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Vélez J, McShea W, Pukazhenthi B, Stevenson P, Fieberg J. Implications of the scale of detection for inferring co-occurrence patterns from paired camera traps and acoustic recorders. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14218. [PMID: 37937478 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional landscapes that support economic activities and conservation of biological diversity (e.g., cattle ranches with native forest) are becoming increasingly important because small remnants of native forest may comprise the only habitat left for some wildlife species. Understanding the co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors, such as poaching activity and domesticated ungulates, is key to successful management of multifunctional landscapes. Tools to measure co-occurrence between wildlife and disturbance factors include camera traps and autonomous acoustic recording units. We paired 52 camera-trap stations with acoustic recorders to investigate the association between 2 measures of disturbance (poaching and cattle) and wild ungulates present in multifunctional landscapes of the Colombian Orinoquía. We used joint species distribution models to investigate species-habitat associations and species-disturbance correlations. One model was fitted using camera-trap data to detect wild ungulates and disturbance factors, and a second model was fitted after replacing camera-trap detections of disturbance factors with their corresponding acoustic detections. The direction, significance, and precision of the effect of covariates depended on the sampling method used for disturbance factors. Acoustic monitoring typically resulted in more precise estimates of the effects of covariates and of species-disturbance correlations. Association patterns between wildlife and disturbance factors were found only when disturbance was detected by acoustic recorders. Camera traps allowed us to detect nonvocalizing species, whereas audio recording devices increased detection of disturbance factors leading to more precise estimates of co-occurrence patterns. The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) co-occurred with disturbance factors and are conservation priorities due to the greater risk of poaching or disease transmission from cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Vélez
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - William McShea
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Budhan Pukazhenthi
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Pablo Stevenson
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John Fieberg
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Joel YH, Iniunam IA, Dami DF, Ottosson U, Chaskda AA. A comparison of the sampling effectiveness of acoustic recorder, camera trap and point count methods in sampling nocturnal birds in Afrotropical landscapes. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11389. [PMID: 38774133 PMCID: PMC11106587 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Conservation decisions for bird diversity in the Afrotropics are often based on ecological studies utilizing diurnal bird species likely owing to difficulties associated with sampling nocturnal birds. It is therefore important to compare the sampling effectiveness of some of the available techniques that can be used in nocturnal bird surveys to guide future long-term survey efforts. Thus, we compared the sampling effectiveness of point count, acoustic recorder and camera trap for estimating nocturnal bird species richness and also across habitat types. We surveyed 20 points that were spaced at least 500 m apart in November and December 2021 in the Amurum Forest Reserve and its surroundings in Jos-Nigeria. At each point, we used two camera traps, one at the ground and the other at 2.0 m. We also used one acoustic recorder as well as a 15-min point count during each survey at each point. We encountered 11 nocturnal bird species, primarily nightjars but also owls. While we did not encounter any species with the camera traps, all 11 species were recorded using the acoustic recorder. All species except for Ketupa lacteaus were recorded in point count. Eight species were recorded in the gallery, seven in rocky and nine in savannah. Species richness and estimation using the acoustic recorder and point count were similar across habitat types. We conclude that either point count or acoustic recorders are useful for nocturnal bird surveys in Afrotropical environments. However, the choice of methods should be based on the research questions as some questions may be better answered by a specific method or even a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitmwa Hope Joel
- Department of Zoology, A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research InstituteUniversity of JosJos‐EastPlateau StateNigeria
| | - Iniunam Aniefiok Iniunam
- Department of Zoology, A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research InstituteUniversity of JosJos‐EastPlateau StateNigeria
| | - Danjuma Filibus Dami
- Department of Zoology, A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research InstituteUniversity of JosJos‐EastPlateau StateNigeria
| | - Ulf Ottosson
- Department of Zoology, A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research InstituteUniversity of JosJos‐EastPlateau StateNigeria
| | - Adams Adamanyiwa Chaskda
- Department of Zoology, A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research InstituteUniversity of JosJos‐EastPlateau StateNigeria
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3
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Beaulieu M. Capturing wild animal welfare: a physiological perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:1-22. [PMID: 37635128 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Affective states, such as emotions, are presumably widespread across the animal kingdom because of the adaptive advantages they are supposed to confer. However, the study of the affective states of animals has thus far been largely restricted to enhancing the welfare of animals managed by humans in non-natural contexts. Given the diversity of wild animals and the variable conditions they can experience, extending studies on animal affective states to the natural conditions that most animals experience will allow us to broaden and deepen our general understanding of animal welfare. Yet, this same diversity makes examining animal welfare in the wild highly challenging. There is therefore a need for unifying theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches that can guide researchers keen to engage in this promising research area. The aim of this article is to help advance this important research area by highlighting the central relationship between physiology and animal welfare and rectify its apparent oversight, as revealed by the current scientific literature on wild animals. Moreover, this article emphasises the advantages of including physiological markers to assess animal welfare in the wild (e.g. objectivity, comparability, condition range, temporality), as well as their concomitant limitations (e.g. only access to peripheral physiological markers with complex relationships with affective states). Best-practice recommendations (e.g. replication and multifactorial approaches) are also provided to allow physiological markers to be used most effectively and appropriately when assessing the welfare of animals in their natural habitat. This review seeks to provide the foundation for a new and distinct research area with a vast theoretical and applied potential: wild animal welfare physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Beaulieu
- Wild Animal Initiative, 5123 W 98th St, 1204, Minneapolis, MN, 55437, USA
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Nieto-Mora D, Rodríguez-Buritica S, Rodríguez-Marín P, Martínez-Vargaz J, Isaza-Narváez C. Systematic review of machine learning methods applied to ecoacoustics and soundscape monitoring. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20275. [PMID: 37790981 PMCID: PMC10542774 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soundscape ecology is a promising area that studies landscape patterns based on their acoustic composition. It focuses on the distribution of biotic and abiotic sounds at different frequencies of the landscape acoustic attribute and the relationship of said sounds with ecosystem health metrics and indicators (e.g., species richness, acoustic biodiversity, vectors of structural change, gradients of vegetation cover, landscape connectivity, and temporal and spatial characteristics). To conduct such studies, researchers analyze recordings from Acoustic Recording Units (ARUs). The increasing use of ARUs and their capacity to record hours of audio for months at a time have created a need for automatic processing methods to reduce time consumption, correlate variables implicit in the recordings, extract features, and characterize sound patterns related to landscape attributes. Consequently, traditional machine learning methods have been commonly used to process data on different characteristics of soundscapes, mainly the presence-absence of species. In addition, it has been employed for call segmentation, species identification, and sound source clustering. However, some authors highlight the importance of the new approaches that use unsupervised deep learning methods to improve the results and diversify the assessed attributes. In this paper, we present a systematic review of machine learning methods used in the field of ecoacoustics for data processing. It includes recent trends, such as semi-supervised and unsupervised deep learning methods. Moreover, it maintains the format found in the reviewed papers. First, we describe the ARUs employed in the papers analyzed, their configuration, and the study sites where the datasets were collected. Then, we provide an ecological justification that relates acoustic monitoring to landscape features. Subsequently, we explain the machine learning methods followed to assess various landscape attributes. The results show a trend towards label-free methods that can process the large volumes of data gathered in recent years. Finally, we discuss the need to adopt methods with a machine learning approach in other biological dimensions of landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Nieto-Mora
- MIRP-Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano ITM, Cl. 54a N∘30-01, Medellín, Colombia
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Oliver RY, Iannarilli F, Ahumada J, Fegraus E, Flores N, Kays R, Birch T, Ranipeta A, Rogan MS, Sica YV, Jetz W. Camera trapping expands the view into global biodiversity and its change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220232. [PMID: 37246379 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing threats to biodiversity demand timely, detailed information on species occurrence, diversity and abundance at large scales. Camera traps (CTs), combined with computer vision models, provide an efficient method to survey species of certain taxa with high spatio-temporal resolution. We test the potential of CTs to close biodiversity knowledge gaps by comparing CT records of terrestrial mammals and birds from the recently released Wildlife Insights platform to publicly available occurrences from many observation types in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. In locations with CTs, we found they sampled a greater number of days (mean = 133 versus 57 days) and documented additional species (mean increase of 1% of expected mammals). For species with CT data, we found CTs provided novel documentation of their ranges (93% of mammals and 48% of birds). Countries with the largest boost in data coverage were in the historically underrepresented southern hemisphere. Although embargoes increase data providers' willingness to share data, they cause a lag in data availability. Our work shows that the continued collection and mobilization of CT data, especially when combined with data sharing that supports attribution and privacy, has the potential to offer a critical lens into biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Y Oliver
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Fabiola Iannarilli
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jorge Ahumada
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Eric Fegraus
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Nicole Flores
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Roland Kays
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Tanya Birch
- Google, LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Ajay Ranipeta
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Matthew S Rogan
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yanina V Sica
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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McCahon S, Brinkman T, Klimstra R. Estimating encounter probabilities among recreational trail user groups. JOURNAL OF OUTDOOR RECREATION AND TOURISM 2023; 42:100614. [PMID: 37251798 PMCID: PMC10215815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jort.2023.100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The global rise in nature-based recreation increases the need for research on visitor activity use and interaction especially for multi-use trail systems. Conflict often arises during negatively perceived physical encounters (i.e., direct observation) of different user groups. Our study addresses these encounters on a winter multi-use refuge in Fairbanks, Alaska. Our goal was to develop a method that generates spatially and temporally explicit estimates of trail occupancy and encounter probabilities among different user groups. We used trail cameras with optic alteration to protect individual identity. We monitored winter recreational activity from November 2019 to April 2020 (n = 133 days) and sorted users into three user groups: 1) motor-powered, 2) dog-powered, and 3) human-powered. We calculated the total number of occurrences and proportion of activity across all user groups at each camera location. We identified hotspots of activity overlap (e.g., near trail access points), and peak times (14:01-15:00), days (Saturdays and Sundays), and months (December, February, and March) that may have had higher potential for physical encounters and conflict. We used multiplication and addition probability rules to estimate two probabilities: 1) the probability of user groups occupying individual trail segments, and 2) the probability of encounter between different user groups. We scaled up these probability estimates both temporally (hourly and daily) and spatially (refuge quadrant and refuge-wide). Researchers can adapt our novel method to any recreational trail system to identify locations with potential for congestion and conflict. This method can help inform management that improves visitor experience and overall trail user satisfaction. Management implications We provide managers of recreational trail systems with a quantitative, objective, and noninvasive method to monitor activity among trail user groups. This method can be altered both spatially and temporally to fit any recreational trail system's research questions. These questions may involve congestion, trail carrying capacity, or user group and wildlife encounters. Our method advances current knowledge of trail use dynamics by quantifying the extent of activity overlap between different user groups that may be prone to conflict. Managers can use this information to incorporate relevant management strategies to mitigate congestion and conflict for their own recreational trail system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby McCahon
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Todd Brinkman
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Ryan Klimstra
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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7
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Hedley RW, Joubert B, Bains HK, Bayne EM. Acoustic detection of gunshots to improve measurement and mapping of hunting activity. WILDLIFE SOC B 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Hedley
- University of Alberta 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton AB T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Brian Joubert
- Alberta Environment and Parks 9915 108 Street NW Edmonton AB T5K 2G6 Canada
| | - Harsimran K. Bains
- University of Alberta 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton AB T6G 2M9 Canada
| | - Erin M. Bayne
- University of Alberta 11335 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton AB T6G 2M9 Canada
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Haupert S, Sèbe F, Sueur J. Physics‐based model to predict the acoustic detection distance of terrestrial autonomous recording units over the diel cycle and across seasons: Insights from an Alpine and a Neotropical forest. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Haupert
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS UMR 7205, ISYEB Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Frédéric Sèbe
- ENES Bioacoustics Research Laboratory University of Saint‐Etienne, CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, Inserm UMR_S Saint‐Etienne France
| | - Jérôme Sueur
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS UMR 7205, ISYEB Sorbonne Université Paris France
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Kerry RG, Montalbo FJP, Das R, Patra S, Mahapatra GP, Maurya GK, Nayak V, Jena AB, Ukhurebor KE, Jena RC, Gouda S, Majhi S, Rout JR. An overview of remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80179-80221. [PMID: 36197618 PMCID: PMC9534007 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of biodiversity is critical for the coexistence of humans and the sustenance of other living organisms within the ecosystem. Identification and prioritization of specific regions to be conserved are impossible without proper information about the sites. Advanced monitoring agencies like the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) had accredited that the sum total of species that are now threatened with extinction is higher than ever before in the past and are progressing toward extinct at an alarming rate. Besides this, the conceptualized global responses to these crises are still inadequate and entail drastic changes. Therefore, more sophisticated monitoring and conservation techniques are required which can simultaneously cover a larger surface area within a stipulated time frame and gather a large pool of data. Hence, this study is an overview of remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation via a survey of evidence-based reviews and related studies, wherein the description of the application of some technology for biodiversity conservation and monitoring is highlighted. Finally, the paper also describes various transformative smart technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and/or machine learning algorithms for enhanced working efficiency of currently available techniques that will aid remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rout George Kerry
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | | | - Rajeswari Das
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, GIET University, Gunupur, Rayagada, Odisha 765022 India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050 India
| | | | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila MahaVidyalya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease-International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050 India
| | - Atala Bihari Jena
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Ram Chandra Jena
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | - Sushanto Gouda
- Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796009 India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004 India
| | - Jyoti Ranjan Rout
- School of Biological Sciences, AIPH University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752101 India
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Disturbance Ecology Meets Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) Epidemiology: A Before-and-After Study on the Association between Forest Clearfelling and bTB Herd Risk in Cattle Herds. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070807. [PMID: 35890051 PMCID: PMC9321662 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbance ecology refers to the study of discrete processes that disrupt the structure or dynamics of an ecosystem. Such processes can, therefore, affect wildlife species ecology, including those that are important pathogen hosts. We report on an observational before-and-after study on the association between forest clearfelling and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) herd risk in cattle herds, an episystem where badgers (Meles meles) are the primary wildlife spillover host. The study design compared herd bTB breakdown risk for a period of 1 year prior to and after exposure to clearfelling across Ireland at sites cut in 2015–2017. The percent of herds positive rose from 3.47% prior to clearfelling to 4.08% after exposure. After controlling for confounders (e.g., herd size, herd type), we found that cattle herds significantly increased their odds of experiencing a bTB breakdown by 1.2-times (95%CIs: 1.07–1.36) up to 1 year after a clearfell risk period. Disturbance ecology of wildlife reservoirs is an understudied area with regards to shared endemic pathogens. Epidemiological observational studies are the first step in building an evidence base to assess the impact of such disturbance events; however, such studies are limited in inferring the mechanism for any changes in risk observed. The current cohort study suggested an association between clearfelling and bTB risk, which we speculate could relate to wildlife disturbance affecting pathogen spillback to cattle, though the study design precludes causal inference. Further studies are required. However, ultimately, integration of epidemiology with wildlife ecology will be important for understanding the underlying mechanisms involved, and to derive suitable effective management proposals, if required.
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Giordano A, Hunninck L, Sheriff MJ. Prey responses to predation risk under chronic road noise. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Giordano
- Biology Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth MA USA
| | - L. Hunninck
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - M. J. Sheriff
- Biology Department University of Massachusetts Dartmouth North Dartmouth MA USA
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Larsen HL, Pertoldi C, Madsen N, Randi E, Stronen AV, Root-Gutteridge H, Pagh S. Bioacoustic Detection of Wolves: Identifying Subspecies and Individuals by Howls. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050631. [PMID: 35268200 PMCID: PMC8909475 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluates the use of acoustic devices as a method to monitor wolves by analyzing different variables extracted from wolf howls. By analyzing the wolf howls, we focused on identifying individual wolves, subspecies. We analyzed 170 howls from 16 individuals from the three subspecies: Arctic wolves (Canis lupus arctos), Eurasian wolves (C.l. lupus), and Northwestern wolves (C.l. occidentalis). We assessed the potential for individual recognition and recognition of three subspecies: Arctic, Eurasian, and Northwestern wolves. Abstract Wolves (Canis lupus) are generally monitored by visual observations, camera traps, and DNA traces. In this study, we evaluated acoustic monitoring of wolf howls as a method for monitoring wolves, which may permit detection of wolves across longer distances than that permitted by camera traps. We analyzed acoustic data of wolves’ howls collected from both wild and captive ones. The analysis focused on individual and subspecies recognition. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the usefulness of acoustic monitoring in the field given the limited data for Eurasian wolves. We analyzed 170 howls from 16 individual wolves from 3 subspecies: Arctic (Canis lupus arctos), Eurasian (C. l. lupus), and Northwestern wolves (C. l. occidentalis). Variables from the fundamental frequency (f0) (lowest frequency band of a sound signal) were extracted and used in discriminant analysis, classification matrix, and pairwise post-hoc Hotelling test. The results indicated that Arctic and Eurasian wolves had subspecies identifiable calls, while Northwestern wolves did not, though this sample size was small. Identification on an individual level was successful for all subspecies. Individuals were correctly classified with 80%–100% accuracy, using discriminant function analysis. Our findings suggest acoustic monitoring could be a valuable and cost-effective tool that complements camera traps, by improving long-distance detection of wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Lyngholm Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Niels Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Ettore Randi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Astrid Vik Stronen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Holly Root-Gutteridge
- Animal Behaviour, Cognition and Welfare Group, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
- School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Sussie Pagh
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.M.); (E.R.); (A.V.S.); (S.P.)
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Diepstraten J, Kuenbou JK, Willie J. Methods to measure biological sounds and assess their drivers in a tropical forest. MethodsX 2022; 9:101619. [PMID: 35145884 PMCID: PMC8802115 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Diepstraten
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
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Zwerts JA, Stephenson PJ, Maisels F, Rowcliffe M, Astaras C, Jansen PA, Waarde J, Sterck LEHM, Verweij PA, Bruce T, Brittain S, Kuijk M. Methods for wildlife monitoring in tropical forests: Comparing human observations, camera traps, and passive acoustic sensors. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joeri A. Zwerts
- Ecology and Biodiversity Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Stephenson
- IUCN SSC Species Monitoring Specialist Group, Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Fiona Maisels
- Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling FK9 4LA UK
- Global Conservation Program Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx New York USA
| | | | | | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Department of Environmental Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
| | | | | | - Pita A. Verweij
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Tom Bruce
- Zoological Society of London Cameroon Yaoundé Cameroon
- James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Stephanie Brittain
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science (ICCS), Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Marijke Kuijk
- Ecology and Biodiversity Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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15
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Diepstraten J, Willie J. Assessing the structure and drivers of biological sounds along a disturbance gradient. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
AbstractObserving and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.
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17
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Gottwald J, Lampe P, Höchst J, Friess N, Maier J, Leister L, Neumann B, Richter T, Freisleben B, Nauss T. BatRack: An open‐source multi‐sensor device for wildlife research. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Gottwald
- Department of Geography Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Patrick Lampe
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Jonas Höchst
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Nicolas Friess
- Department of Geography Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Julia Maier
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Lea Leister
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Betty Neumann
- Department of Biology Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Bernd Freisleben
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Thomas Nauss
- Department of Geography Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
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18
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19
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Kleist NJ, Buxton RT, Lendrum PE, Linares C, Crooks KR, Wittemyer G. Noise and landscape features influence habitat use of mammalian herbivores in a natural gas field. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:875-885. [PMID: 33368272 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise is a complex disturbance known to elicit a variety of responses in wild animals. Most studies examining the effects of noise on wildlife focus on vocal species, although theory suggests that the acoustic environment influences non-vocal species as well. Common mammalian prey species, like mule deer and hares and rabbits (members of the family Leporidae), rely on acoustic cues for information regarding predation, but the impacts of noise on their behaviour has received little attention. We paired acoustic recorders with camera traps to explore how average daily levels of anthropogenic noise from natural gas activity impacted occupancy and detection of mammalian herbivores in an energy field in the production phase of development. We consider the effects of noise in the context of several physical landscape variables associated with natural gas infrastructure that are known to influence habitat use patterns in mule deer. Our results suggest that mule deer detection probability was influenced by the interaction between physical landscape features and anthropogenic noise, with noise strongly reducing habitat use. In contrast, leporid habitat use was not related to noise but was influenced by landscape features. Notably, mule deer showed a stronger predicted negative response to roads with high noise exposure. This study highlights the complex interactions of anthropogenic disturbance and wildlife distribution and presents important evidence that the effects of anthropogenic noise should be considered in research focused on non-vocal specialist species and management plans for mule deer and other large ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kleist
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,National Park Service, Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Rachel T Buxton
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, USA
| | - Patrick E Lendrum
- Northern Great Plains Program, World Wildlife Fund, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Carlos Linares
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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20
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Law B, Gonsalves L, McConville A, Tap P. Landscape monitoring reveals initial trends in occupancy and activity of bats in multiple‐use forests. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Law
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Locked Bag 5022 Parramatta New South Wales2124Australia
| | - Leroy Gonsalves
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Locked Bag 5022 Parramatta New South Wales2124Australia
| | | | - Patrick Tap
- Forestry Corporation of NSW Dubbo New South Wales Australia
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21
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Abstract
Reliable information about wildlife is absolutely important for making informed management decisions. The issues with the effectiveness of the control and monitoring of both large and small wild animals are relevant to assess and protect the world’s biodiversity. Monitoring becomes part of the methods in wildlife ecology for observation, assessment, and forecasting of the human environment. World practice reveals the potential of the joint application of both proven traditional and modern technologies using specialized equipment to organize environmental control and management processes. Monitoring large terrestrial animals require an individual approach due to their low density and larger habitat. Elk/moose are such animals. This work aims to evaluate the methods for monitoring large wild animals, suitable for controlling the number of elk/moose in the framework of nature conservation activities. Using different models allows determining the population size without affecting the animals and without significant financial costs. Although, the accuracy of each model is determined by its postulates implementation and initial conditions that need statistical data. Depending on the geographical, climatic, and economic conditions in each territory, it is possible to use different tools and equipment (e.g., cameras, GPS sensors, and unmanned aerial vehicles), a flexible variation of which will allow reaching the golden mean between the desires and capabilities of researchers.
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22
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Crunchant A, Borchers D, Kühl H, Piel A. Listening and watching: Do camera traps or acoustic sensors more efficiently detect wild chimpanzees in an open habitat? Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Borchers
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Hjalmar Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Alex Piel
- Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
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23
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Garland L, Crosby A, Hedley R, Boutin S, Bayne E. Acoustic vs. photographic monitoring of gray wolves (Canis lupus): a methodological comparison of two passive monitoring techniques. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Remote camera traps are often used in large-mammal research and monitoring programs because they are cost-effective, allow for repeat surveys, and can be deployed for long time periods. Statistical advancements in calculating population densities from camera-trap data have increased the popularity of camera usage in mammal studies. However, drawbacks to camera traps include their limited sampling area and tendency for animals to notice the devices. In contrast, autonomous recording units (ARUs) record the sounds of animals with a much larger sampling area but are dependent on animals producing detectable vocalizations. In this study, we compared estimates of occupancy and detectability between ARUs and remote cameras for gray wolves (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) in northern Alberta, Canada. We found ARUs to be comparable with cameras in their detectability and occupancy of wolves, despite only operating for 3% of the time that cameras were active. However, combining cameras and ARUs resulted in the highest detection probabilities for wolves. These advances in survey technology and statistical methods provide innovative avenues for large-mammal monitoring that, when combined, can be applied to a broad spectrum of conservation and management questions, provided assumptions for these methods are rigorously tested and met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Richard Hedley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Erin Bayne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405, Biological Science Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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24
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Sadhukhan S, Hennelly L, Habib B. Characterising the harmonic vocal repertoire of the Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216186. [PMID: 31671161 PMCID: PMC6822943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal communication in social animals plays a crucial role in mate choice, maintaining social structure, and foraging strategy. The Indian grey wolf, among the least studied subspecies, is a social carnivore that lives in groups called packs and has many types of vocal communication. In this study, we characterise harmonic vocalisation types of the Indian wolf using howl survey responses and opportunistic recordings from captive and nine packs (each pack contains 2–9 individuals) of free-ranging Indian wolves. Using principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and discriminant function analysis, we found four distinct vocalisations using 270 recorded vocalisations (Average Silhouette width Si = 0.598) which include howls and howl-barks (N = 238), whimper (N = 2), social squeak (N = 28), and whine (N = 2). Although having a smaller body size compared to other wolf subspecies, Indian wolf howls have an average mean fundamental frequency of 422 Hz (±126), which is similar to other wolf subspecies. The whimper showed the highest frequency modulation (37.296±4.601) and the highest mean fundamental frequency (1708±524 Hz) compared to other call types. Less information is available on the third vocalisation type, i.e. ‘Social squeak’ or ‘talking’ (Mean fundamental frequency = 461±83 Hz), which is highly variable (coefficient of frequency variation = 18.778±3.587). Lastly, we identified the whine, which had a mean fundamental frequency of 906Hz (±242) and is similar to the Italian wolf (979±109 Hz). Our study’s characterisation of the Indian wolf’s harmonic vocal repertoire provides a first step in understanding the function and contextual use of vocalisations in this social mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Sadhukhan
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India;
| | - Lauren Hennelly
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bilal Habib
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India;
- * E-mail:
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25
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Darras K, Batáry P, Furnas BJ, Grass I, Mulyani YA, Tscharntke T. Autonomous sound recording outperforms human observation for sampling birds: a systematic map and user guide. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01954. [PMID: 31206926 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous sound recording techniques have gained considerable traction in the last decade, but the question remains whether they can replace human observation surveys to sample sonant animals. For birds in particular, survey methods have been tested extensively using point counts and sound recording surveys. Here, we review the latest evidence for this taxon within the frame of a systematic map. We compare sampling effectiveness of these two survey methods, the output variables they produce, and their practicality. When assessed against the standard of point counts, autonomous sound recording proves to be a powerful tool that samples at least as many species. This technology can monitor birds in an exhaustive, standardized, and verifiable way. Moreover, sound recorders give access to entire soundscapes from which new data types can be derived (vocal activity, acoustic indices). Variables such as abundance, density, occupancy, or species richness can be obtained to yield data sets that are comparable to and compatible with point counts. Finally, autonomous sound recorders allow investigations at high temporal and spatial resolution and coverage, which are more cost effective and cannot be achieved by human observations alone, even though small-scale studies might be more cost effective when carried out with point counts. Sound recorders can be deployed in many places, they are more scalable and reliable, making them the better choice for bird surveys in an increasingly data-driven time. We provide an overview of currently available recorders and discuss their specifications to guide future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Darras
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Péter Batáry
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Lendület Landscape and Conservation Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány u. 2-4, 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Brett J Furnas
- Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1701 Nimbus Road, Suite D, Sacramento, California, 95670, USA
| | - Ingo Grass
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yeni A Mulyani
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Harris NC, Mills KL, Harissou Y, Hema EM, Gnoumou IT, VanZoeren J, Abdel‐Nasser YI, Doamba B. First camera survey in Burkina Faso and Niger reveals human pressures on mammal communities within the largest protected area complex in West Africa. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nyeema C. Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Kirby L. Mills
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
- School for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Yahou Harissou
- Parc W‐Niger, Direction Générale Des Eaux et ForêtsMinistère de l'Environnement de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable
| | - Emmanuel M. Hema
- UFR/Sciences Appliquées et TechnologiquesUniversité de Dédougou Dédougou Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Ecologie AnimalesUniversité Ouaga I Professeur Joseph Ki‐Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Isaac T. Gnoumou
- Direction de la Faune et des Ressources CynégétiquesMinistére de l'Environnement Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Jenna VanZoeren
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Yayé I. Abdel‐Nasser
- Parc W‐Niger, Direction Générale Des Eaux et ForêtsMinistère de l'Environnement de la Salubrité Urbaine et du Développement Durable
| | - Benoit Doamba
- Direction de la Faune et des Ressources CynégétiquesMinistére de l'Environnement Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
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