PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over drained sites. Despite the overall improvements of PEATCLSMTrop,Nat over CLSM, there are strong differences in performance between the three study regions. We attribute these performance differences to regional differences in accuracy of meteorological forcing data, and differences in peatland hydrologic response that are not yet captured by our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Apers
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | | | - A. J. Baird
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. R. Cobb
- Center for Environmental Sensing and ModelingSingapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologySingaporeSingapore
| | | | - J. del Aguila Pasquel
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP)IquitosPeru
- Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP)IquitosPeru
| | - A. Gruber
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - A. Hastie
- School of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - H. Hidayat
- Research Center for LimnologyNational Research and Innovation AgencyCibinongIndonesia
| | - T. Hirano
- Research Faculty of AgricultureHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - A. M. Hoyt
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - A. J. Jovani‐Sancho
- UK Centre for Ecology and HydrologyBangorUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - A. Katimon
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering TechnologyUniversiti Malaysia PerlisKangarMalaysia
| | - A. Kurnain
- Department of Soil ScienceLambung Mangkurat UniversityBanjarmasinIndonesia
| | - R. D. Koster
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Lampela
- Department of Forest SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - S. P. P. Mahanama
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - L. Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research InstituteKuchingMalaysia
| | - S. E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the EnvironmentUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - R. H. Reichle
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - M. Taufik
- Department of Geophysics and MeteorologyIPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - J. Vanderborght
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
- Agrosphere InstituteIBG‐3Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - M. Bechtold
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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23
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Abstract
Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.
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24
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Terzano D, Attorre F, Parish F, Moss P, Bresciani F, Cooke R, Dargusch P. Community‐led Peatland Restoration in Southeast Asia: 5Rs approach. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilva Terzano
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Sapienza University of Rome Italy
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
- International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome Italy
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - Faizal Parish
- Global Environment Center Petaling Jaya Selangor Malaysia
| | - Patrick Moss
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
| | | | - Roshan Cooke
- International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome Italy
| | - Paul Dargusch
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Australia
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25
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Skeletal Variation and Taxonomic Boundaries in the Pen-tailed Treeshrew (Scandentia: Ptilocercidae; Ptilocercus lowii Gray, 1848). J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09556-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Kiely L, Spracklen DV, Arnold SR, Papargyropoulou E, Conibear L, Wiedinmyer C, Knote C, Adrianto HA. Assessing costs of Indonesian fires and the benefits of restoring peatland. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7044. [PMID: 34857766 PMCID: PMC8639972 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation and drainage has made Indonesian peatlands susceptible to burning. Large fires occur regularly, destroying agricultural crops and forest, emitting large amounts of CO2 and air pollutants, resulting in adverse health effects. In order to reduce fire, the Indonesian government has committed to restore 2.49 Mha of degraded peatland, with an estimated cost of US$3.2-7 billion. Here we combine fire emissions and land cover data to estimate the 2015 fires, the largest in recent years, resulted in economic losses totalling US$28 billion, whilst the six largest fire events between 2004 and 2015 caused a total of US$93.9 billion in economic losses. We estimate that if restoration had already been completed, the area burned in 2015 would have been reduced by 6%, reducing CO2 emissions by 18%, and PM2.5 emissions by 24%, preventing 12,000 premature mortalities. Peatland restoration could have resulted in economic savings of US$8.4 billion for 2004-2015, making it a cost-effective strategy for reducing the impacts of peatland fires to the environment, climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Kiely
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ,grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Present Address: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - D. V. Spracklen
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S. R. Arnold
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - E. Papargyropoulou
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Sustainability Research Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - L. Conibear
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - C. Wiedinmyer
- grid.464551.70000 0004 0450 3000CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - C. Knote
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - H. A. Adrianto
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ,grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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27
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Comparing GHG Emissions from Drained Oil Palm and Recovering Tropical Peatland Forests in Malaysia. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For agricultural purposes, the drainage and deforestation of Southeast Asian peatland resulted in high greenhouse gases’ (GHGs, e.g., CO2, N2O and CH4) emission. A peatland regenerating initiative, by rewetting and vegetation restoration, reflects evidence of subsequent forest recovery. In this study, we compared GHG emissions from three Malaysian tropical peatland systems under the following different land-use conditions: (i) drained oil palm plantation (OP), (ii) rewetting-restored forest (RF) and (iii) undrained natural forest (NF). Biweekly temporal measurements of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes were conducted using a closed-chamber method from July 2017 to December 2018, along with the continuous measurement of environmental variables and a one-time measurement of the soil physicochemical properties. The biweekly emission data were integrated to provide cumulative fluxes using the trapezoidal rule. Our results indicated that the changes in environmental conditions resulting from draining (OP) or rewetting historically drained peatland (RF) affected CH4 and N2O emissions more than CO2 emissions. The cumulative CH4 emission was significantly higher in the forested sites (RF and NF), which was linked to their significantly higher water table (WT) level (p < 0.05). Similarly, the high cumulative CO2 emission trends at the RF and OP sites indicated that the RF rewetting-restored peatland system continued to have high decomposition rates despite having a significantly higher WT than the OP (p < 0.05). The highest cumulative N2O emission at the drained-fertilized OP and rewetting-restored RF sites was linked to the available substrates for high decomposition (low C/N ratio) together with soil organic matter mineralization that provided inorganic nitrogen (N), enabling ideal conditions for microbial mediated N2O emissions. Overall, the measured peat properties did not vary significantly among the different land uses. However, the lower C/N ratio at the OP and the RF sites indicated higher decomposition rates in the drained and historically drained peat than the undrained natural peat (NF), which was associated with high cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions in our study.
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28
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Land Cover and Land Use Change Decreases Net Ecosystem Production in Tropical Peatlands of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deforested and converted tropical peat swamp forests are susceptible to fires and are a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, information on the influence of land-use change (LUC) on the carbon dynamics in these disturbed peat forests is limited. This study aimed to quantify soil respiration (heterotrophic and autotrophic), net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) in peat swamp forests, partially logged forests, early seral grasslands (deforested peat), and smallholder-oil palm estates (converted peat). Peat swamp forests (PSF) showed similar soil respiration with logged forests (LPSF) and oil palm (OP) estates (37.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, 40.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, and 38.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, respectively), but higher than early seral (ES) grassland sites (30.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1). NPP of intact peat forests (13.2 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) was significantly greater than LPSF (11.1 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), ES (10.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), and OP (3.7 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Peat swamp forests and seral grasslands were net carbon sinks (10.8 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 and 9.1 CO2 ha−1 yr−1, respectively). In contrast, logged forests and oil palm estates were net carbon sources; they had negative mean Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) values (−0.1 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1 and −25.1 Mg CO2 ha−1 yr−1, respectively). The shift from carbon sinks to sources associated with land-use change was principally due to a decreased Net Primary Production (NPP) rather than increased soil respiration. Conservation of the remaining peat swamp forests and rehabilitation of deforested peatlands are crucial in GHG emission reduction programs.
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29
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Satellite Image Processing for the Coarse-Scale Investigation of Sandy Coastal Areas. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13224613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, satellite imagery has shown its potential to support the sustainable management of land, water, and natural resources. In particular, it can provide key information about the properties and behavior of sandy beaches and the surrounding vegetation, improving the ecomorphological understanding and modeling of coastal dynamics. Although satellite image processing usually demands high memory and computational resources, free online platforms such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) have recently enabled their users to leverage cloud-based tools and handle big satellite data. In this technical note, we describe an algorithm to classify the coastal land cover and retrieve relevant information from Sentinel-2 and Landsat image collections at specific times or in a multitemporal way: the extent of the beach and vegetation strips, the statistics of the grass cover, and the position of the shoreline and the vegetation–sand interface. Furthermore, we validate the algorithm through both quantitative and qualitative methods, demonstrating the goodness of the derived classification (accuracy of approximately 90%) and showing some examples about the use of the algorithm’s output to study coastal physical and ecological dynamics. Finally, we discuss the algorithm’s limitations and potentialities in light of its scaling for global analyses.
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30
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Abstract
The palm oil industry has contributed enormously to the economic growth of developing countries in the tropics, including Malaysia. Despite the industry being a development tool for emerging economies, the oil palm crop is inundated with allegations of its unsustainable plantation practices and viewed as environmentally detrimental and socially adverse. These negative perceptions are amplified through anti-palm oil campaigns and protectionist trade regulations in developed countries, particularly in the European Union (EU). This situation, if further exacerbated, could potentially affect the export of palm oil and the industry as a whole. As such, this article provides a critical review of the key sustainability issues faced by the Malaysian palm oil industry as the second biggest exporter of palm oil to the global market. The various insights and the interpretations of sustainability are contested according to the contexts and the interests of the countries involved. Hence, palm oil is constantly exposed to bias masked by non-tariff barriers from consumer countries to protect their domestically produced vegetable oils. This could constrain the commodity competitiveness in the international market. As issues on palm oil sustainability continue to evolve, policymakers at key stakeholder agencies need to devise strategies to manage global disruption in the palm oil trade.
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31
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First records of the flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps on the Kampar Peninsula, Sumatra, Indonesia. ORYX 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605321000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The flat-headed cat Prionailurus planiceps is one of the rarest small felids, with little known about its distribution, population status or habitat requirements, largely because of the few records of the species. We report here 11 detections of this Endangered species, recorded during 4 years of camera-trap surveys in a peat-swamp forest on the Kampar Peninsula, Riau province, Sumatra. These are the first records of this species on the Kampar Peninsula, in an area of c. 1,300 km2 of peat-swamp forest comprising four adjacent Ecosystem Restoration Concession licences. All records were near water bodies (mean distance 351 m) in lowland peat-swamp forest. These findings add to the existing knowledge of the species' distribution in Sumatra and confirm its presence in these peat-swamp forests. To inform species conservation management planning for the Kampar Peninsula, further research on this species is required.
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32
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Juman MM, Woodman N, Olson LE, Sargis EJ. Ecogeographic variation and taxonomic boundaries in Large Treeshrews (Scandentia, Tupaiidae: Tupaia tana Raffles, 1821) from Southeast Asia. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Large Treeshrew, Tupaia tana Raffles, 1821, is a small mammal (~205 g) from Southeast Asia with a complicated taxonomic history. Currently, 15 subspecies are recognized from Borneo, Sumatra, and smaller islands, and many were originally differentiated based on minor pelage differences and small sample sizes. We explored intraspecific variation in T. tana using quantitative osteological data obtained from the hands and skulls of museum specimens. Multivariate analyses reveal extensive overlap among T. tana populations in morphospace, indicating that the majority of currently recognized subspecies are not morphometrically distinct. In contrast, the separation between Bornean and Sumatran populations of T. tana is sufficient to recognize them as different subspecies. Comparisons of Bornean specimens to those on small, offshore islands reveal that the latter average smaller body size. This pattern is inconsistent with Foster’s island rule, which predicts that island populations of small mammals (< 5 kg) will average larger body size relative to mainland forms. A similar lack of support for ecogeographic rules has been noted in T. glis (Diard, 1820), suggesting that these “rules” are poor predictors of geographic variation in treeshrews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya M Juman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Neal Woodman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center , Laurel, MD , USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Link E Olson
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
- Department of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks , Fairbanks, AK , USA
| | - Eric J Sargis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History , New Haven, CT , USA
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA
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Zhang Z, Yang X, Xie F. Macro analysis of spatiotemporal variations in ecosystems from 1996 to 2016 in Xishuangbanna in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:40192-40202. [PMID: 33893589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study used remote sensing images from 1996 to 2016 as the main data source, and selected the average annual ecosystem type net change rate, ecosystem type transfer matrix, and comprehensive index of land development degree, to analyze the macro change of the ecosystem pattern in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in the past 20 years. Quantitative analysis was performed on amplitude, rate, type of transition, and degree of disturbance of human activities. The results reveal the spatial and temporal changes of the Xishuangbanna ecosystem and their regional differentiation. The results showed that (1) from 1996 to 2016, Xishuangbanna as a whole was dominated by forest ecosystems and rubber ecosystems, followed by tea, farmland, built-up area, and water ecosystems. (2) During 1996-2016, the ecosystem in Xishuangbanna accounted for more than 99% of the total area has not changed. From 1996 to 2003, the transfer of ecosystem types in Xishuangbanna was mainly between forest and rubber ecosystem. (3) The extent of land development and utilization in Xishuangbanna in the past 20 years is relatively low, slightly lower than the national average, and the overall level of land use is at a medium level of utilization, and over time, the degree of disturbance of human activities has shown an increasing trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoya Zhang
- School of Geography and Ecotourism, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Communist Youth League Committee, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailong Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Fuming Xie
- Institute of International River and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zhao X, Taheripour F, Malina R, Staples MD, Tyner WE. Estimating induced land use change emissions for sustainable aviation biofuel pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146238. [PMID: 33744564 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) are expected to play an essential role in achieving the aviation industries' goal of carbon-neutral growth. However, producing biomass-based SAFs may induce changes in global land use and the associated carbon stock. The induced land use change (ILUC) emissions, as a part of the full life-cycle emissions for SAF pathways, will affect whether and to what extent SAFs reduce emissions compared with petroleum-based jet fuels. Here, we estimate the ILUC emission intensity for seventeen SAF pathways considered by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), covering five ASTM-certified technologies, nine biomass-based feedstocks, and four geographical regions. We introduce the SAF pathways into a well-established computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, GTAP-BIO, and its coupled emission accounting model, AEZ-EF, to study economy-wide implications of SAF production and estimate ILUC emissions intensity for each pathway. The estimated SAF ILUC emission intensities, using a 25-year amortization period, range from -58.5 g CO2e MJ-1 for the USA miscanthus alcohol (isobutanol)-to-jet (ATJ) pathway to 34.6 g CO2e MJ-1 for the Malaysia & Indonesia palm oil Hydrotreated Esters of Fatty Acids (HEFA) pathway. Notably, the vegetable oil pathways tend to have higher ILUC emission intensities due to their linkage to palm expansion and peatland oxidation in Southeast Asia. The cellulosic pathways studied provide negative ILUC emissions, mainly driven by the high carbon sequestrations in crop biomass and soil. Using the core life-cycle emissions established by ICAO, we show that fifteen of the assessed pathways have a lower full life-cycle emission intensity than petroleum-based jet fuels (89 g CO2e MJ-1), offering promising options to reduce aviation emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - Farzad Taheripour
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert Malina
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, BE 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark D Staples
- Laboratory for Aviation and the Environment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wallace E Tyner
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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McCalmont J, Kho LK, Teh YA, Lewis K, Chocholek M, Rumpang E, Hill T. Short- and long-term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2361-2376. [PMID: 33528067 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Need for regional economic development and global demand for agro-industrial commodities have resulted in large-scale conversion of forested landscapes to industrial agriculture across South East Asia. However, net emissions of CO2 from tropical peatland conversions may be significant and remain poorly quantified, resulting in controversy around the magnitude of carbon release following conversion. Here we present long-term, whole ecosystem monitoring of carbon exchange from two oil palm plantations on converted tropical peat swamp forest. Our sites compare a newly converted oil palm plantation (OPnew) to a mature oil palm plantation (OPmature) and combine them in the context of existing emission factors. Mean annual net emission (NEE) of CO2 measured at OPnew during the conversion period (137.8 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ) was an order of magnitude lower during the measurement period at OPmature (17.5 Mg CO2 ha-1 year-1 ). However, mean water table depth (WTD) was shallower (0.26 m) than a typical drainage target of 0.6 m suggesting our emissions may be a conservative estimate for mature plantations, mean WTD at OPnew was more typical at 0.54 m. Reductions in net emissions were primarily driven by increasing biomass accumulation into highly productive palms. Further analysis suggested annual peat carbon losses of 24.9 Mg CO2 -C ha-1 year-1 over the first 6 years, lower than previous estimates for this early period from subsidence studies, losses reduced to 12.8 Mg CO2 -C ha-1 year-1 in the later, mature phase. Despite reductions in NEE and carbon loss over time, the system remained a large net source of carbon to the atmosphere after 12 years with the remaining 8 years of a typical plantation's rotation unlikely to recoup losses. These results emphasize the need for effective protection of tropical peatlands globally and strengthening of legislative enforcement where moratoria on peatland conversion already exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon McCalmont
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lip Khoon Kho
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kennedy Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Melanie Chocholek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Elisa Rumpang
- Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Timothy Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Sensitivity Analysis of Sentinel-1 Backscatter to Oil Palm Plantations at Pluriannual Scale: A Case Study in Gabon, Africa. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13112075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present paper focuses on a sensitivity analysis of Sentinel-1 backscattering signatures from oil palm canopies cultivated in Gabon, Africa. We employed one Sentinel-1 image per year during the 2015–2021 period creating two separated time series for both the wet and dry seasons. The first images were almost simultaneously acquired to the initial growth stage of oil palm plants. The VH and VV backscattering signatures were analysed in terms of their corresponding statistics for each date and compared to the ones corresponding to tropical forests. The times series for the wet season showed that, in a time interval of 2–3 years after oil palm plantation, the VV/VH ratio in oil palm parcels increases above the one for forests. Backscattering and VV/VH ratio time series for the dry season exhibit similar patterns as for the wet season but with a more stable behaviour. The separability of oil palm and forest classes was also quantitatively addressed by means of the Jeffries–Matusita distance, which seems to point to the C-band VV/VH ratio as a potential candidate for discrimination between oil palms and natural forests, although further analysis must still be carried out. In addition, issues related to the effect of the number of samples in this particular scenario were also analysed. Overall, the outcomes presented here can contribute to the understanding of the radar signatures from this scenario and to potentially improve the accuracy of mapping techniques for this type of ecosystems by using remote sensing. Nevertheless, further research is still to be done as no classification method was performed due to the lack of the required geocoded reference map. In particular, a statistical assessment of the radar signatures should be carried out to statistically characterise the observed trends.
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Mishra S, Page SE, Cobb AR, Lee JSH, Jovani‐Sancho AJ, Sjögersten S, Jaya A, Aswandi, Wardle DA. Degradation of Southeast Asian tropical peatlands and integrated strategies for their better management and restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Mishra
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Susan E. Page
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment University of Leicester Leicester UK
| | - Alexander R. Cobb
- Singapore‐MIT Alliance for Research and TechnologyCenter for Environmental Sensing and Modeling Singapore Singapore
| | - Janice Ser Huay Lee
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | | | | | - Adi Jaya
- Department of Agronomy University of Palangka Raya Palangka Raya Indonesia
| | - Aswandi
- Center for Environmental Studies (PSLH‐LPPM) University of Jambi Jambi Indonesia
| | - David A. Wardle
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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Lan Y, Tham J, Jia S, Sarkar S, Fan WH, Reid JS, Ong CN, Yu LE. Peat-forest burning smoke in Maritime Continent: Impacts on receptor PM 2.5 and implications at emission sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 275:116626. [PMID: 33609858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the impacts of transported peat-forest (PF) burning smoke on an urban environment and evaluates associated source burning conditions based on carbon properties of PM2.5 at the receptor site. We developed and validated a three-step classification that enables systematic and more rapid identification of PF smoke impacts on a tropical urban environment with diverse emissions and complex atmospheric processes. This approach was used to characterize over 300 daily PM2.5 data collected during 2011-2013, 2015 and 2019 in Singapore. A levoglucosan concentration of ≥0.1 μg/m3 criterion indicates dominant impacts of transported PF smoke on urban fine aerosols. This approach can be used in other ambient environments for practical and location-dependent applications. Organic carbon (OC) concentrations (as OC indicator) can be an alternate to levoglucosan for assessing smoke impacts on urban environments. Applying the OC concentration indicator identifies smoke impacts on ∼80% of daily samples in 2019 and shows an accuracy of 51-86% for hourly evaluation. Following the systematic identification of urban PM2.5 predominantly affected by PF smoke in 2011-2013, 2015 and 2019, we assessed the concentration ratio of char-EC/soot-EC as an indicator of smoldering- or flaming-dominated burning emissions. When under the influence of transported PF smoke, the mean concentration ratio of char-EC to soot-EC in urban PM2.5 decreased by >70% from 8.2 in 2011 to 2.3 in 2015 but increased to 3.8 in 2019 (p < 0.05). The reversed trend with a 65% increase from 2015 to 2019 shows stronger smoldering relative to flaming, indicating a higher level of soil moisture at smoke origins, possibly associated with rewetting and revegetating peatlands since 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jackson Tham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Wei Hong Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | | | - Choon Nam Ong
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore
| | - Liya E Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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Nutrient Balance as a Tool for Maintaining Yield and Mitigating Environmental Impacts of Acacia Plantation in Drained Tropical Peatland—Description of Plantation Simulator. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Responsible management of Acacia plantations requires an improved understanding of trade-offs between maintaining stand production whilst reducing environmental impacts. Intensive drainage and the resulting low water tables (WT) increase carbon emissions, peat subsidence, fire risk and nutrient export to water courses, whilst increasing nutrient availability for plant uptake from peat mineralization. In the plantations, hydrology, stand growth, carbon and nutrient balance, and peat subsidence are connected forming a complex dynamic system, which can be thoroughly understood by dynamic process models. We developed the Plantation Simulator to describe the effect of drainage, silviculture, fertilization, and weed control on the above-mentioned processes and to find production schemes that are environmentally and economically viable. The model successfully predicted measured peat subsidence, which was used as a proxy for stand total mass balance. Computed nutrient balances indicated that the main growth-limiting factor was phosphorus (P) supply, and the P balance was affected by site index, mortality rate and WT. In a scenario assessment, where WT was raised from −0.80 m to −0.40 m the subsidence rate decreased from 4.4 to 3.3 cm yr−1, and carbon loss from 17 to 9 Mg ha−1 yr−1. P balance shifted from marginally positive to negative suggesting that additional P fertilization is needed to maintain stand productivity as a trade-off for reducing C emissions.
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Namkhan M, Gale GA, Savini T, Tantipisanuh N. Loss and vulnerability of lowland forests in mainland Southeast Asia. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:206-215. [PMID: 32410311 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite containing extraordinary levels of biodiversity, lowland (<200 m asl) tropical forests are extremely threatened globally. Southeast Asia is an area of high species richness and endemicity under considerable anthropogenic threat with, unfortunately, scant focus on its lowland forests. We estimated extent of lowland forest loss from 1998 to 2018, including inside protected areas and determined the vulnerability of this remaining forest. Maximum likelihood classification techniques were used to classify Landsat images to estimate lowland forest cover in 1998 and 2018. We used Bayesian belief networks with 20 variables to evaluate vulnerability of the forest that remained in 2018. Analyses were conducted at two spatial scales: landscape patch (analogous to ecoregion) and country level. Over 20 years, >120,000 km2 of forest (50% of forest present in 1998) was lost. Of the 14 lowland forest patches, 6 lost >50% of their area. At the country scale, Cambodia had the greatest deforestation (>47,500 km2 ). In 2018, 18% of the lowlands were forested, and 20% of these forests had some formal protection. Approximately 50% of the lowland forest inside protected areas (c. 11,000 km2 ) was also lost during the study period. Most lowland forest remaining is highly vulnerable; eight landscape patches had >50% categorized as such. Our results add to a growing body of evidence that the presence of protected areas alone will not prevent further deforestation. We suggest that more collaborative conservation strategies with local communities that accommodate conservation concessions specifically for lowland forests are urgently needed to prevent further destruction of these valuable habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliwan Namkhan
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - George A Gale
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Tommaso Savini
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Naruemon Tantipisanuh
- Conservation Ecology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
- Conservation Ecology Program, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
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Ribeiro K, Pacheco FS, Ferreira JW, de Sousa-Neto ER, Hastie A, Krieger Filho GC, Alvalá PC, Forti MC, Ometto JP. Tropical peatlands and their contribution to the global carbon cycle and climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:489-505. [PMID: 33070397 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands are carbon-rich ecosystems that cover 185-423 million hectares (Mha) of the earth's surface. The majority of the world's peatlands are in temperate and boreal zones, whereas tropical ones cover only a total area of 90-170 Mha. However, there are still considerable uncertainties in C stock estimates as well as a lack of information about depth, bulk density and carbon accumulation rates. The incomplete data are notable especially in tropical peatlands located in South America, which are estimated to have the largest area of peatlands in the tropical zone. This paper displays the current state of knowledge surrounding tropical peatlands and their biophysical characteristics, distribution and carbon stock, role in the global climate, the impacts of direct human disturbances on carbon accumulation rates and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Based on the new peat extension and depth data, we estimate that tropical peatlands store 152-288 Gt C, or about half of the global peatland emitted carbon. We discuss the knowledge gaps in research on distribution, depth, C stock and fluxes in these ecosystems which play an important role in the global carbon cycle and risk releasing large quantities of GHGs into the atmosphere (CO2 and CH4 ) when subjected to anthropogenic interferences (e.g., drainage and deforestation). Recent studies show that although climate change has an impact on the carbon fluxes of these ecosystems, the direct anthropogenic disturbance may play a greater role. The future of these systems as carbon sinks will depend on advancing current scientific knowledge and incorporating local understanding to support policies geared toward managing and conserving peatlands in vulnerable regions, such as the Amazon where recent records show increased forest fires and deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ribeiro
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Pacheco
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José W Ferreira
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eráclito R de Sousa-Neto
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Hastie
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guenther C Krieger Filho
- Laboratory of Thermal and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Plínio C Alvalá
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Forti
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean P Ometto
- Earth System Science Center (CCST), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São Paulo, Brazil
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Tan ZD, Lupascu M, Wijedasa LS. Paludiculture as a sustainable land use alternative for tropical peatlands: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142111. [PMID: 33207474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands cover approximately 4.2 million km2 of terrestrial land surface and store up to 700 Pg of terrestrial carbon. Preserving the carbon stocks in peatland is therefore crucial for climate change mitigation. Under natural conditions, peatland carbon storage is maintained by moist peat conditions, which decreases decomposition and encourages peat formation. However, conversion of peatlands to drainage-based agriculture in the form of industrial plantations and smallholder farming has resulted in globally significant greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture, loosely conceptualized as biomass production on wet peatlands with the potential to maintain carbon storage, is proposed as a sustainable, non-drainage-based agriculture alternative for peatland use. However, while the concept of paludiculture was developed in temperate ecoregions, its application in the tropics is poorly understood. In this review, we examine common definitions of paludiculture used in literature to derive key themes and future directions. We found three common themes: ecosystem services benefits of paludiculture, hydrological conditions of peatlands, and vegetation selection for planting. Ambiguities surrounding these themes have led to questions on whether paludiculture applications are sustainable in the context of carbon sequestration in peat soil. This review aims to evaluate and advance current understanding of paludiculture in the context of tropical peatlands, which is especially pertinent given expanding agriculture development into Central Africa and South America, where large reserves of peatlands were recently discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Dienle Tan
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, 1 Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore; Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - Lahiru S Wijedasa
- Integrated Tropical Peatlands Research Programme, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), T-Labs, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
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A Semi-Analytical Optical Remote Sensing Model to Estimate Suspended Sediment and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Tropical Coastal Waters Influenced by Peatland-Draining River Discharges off Sarawak, Borneo. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Coastal water quality degradation is a global challenge. Marine pollution due to suspended sediments and dissolved matter impacts water colour, biogeochemistry, benthic habitats and eventually human populations that depend on marine resources. In Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), peatland-draining river discharges containing suspended sediments and dissolved organic carbon influence coastal water quality at multiple locations along the coast. Optical remote sensing is an effective tool to monitor coastal waters over large areas and across remote geographic locations. However, the lack of regional optical measurements and inversion models limits the use of remote sensing observations for water quality monitoring in Sarawak. To overcome this limitation, we have (1) compiled a regional spectral optical library for Sarawak coastal waters, (2) developed a new semi-analytical remote sensing model to estimate suspended sediment and dissolved organic carbon in coastal waters, and (3) demonstrated the application of our remote sensing inversion model on satellite data over Sarawak. Bio-optical data analysis revealed that there is a clear spatial variability in the inherent optical properties of particulate and dissolved matter in Sarawak. Our optical inversion model coupled with the Sarawak spectral optical library performed well in retrieving suspended sediment (bias = 3% and MAE = 5%) and dissolved organic carbon (bias = 3% and MAE = 8%) concentrations. Demonstration products using MODIS Aqua data clearly showed the influence of large rivers such as the Rajang and Lupar in discharging suspended sediments and dissolved organic carbon into coastal waters. The bio-optical parameterisation, optical model, and remote sensing inversion approach detailed here can now help improve monitoring and management of coastal water quality in Sarawak.
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44
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Carbon Emissions from Oil Palm Induced Forest and Peatland Conversion in Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The palm oil industry is one of the major producers of vegetable oil in the tropics. Palm oil is used extensively for the manufacture of a wide variety of products and its production is increasing by around 9% every year, prompted largely by the expanding biofuel markets. The rise in annual demand for biofuels and vegetable oil from importer countries has caused a dramatic increase in the conversion of forests and peatlands into oil palm plantations in Malaysia. This study assessed the area of forests and peatlands converted into oil palm plantations from 1990 to 2018 in the states of Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia, and estimated the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. To do so, we analyzed multitemporal 30-m resolution Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 images using a hybrid method that combined automatic image processing and manual analyses. We found that over the 28-year period, forest cover declined by 12.6% and 16.3%, and the peatland area declined by 20.5% and 19.1% in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively. In 2018, we found that these changes resulted in CO2 emissions of 0.01577 and 0.00086 Gt CO2-C yr−1, as compared to an annual forest CO2 uptake of 0.26464 and 0.15007 Gt CO2-C yr−1, in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively. Our assessment highlights that carbon impacts extend beyond lost standing stocks, and result in substantial direct emissions from the oil palm plantations themselves, with 2018 oil palm plantations in our study area emitting up to 4% of CO2 uptake by remaining forests. Limiting future climate change impacts requires enhanced economic incentives for land uses that neither convert standing forests nor result in substantial CO2 emissions.
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Harrison ME, Wijedasa LS, Cole LE, Cheyne SM, Choiruzzad SAB, Chua L, Dargie GC, Ewango CE, Honorio Coronado EN, Ifo SA, Imron MA, Kopansky D, Lestarisa T, O’Reilly PJ, Van Offelen J, Refisch J, Roucoux K, Sugardjito J, Thornton SA, Upton C, Page S. Tropical peatlands and their conservation are important in the context of COVID-19 and potential future (zoonotic) disease pandemics. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10283. [PMID: 33240628 PMCID: PMC7678489 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global disruption, with the emergence of this and other pandemics having been linked to habitat encroachment and/or wildlife exploitation. High impacts of COVID-19 are apparent in some countries with large tropical peatland areas, some of which are relatively poorly resourced to tackle disease pandemics. Despite this, no previous investigation has considered tropical peatlands in the context of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Here, we review: (i) the potential for future EIDs arising from tropical peatlands; (ii) potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from COVID-19; and (iii) potential steps to help mitigate these risks. We find that high biodiversity in tropical peat-swamp forests, including presence of many potential vertebrate and invertebrate vectors, combined, in places, with high levels of habitat disruption and wildlife harvesting represent suitable conditions for potential zoonotic EID (re-)emergence. Although impossible to predict precisely, we identify numerous potential threats to tropical peatland conservation and local communities from the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes impacts on public health, with the potential for haze pollution from peatland fires to increase COVID-19 susceptibility a noted concern; and on local economies, livelihoods and food security, where impacts will likely be greater in remote communities with limited/no medical facilities that depend heavily on external trade. Research, training, education, conservation and restoration activities are also being affected, particularly those involving physical groupings and international travel, some of which may result in increased habitat encroachment, wildlife harvesting or fire, and may therefore precipitate longer-term negative impacts, including those relating to disease pandemics. We conclude that sustainable management of tropical peatlands and their wildlife is important for mitigating impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and reducing the potential for future zoonotic EID emergence and severity, thus strengthening arguments for their conservation and restoration. To support this, we list seven specific recommendations relating to sustainable management of tropical peatlands in the context of COVID-19/disease pandemics, plus mitigating the current impacts of COVID-19 and reducing potential future zoonotic EID risk in these localities. Our discussion and many of the issues raised should also be relevant for non-tropical peatland areas and in relation to other (pandemic-related) sudden socio-economic shocks that may occur in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Harrison
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lahiru S. Wijedasa
- Integrated Tropical Peatland Research Program (INTPREP), Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- ConservationLinks Pvt Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia E.S. Cole
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Susan M. Cheyne
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- IUCN SSC PSG Section on Small Apes, Oxford, UK
| | - Shofwan Al Banna Choiruzzad
- Department of International Relations, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- ASEAN Studies Center, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Liana Chua
- Department of Social and Political Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | | | - Corneille E.N. Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management/Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, DR Congo
| | | | - Suspense A. Ifo
- Laboratoire de Géomatique et d’Ecologie Tropicale Appliquée, Département des Sciences et Vie de la Terre, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Dianna Kopansky
- Global Peatlands Initiative, Ecosystems Division, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Trilianty Lestarisa
- Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Kalteng, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Patrick J. O’Reilly
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Johannes Refisch
- Great Apes Survival Partnership, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katherine Roucoux
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Jito Sugardjito
- Centre for Sustainable Energy and Resources Management, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sara A. Thornton
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Caroline Upton
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan Page
- Borneo Nature Foundation International, Penryn, UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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No Palm Oil or Certified Sustainable Palm Oil? Heterogeneous Consumer Preferences and the Role of Information. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12187257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Public concerns about the adverse effects of palm oil production and consumption have contributed both to the development of certification standards for sustainable palm oil and to the promotion of palm-oil-free products. While research on consumer preferences for palm oil is growing, potential trade-offs between these two options—products containing certified palm oil versus palm-oil-free products—are still largely unexplored. Focusing on this research gap, a discrete choice experiment involving chocolate cookies was implemented as part of a web survey among consumers in Germany. Results indicate that consumers on average prefer palm-oil-free cookies, although a latent class analysis identifies several consumer segments that differ in terms of preferences, attitudes, and characteristics. Many respondents are highly price-sensitive. After the provision of additional information, stated preferences for certified palm oil increase, but four out of five consumer segments still prefer palm-oil-free products. Prevailing health concerns and a potential lack of trust in certification might explain this choice behavior. As alternatives to palm oil are not necessarily more sustainable, initiatives supporting the uptake of certified sustainable palm oil should be further strengthened. Targeted information campaigns might be a suitable instrument to raise awareness and increase knowledge about palm oil.
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Shuhada SN, Salim S, Nobilly F, Lechner AM, Azhar B. Conversion of peat swamp forest to oil palm cultivation reduces the diversity and abundance of macrofungi. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lupascu M, Akhtar H, Smith TEL, Sukri RS. Post-fire carbon dynamics in the tropical peat swamp forests of Brunei reveal long-term elevated CH 4 flux. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5125-5145. [PMID: 32475055 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands hold about 15%-19% of the global peat carbon (C) pool of which 77% is stored in the peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Southeast Asia. Nonetheless, these PSFs have been drained, exploited for timber and land for agriculture, leading to frequent fires in the region. The physico-chemical characteristics of peat, as well as the hydrology of PSFs are affected after a fire, during which the ecosystem can act as a C source for decades, as C emissions to the atmosphere exceed photosynthesis. In this work, we studied the longer-term impact of fires on C cycling in tropical PSFs, hence we quantified the magnitude and patterns of C loss (CO2 , CH4 and dissolved organic carbon) and soil-water quality characteristics in an intact and a degraded burnt PSF in Brunei Darussalam affected by seven fires over the last 40 years. We used natural tracers such as 14 C to investigate the age and sources of C contributing to ecosystem respiration (Reco ) and CH4 , while we continuously monitored soil temperature and water table (WT) level from June 2017 to January 2019. Our results showed a major difference in the physico-chemical parameters, which in turn affected C dynamics, especially CH4 . Methane effluxes were higher in fire-affected areas (7.8 ± 2.2 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) compared to the intact PSF (4.0 ± 2.0 mg CH4 m-2 hr-1 ) due to prolonged higher WT and more optimal methanogenesis conditions. On the other hand, we did not find significant differences in Reco between burnt (432 ± 83 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ) and intact PSF (359 ± 76 mg CO2 m-2 hr-1 ). Radiocarbon analysis showed overall no significant difference between intact and burnt PSF with a modern signature for both CO2 and CH4 fluxes implying a microbial preference for the more labile C fraction in the peat matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrated Tropical Peatland Research Program, NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Akhtar
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas E L Smith
- Department of Geography and Environment, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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Wedeux B, Dalponte M, Schlund M, Hagen S, Cochrane M, Graham L, Usup A, Thomas A, Coomes D. Dynamics of a human-modified tropical peat swamp forest revealed by repeat lidar surveys. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3947-3964. [PMID: 32267596 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peat swamp forests (PSFs) are globally important carbon stores under threat. In Southeast Asia, 35% of peatlands had been drained and converted to plantations by 2010, and much of the remaining forest had been logged, contributing significantly to global carbon emissions. Yet, tropical forests have the capacity to regain biomass quickly and forests on drained peatlands may grow faster in response to soil aeration, so the net effect of humans on forest biomass remains poorly understood. In this study, two lidar surveys (made in 2011 and 2014) are compared to map forest biomass dynamics across 96 km2 of PSF in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The peatland is now legally protected for conservation, but large expanses were logged under concessions until 1998 and illegal logging continues in accessible portions. It was hypothesized that historically logged areas would be recovering biomass while recently logged areas would be losing biomass. We found that historically logged forests were recovering biomass near old canals and railways used by the concessions. Lidar detected substantial illegal logging activity-579 km of logging canals were located beneath the canopy. Some patches close to these canals have been logged in the 2011-2104 period (i.e. substantial biomass loss) but, on aggregate, these illegally logged regions were also recovering. Unexpectedly, rapid growth was also observed in intact forest that had not been logged and was over a kilometre from the nearest known canal, perhaps in response to greater aeration of surface peat. Comparing these results with flux measurements taken at other nearby sites, we find that carbon sequestration in above-ground biomass may have offset roughly half the carbon efflux from peat oxidation. This study demonstrates the power of repeat lidar survey to map fine-scale forest dynamics in remote areas, revealing previously unrecognized impacts of anthropogenic global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Wedeux
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michele Dalponte
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Michael Schlund
- Cartography, GIS & Remote Sensing Department, Institute of Geography, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Mark Cochrane
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES), Frostburg, MD, USA
| | - Laura Graham
- BOS-Mawas at The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, Palanka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Aswin Usup
- University of Palangka Raya, Palanka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Andri Thomas
- BOS-Mawas at The Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation, Palanka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - David Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
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Lupascu M, Varkkey H, Tortajada C. Is flooding considered a threat in the degraded tropical peatlands? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137988. [PMID: 32392686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatland degradation due to oil palm plantation development has reduced peat's ability to naturally regulate floods. In turn, more severe and frequent flooding on peatlands could seriously impair plantation productivity. Understanding the roles of peatland ecosystems in regulating floods has become essential given the continued pressure on land resources, especially in Southeast Asia. However, the limited knowledge on this topic has resulted in the oversimplifications of the relationships between floods, commercial plantations and peatland sustainability, creating major disagreement among policymakers at different levels in governments, companies, NGOs and society. Hence, this study identifies whether flood policies are integrated within peatland management through a qualitative policy analysis of publicly available papers, government reports, and other official documents that discuss flooding, and/or more in general, hydrology in peatlands. Document analysis was then triangulated with data obtained from several semi-structured discussions. The analysis indicates that the industry on peatlands and the peatland's environmental sustainability could be threatened by increased flooding. We show that, in spite of this, flood policies in SE Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia have not been well-integrated into peatland management. We also discuss how the countries could move forward to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Lupascu
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, 117570, Singapore.
| | - Helena Varkkey
- Department of International and Strategic Studies, University of Malaya, Lorong 16/10a, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Cecilia Tortajada
- Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, 259772, Singapore.
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