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Li S, Xu Z, Wang Y, Chen L, Wang X, Zhou Y, Lei D, Zang G, Wang G. Recent advances of mechanosensitive genes in vascular endothelial cells for the formation and treatment of atherosclerosis. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101046. [PMID: 38292174 PMCID: PMC10825297 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its complications are a high-incidence disease worldwide. Numerous studies have shown that blood flow shear has a huge impact on the function of vascular endothelial cells, and it plays an important role in gene regulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, pro-oxidative stress, and cell permeability. Many important endothelial cell mechanosensitive genes have been discovered, including KLK10, CCN gene family, NRP2, YAP, TAZ, HIF-1α, NF-κB, FOS, JUN, TFEB, KLF2/KLF4, NRF2, and ID1. Some of them have been intensively studied, whereas the relevant regulatory mechanism of other genes remains unclear. Focusing on these mechanosensitive genes will provide new strategies for therapeutic intervention in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Thus, this article reviews the mechanosensitive genes affecting vascular endothelial cells, including classical pathways and some newly screened genes, and summarizes the latest research progress on their roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis to reveal effective therapeutic targets of drugs and provide new insights for anti-atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zichen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yanghao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Daoxi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guangchao Zang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Sivagurunathan N, Calivarathan L. SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Premature Neuronal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is there any Connection with Hypoxia? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:431-448. [PMID: 37073650 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230418114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global concern as it leads to a spectrum of mild to severe symptoms and increases death tolls around the world. Severe COVID-19 results in acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxia, and multi- organ dysfunction. However, the long-term effects of post-COVID-19 infection are still unknown. Based on the emerging evidence, there is a high possibility that COVID-19 infection accelerates premature neuronal aging and increases the risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases in mild to severely infected patients during the post-COVID period. Several studies correlate COVID-19 infection with neuronal effects, though the mechanism through which they contribute to the aggravation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration is still under investigation. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly targets pulmonary tissues and interferes with gas exchange, leading to systemic hypoxia. The neurons in the brain require a constant supply of oxygen for their proper functioning, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to any alteration in oxygen saturation level that results in neuronal injury with or without neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that hypoxia is one of the major clinical manifestations of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection; it directly or indirectly contributes to premature neuronal aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration by altering the expression of various genes responsible for the survival of the cells. This review focuses on the interplay between COVID-19 infection, hypoxia, premature neuronal aging, and neurodegenerative diseases and provides a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Liu L, Han L, Dong L, He Z, Gao K, Chen X, Guo JC, Zhao Y. The hypoxia-associated genes in immune infiltration and treatment options of lung adenocarcinoma. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15621. [PMID: 37576511 PMCID: PMC10414028 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common lung cancer with a poor prognosis under standard chemotherapy. Hypoxia is a crucial factor in the development of solid tumors, and hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) are closely associated with the proliferation of LUAD cells. Methods In this study, LUAD HRGs were screened, and bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation were conducted. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases were used to gather LUAD RNA-seq data and accompanying clinical information. LUAD subtypes were identified by unsupervised cluster analysis, and immune infiltration analysis of subtypes was conducted by GSVA and ssGSEA. Cox regression and LASSO regression analyses were used to obtain prognosis-related HRGs. Prognostic analysis was used to evaluate HRGs. Differences in enrichment pathways and immunotherapy were observed between risk groups based on GSEA and the TIDE method. Finally, RT-PCR and in vitro experiments were used to confirm prognosis-related HRG expression in LUAD cells. Results Two hypoxia-associated subtypes of LUAD were distinguished, demonstrating significant differences in prognostic analysis and immunological characteristics between subtypes. A prognostic model based on six HRGs (HK1, PDK3, PFKL, SLC2A1, STC1, and XPNPEP1) was developed for LUAD. HK1, SLC2A1, STC1, and XPNPEP1 were found to be risk factors for LUAD. PDK3 and PFKL were protective factors in LUAD patients. Conclusion This study demonstrates the effect of hypoxia-associated genes on immune infiltration in LUAD and provides options for immunotherapy and therapeutic strategies in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The Research Center for Ubiquitous Computing Systems (CUbiCS), Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shams S, Stilhano RS, Silva EA. Harnessing EGLN1 Gene Editing to Amplify HIF-1α and Enhance Human Angiogenic Response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542734. [PMID: 37398294 PMCID: PMC10312464 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis has been the focus of hundreds of clinical trials but approval for human treatment remains elusive. Current strategies often rely on the upregulation of a single proangiogenic factor, which fails to recapitulate the complex response needed in hypoxic tissues. Hypoxic oxygen tensions dramatically decrease the activity of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), the primary oxygen sensing portion of the hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) proangiogenic master regulatory pathway. Repressing PHD2 activity increases intracellular levels of HIF-1α and impacts the expression of hundreds of downstream genes directly associated with angiogenesis, cell survival, and tissue homeostasis. This study explores activating the HIF-1α pathway through Sp Cas9 knockout of the PHD2 encoding gene EGLN1 as an innovative in situ therapeutic angiogenesis strategy for chronic vascular diseases. Our findings demonstrate that even low editing rates of EGLN1 lead to a strong proangiogenic response regarding proangiogenic gene transcription, protein production, and protein secretion. In addition, we show that secreted factors of EGLN1 edited cell cultures may enhance human endothelial cell neovascularization activity in the context of proliferation and motility. Altogether, this study reveals that EGLN1 gene editing shows promise as a potential therapeutic angiogenesis strategy.
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Hypoxia signaling in human health and diseases: implications and prospects for therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:218. [PMID: 35798726 PMCID: PMC9261907 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is linked to several biological processes, including pathogenic microbe infection, metabolic adaptation, cancer, acute and chronic diseases, and other stress responses. The mechanism underlying cells respond to oxygen changes to mediate subsequent signal response is the central question during hypoxia. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) sense hypoxia to regulate the expressions of a series of downstream genes expression, which participate in multiple processes including cell metabolism, cell growth/death, cell proliferation, glycolysis, immune response, microbe infection, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Importantly, hypoxia signaling also interacts with other cellular pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms of hypoxia signaling activation, the control of HIF signaling, and the function of HIF signaling in human health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic targets involved in HIF signaling to balance health and diseases are summarized and highlighted, which would provide novel strategies for the design and development of therapeutic drugs.
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Xie S, Ding B, Wang S, Zhang X, Yan W, Xia Q, Meng D, Shen S, Yu B, Liu H, Hu J, Wang S. Construction of hypoxia-immune-related prognostic model and targeted therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer. Int Immunol 2022; 34:379-394. [PMID: 35561666 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that hypoxia and immunity play important roles in tumorigenesis and development. However, the hypoxia-immune-related prognostic risk model has not been established in cervical cancer (CC). We aimed to construct a hypoxia-immune-based prognostic risk model with potential application in CC patient prognosis and predicting response to targeted therapy. The RNA-seq data and corresponding clinical information were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Hypoxia and immune status of CC patients were evaluated using the Consensus Clustering method and single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), respectively. The univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression were applied to establish the prognostic risk model of CC. The chemotherapy response for six chemotherapeutic agents of each CC patient was calculated according to the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC). And the Connectivity Map (CMap) database was performed to screen candidate small molecule drugs. In this study, we identified 7 gene signatures (P4HA2, MSMO1, EGLN1, ZNF316, IKZF3, ISCU, MYO1B) with prognostic values. And the survival time of patients with low-risk was significantly longer than those with high-risk. Meanwhile, CC patients in the high-risk group yielded higher sensitivity to five chemotherapeutic agents. And we listed ten candidate small-molecules drugs that exhibited a high correlation with the prognosis of cervical cancer. Thus, the prognostic model can accurately predict the prognosis of patients with CC and may be helpful for the development of new hypoxia-immune prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Yu X, Newland SA, Zhao TX, Lu Y, Sage AS, Sun Y, Sriranjan RS, Ma MKL, Lam BYH, Nus M, Harrison JE, Bond SJ, Cheng X, Silvestre JS, Rudd JHF, Cheriyan J, Mallat Z. Innate Lymphoid Cells Promote Recovery of Ventricular Function After Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:1127-1142. [PMID: 34503682 PMCID: PMC8434674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s) play critical homeostatic functions in peripheral tissues. ILC2s reside in perivascular niches and limit atherosclerosis development. OBJECTIVES ILC2s also reside in the pericardium but their role in postischemic injury is unknown. METHODS We examined the role of ILC2 in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI), and compared mice with or without genetic deletion of ILC2. We determined infarct size using histology and heart function using echocardiography. We assessed cardiac ILC2 using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. Based on these data, we devised a therapeutic strategy to activate ILC2 in mice with acute MI, using exogenous interleukin (IL)-2. We also assessed the ability of low-dose IL-2 to activate ILC2 in a double-blind randomized clinical trial of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). RESULTS We found that ILC2 levels were increased in pericardial adipose tissue after experimental MI, and genetic ablation of ILC2 impeded the recovery of heart function. RNA sequencing revealed distinct transcript signatures in ILC2, and pointed to IL-2 axis as a major upstream regulator. Treatment of T-cell-deficient mice with IL-2 (to activate ILC2) significantly improved the recovery of heart function post-MI. Administration of low-dose IL-2 to patients with ACS led to activation of circulating ILC2, with significant increase in circulating IL-5, a prototypic ILC2-derived cytokine. CONCLUSIONS ILC2s promote cardiac healing and improve the recovery of heart function after MI in mice. Activation of ILC2 using low-dose IL-2 could be a novel therapeutic strategy to promote a reparative response after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen A Newland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tian X Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Sage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yanyi Sun
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Rouchelle S Sriranjan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella K L Ma
- The Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Y H Lam
- The Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meritxell Nus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James E Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Bond
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - James H F Rudd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Li X, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Liu P, Li M, Lu Y, Han J. Myoblast differentiation of C2C12 cell may related with oxidative stress. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2021; 10:173-178. [PMID: 34466339 PMCID: PMC8397823 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2021.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle is a contractile tissue responsible for maintaining posture and the movement of all parts of the body. Prolonged oxidizative stress can lead to the damage of cells, tissues, and organs. In this study, we investigated the possibility of oxidative stress in the process of myoblast differentiation of C2C12 cells. First, the myoblast differentiation model of C2C12 cells was constructed and verified by Giemsa staining. The expression of hypoxia inducible factor1-alpha (HIF1-α), hypoxia inducible factor1-beta (HIF1-β), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), lysyl oxidase (Lox), EGL-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (EGLN1), proline 4-hydroxylase alpha 1 (P4HA1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HOMX1) in the process of myoblast differentiation was verified by in vitro experiments and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) bioinformatic analysis. We found that with the increased expression of myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1), and Desmin, myotube fusion became more obvious during the process of C2C12 cell differentiation. Both experimental and GEO analysis indicated that the expression of HIF1-α, HIF1-β, VHL, LOX, EGLN1 and P4HA1 increased, and the expression of HOMX1 decreased during myogenic differentiation. Therefore, we suggest that the myoblast differentiation of C2C12 cells may be related to oxidative stress. Their possible relationship was proposed, though further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongtao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengchao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanqin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to:Yanqin Lu and Jinxiang Han, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, # 6699 Qingdao Road, Ji'nan, Shandong250117, China. E-mail: (YL), (JH)
| | - Jinxiang Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Key Laboratory for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Address correspondence to:Yanqin Lu and Jinxiang Han, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, # 6699 Qingdao Road, Ji'nan, Shandong250117, China. E-mail: (YL), (JH)
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