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Zhang R, Earnest JT, Kim AS, Winkler ES, Desai P, Adams LJ, Hu G, Bullock C, Gold B, Cherry S, Diamond MS. Expression of the Mxra8 Receptor Promotes Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice and Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2647-2658.e5. [PMID: 31484075 PMCID: PMC6745702 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mxra8 is a recently described receptor for multiple alphaviruses, including Chikungunya (CHIKV), Mayaro (MAYV), Ross River (RRV), and O'nyong nyong (ONNV) viruses. To determine its role in pathogenesis, we generated mice with mutant Mxra8 alleles: an 8-nucleotide deletion that produces a truncated, soluble form (Mxra8Δ8/Δ8) and a 97-nucleotide deletion that abolishes Mxra8 expression (Mxra8Δ97/Δ97). Mxra8Δ8/Δ8 and Mxra8Δ97/Δ97 fibroblasts show reduced CHIKV infection in culture, and Mxra8Δ8/Δ8 and Mxra8Δ97/Δ97 mice have decreased infection of musculoskeletal tissues with CHIKV, MAYV, RRV, or ONNV. Less foot swelling is observed in CHIKV-infected Mxra8 mutant mice, which correlated with fewer infiltrating neutrophils and cytokines. A recombinant E2-D71A CHIKV with diminished binding to Mxra8 is attenuated in vivo in wild-type mice. Ectopic Mxra8 expression is sufficient to enhance CHIKV infection and lethality in transgenic flies. These studies establish a role for Mxra8 in the pathogenesis of multiple alphaviruses and suggest that targeting this protein may mitigate disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaowei Hu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christopher Bullock
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth Gold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kim AS, Zimmerman O, Fox JM, Nelson CA, Basore K, Zhang R, Durnell L, Desai C, Bullock C, Deem SL, Oppenheimer J, Shapiro B, Wang T, Cherry S, Coyne CB, Handley SA, Landis MJ, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. An Evolutionary Insertion in the Mxra8 Receptor-Binding Site Confers Resistance to Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:428-440.e9. [PMID: 32075743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging, mosquito-transmitted RNA viruses with poorly understood cellular tropism and species selectivity. Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple alphaviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We discovered that while expression of mouse, rat, chimpanzee, dog, horse, goat, sheep, and human Mxra8 enables alphavirus infection in cell culture, cattle Mxra8 does not. Cattle Mxra8 encodes a 15-amino acid insertion in its ectodomain that prevents Mxra8 binding to CHIKV. Identical insertions are present in zebu, yak, and the extinct auroch. As other Bovinae lineages contain related Mxra8 sequences, this insertion likely occurred at least 5 million years ago. Removing the Mxra8 insertion in Bovinae enhances alphavirus binding and infection, while introducing the insertion into mouse Mxra8 blocks CHIKV binding, prevents infection by multiple alphaviruses in cells, and mitigates CHIKV-induced pathogenesis in mice. Our studies on how this insertion provides resistance to CHIKV infection could facilitate countermeasures that disrupt Mxra8 interactions with alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ofer Zimmerman
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lorellin Durnell
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jonas Oppenheimer
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carolyn B Coyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Landis
- Department of Biology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Han S, Park HR, Lee EJ, Jang JA, Han MS, Kim GW, Jeong JH, Choi JY, Beier F, Jung YK. Dicam promotes proliferation and maturation of chondrocyte through Indian hedgehog signaling in primary cilia. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:945-953. [PMID: 29702220 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primary cilium is required for mechano-biological signal transduction in chondrocytes, and its interaction with extracellular matrix is critical for cartilage homeostasis. However, the role of cilia-associated proteins that affect the function of cilia remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Dicam has a novel function as a modulator of primary cilia-mediated Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in chondrocytes. METHODS Cartilage-specific Dicam transgenic mouse was constructed and the phenotype of growth plates at embryonic day 15.5 and 18.5 was analyzed. Primary chondrocytes and tibiae isolated from embryonic day 15.5 mice were used in vitro study. RESULTS Dicam was mainly expressed in resting and proliferating chondrocytes of the growth plate and was increased by PTHrP and BMP2 in primary chondrocytes. Cartilage-specific Dicam gain-of-function demonstrated increased length of growth plate in long bones. Dicam enhanced both proliferation and maturation of growth plate chondrocytes in vivo and in vitro, and it was accompanied by enhanced Ihh and PTHrP signaling. Dicam was localized to primary cilia of chondrocytes, and increased the number of primary cilia and their assembly molecule, IFT88/Polaris as well. Dicam successfully rescued the knock-down phenotype of IFT88/Polaris and it was accompanied by increased number of cilia in tibia organ culture. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Dicam positively regulates primary cilia and Ihh signaling resulting in elongation of long bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - H-R Park
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - E-J Lee
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - J-A Jang
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - M-S Han
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - G-W Kim
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - F Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y-K Jung
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Republic of Korea.
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Phull AR, Eo SH, Abbas Q, Ahmed M, Kim SJ. Applications of Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Engineering: An Overview. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1879837. [PMID: 27631002 PMCID: PMC5007317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1879837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the exclusive cells residing in cartilage and maintain the functionality of cartilage tissue. Series of biocomponents such as different growth factors, cytokines, and transcriptional factors regulate the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation to chondrocytes. The number of chondrocytes and dedifferentiation are the key limitations in subsequent clinical application of the chondrocytes. Different culture methods are being developed to overcome such issues. Using tissue engineering and cell based approaches, chondrocytes offer prominent therapeutic option specifically in orthopedics for cartilage repair and to treat ailments such as tracheal defects, facial reconstruction, and urinary incontinence. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation/implantation is an improved version of traditional autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) method. An increasing number of studies show the clinical significance of this technique for the chondral lesions treatment. Literature survey was carried out to address clinical and functional findings by using various ACT procedures. The current study was conducted to study the pharmacological significance and biomedical application of chondrocytes. Furthermore, it is inferred from the present study that long term follow-up studies are required to evaluate the potential of these methods and specific positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rehman Phull
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hui Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongjudaehakro 56, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
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Kim BY, Park I, Jung YK, Han MS, Kim GW, Han SW. DICAM-mediated Inhibition of Type 1 Interferon System during Macrophage Differentiation of THP-1 Cells. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2014.21.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Youn Kwan Jung
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Su Han
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gun Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
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Jung YK, Park HR, Lee EJ, Jeong DH, Kim GW, Choi JY, Han SW. DICAM Inhibits Activation of Macrophage by Lipopolysaccharide. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2012. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2012.19.4.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kwan Jung
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Park
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyoung Jeong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Kim
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Je-Yong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-woo Han
- Laboratory for Arthritis and Bone Biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Zhao WJ, Zhang H, Bo X, Li Y, Fu X. Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from a cDNA library of Moniezia expansa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2008; 164:80-5. [PMID: 19118581 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Moniezia expansa is a parasite of sheep that causes diarrhea and fleshless leading to stockbreeding losses. A genomic resource for large-scale molecular studies in this parasite is lacking. To study the gene expression including development, digestion and reproduction organs of M. expansa, a cDNA library had been constructed and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) had been analyzed, which were helpful for the development of a powerful microarray platform which are used to analyze gene expression in this species. cDNAs are useful resources in annotating genes and providing functional analysis of genes. In this study, a cDNA library from adult cestode of M. expansa was created and 2642 ESTs from 5'-ends of the cDNA clones representing 1081 unigenes were obtained. Cluster analysis of these ESTs allowed identification of 1081 unique sequences containing 351 contigs and 730 singletons. BLASTX searches identified 780 significant (E-value<10(-5)) hits and further Gene Ontology (GO) analysis was used to annotate these genes. All the EST sequences were deposited under dbEST in GenBank (GenBank: FE905224-FE905315, FE942104-FE942773, FE969189-FE969190, FF677548-FF677734, FF848124-FF848253). Although we only obtained 1081 unigenes, the set of ESTs identified represents a significant proportion of the M. expansa and provides molecular resource for the development of microarrays for gene expression studies concerning development, metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Zhao
- Genetic Engineering Laboratory, The Breed & Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Sheep in XinJiang, Bingtuan 832000, PR China
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Kwon HJ, Akimoto H, Ohmiya Y, Honma K, Yasuda K. Gene expression profile of rabbit cartilage by expressed sequence tag analysis. Gene 2008; 424:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jung YK, Jin JS, Jeong JH, Kim HN, Park NR, Choi JY. DICAM, a novel dual immunoglobulin domain containing cell adhesion molecule interacts with alphavbeta3 integrin. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:603-14. [PMID: 18366072 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members are abundant with diverse functions including cell adhesion in various tissues. Here, we identified and characterized a novel adhesion molecule that belongs to the CTX protein family and named as DICAM (Dual Ig domain containing cell adhesion molecule). DICAM is a type I transmembrane protein with two V-type Ig domains in the extracellular region and a short cytoplasmic tail of 442 amino acids. DICAM is found to be expressed ubiquitously in various organs and cell lines. Subcellular localization of DICAM was observed in the cell-cell contact region and nucleus of cultured epithelial cells. Cell-cell contact region was colocalized with tight junction protein, ZO-1. The DICAM increased MDCK cell adhesion to 60% levels of fibronectin. DICAM mediated cell adhesion was specific for the alphavbeta3 integrin; other integrins, alpha2, alpha5, beta1, alpha2beta1, alpha5beta1, were not involved in cell adhesion. In identifying the interacting domain of DICAM with alphavbeta3, the Ig domain 2 showed higher cell adhesion activity than that of Ig domain 1. Although RGD motif in Ig domain 2 was engaged in cell adhesion, it was not participated in DICAM-alphavbeta3 mediated cell adhesion. Furthermore, differentially expressing DICAM stable cells showed well correlated cell to cell adhesion capability with integrin beta3-overexpressing cells. Collectively, these results indicate that DICAM, a novel dual Ig domain containing adhesion molecule, mediates cell adhesion via alphavbeta3 integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kwan Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Background Diseases of cartilage, such as arthritis and degenerative disc disease, affect the majority of the general population, particularly with ageing. Discovery and understanding of the genes and pathways involved in cartilage biology will greatly assist research on the development, degeneration and disorders of cartilage. Description We have established the Integrated Cartilage Gene Database (iCartiGD) of genes that are known, based on results from high throughput experiments, to be expressed in cartilage. Information about these genes is extracted automatically from public databases and presented as a single page report via a web-browser. A variety of flexible search options are provided and the chromosomal distribution of cartilage associated genes can be presented. Conclusion iCartiGD provides a comprehensive source of information on genes known to be expressed in cartilage. It will remain current due to its automatic update capability and provide researchers with an easily accessible resource for studies involving cartilage. Genetic studies of the development and disorders of cartilage will benefit from this database.
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Marshall KW, Zhang H, Nossova N. Chondrocyte genomics: implications for disease modification in osteoarthritis. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:825-32. [PMID: 16935751 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic technologies have made genome-wide-association and gene-expression studies a reality. Despite technical and analytical challenges, the application of genomic technologies to osteoarthritis research will lead to a better understanding of the disease at the molecular level. Functional genomics will identify genes involved in the chondrocyte response to cartilage injury and cartilage repair, and will help clarify the role of chondrocytes in arthritis onset, progression and outcome. Systems biology will enable researchers to develop a full portrait of osteoarthritis, a complex and multifactorial disease that involves not only articular cartilage but also synovium, synovial fluid, subchondral bone and peripheral blood. Ultimately such an approach will result in novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets and better disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wayne Marshall
- ChondroGene, 800 Petrolia Road, Unit 15, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Chondrocyte is a unique cell type in articular cartilage tissue and is essential for cartilage formation and functionality. It arises from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and is regulated by a series of cytokine and transcription factor interactions, including the transforming growth factor-beta super family, fibroblast growth factors, and insulin-like growth factor-1. To understand the biomechanisms of the chondrocyte differentiation process, various cellular model systems have been employed, such as primary chondrocyte culture, clonal normal cell lines (HCS-2/8, Ch-1, ATDC5, CFK-2, and RCJ3.1C5.18), and transformed clonal cell lines (T/C-28a2, T/C-28a4, C-28/I2, tsT/AC62, and HPV-16 E6/E7). Additionally, cell culture methods, including conventional monolayer culture, three-dimensional scaffold culture, bioreactor culture, pellet culture, and organ culture, have been established to create stable environments for the expansion, phenotypic maintenance, and subsequent biological study of chondrocytes for clinical application. Knowledge gained through these study systems has allowed for the use of chondrocytes in orthopedics for the treatment of cartilage injury and epiphyseal growth plate defects using tissue-engineering approaches. Furthermore, the potential of chondrocyte implantation for facial reconstruction, the treatment of long segmental tracheal defects, and urinary incontinence and vesicoureteral reflux are being investigated. This review summarizes the present study of chondrocyte biology and the potential uses of this cell in orthopedics and other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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13
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Tagariello A, Schlaubitz S, Hankeln T, Mohrmann G, Stelzer C, Schweizer A, Hermanns P, Lee B, Schmidt ER, Winterpacht A, Zabel B. Expression profiling of human fetal growth plate cartilage by EST sequencing. Matrix Biol 2005; 24:530-8. [PMID: 16176871 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into hypertrophic chondrocytes is an integral and multistep process important in pattern formation, endochondral ossification, and postnatal growth of the skeleton. In recent years, novel genes involved in these processes have been identified, but still only little is known about the large-scale gene expression profile during skeletal development. We initiated an expressed sequence tag (EST) project aiming at the identification of genes and pathways involved in this complex process. Candidate genes are expected to be of value for diagnosis and treatment of monogenic and multigenic heritable disorders of the skeleton. Here, we describe the sequences of 4,748 clones from a human growth plate cartilage cDNA library generated from 20 weeks prenatal-2 years postnatal specimens. In silico analysis of these sequences revealed 1,688 individual transcription units, corresponding to known (1,274) and to novel, yet uncharacterised potential genes (414). The tissue specificity of the library was reflected by its corresponding EST profile representing a total of approximately 10% proteins already shown to be involved in cartilage/bone development or homeostasis. The EST profile also reflects the developmental stage of the tissue with significant differences in the expression of matrix proteins compared to corresponding EST profiles from 8-12 and 12-20 week human fetal cartilage. Calculation of the relative frequency of transcripts in our cDNA library, as compared to their abundance in other EST datasets, revealed a set of approximately 200 genes, including 81 novel, yet uncharacterised genes, showing increased expression. These genes represent candidates for the large number of osteochondrodysplasias for which the causative gene defects have not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tagariello
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Schörle CM, Finger F, Zien A, Block JA, Gebhard PM, Aigner T. Phenotypic characterization of chondrosarcoma-derived cell lines. Cancer Lett 2004; 226:143-54. [PMID: 16039953 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of three chondrosarcoma derived cell lines (AD, SM, 105KC) showed an increased proliferative activity and a reduced expression of chondrocytic-typical matrix products compared to primary chondrocytes. The incapability to maintain an adequate matrix synthesis as well as a notable proliferative activity at the same time is comparable to neoplastic chondrosarcoma cells in vivo which cease largely cartilage matrix formation as soon as their proliferative activity increases. Thus, the investigated cell lines are of limited value as substitute of primary chondrocytes but might have a much higher potential to investigate the behavior of neoplastic chondrocytes, i.e. chondrosarcoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schörle
- Osteoarticular and Arthritis Research, Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Current Awareness on Comparative and Functional Genomics. Comp Funct Genomics 2004. [PMCID: PMC2447475 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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