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Hu X, Liu W, Yan Y, Deng H, Cai Y. Tropinone reductase: A comprehensive review on its role as the key enzyme in tropane alkaloids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127377. [PMID: 37839598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
TAs, including hyoscyamine and scopolamine, were used to treat neuromuscular disorders ranging from nerve agent poisoning to Parkinson's disease. Tropinone reductase I (TR-I; EC 1.1.1.206) catalyzed the conversion of tropinone into tropine in the biosynthesis of TAs, directing the metabolic flow towards hyoscyamine and scopolamine. Tropinone reductase II (TR-II; EC 1.1.1.236) was responsible for the conversion of tropinone into pseudotropine, diverting the metabolic flux towards calystegine A3. The regulation of metabolite flow through both branches of the TAs pathway seemed to be influenced by the enzymatic activity of both enzymes and their accessibility to the precursor tropinone. The significant interest in the utilization of metabolic engineering for the efficient production of TAs has highlighted the importance of TRs as crucial enzymes that govern both the direction of metabolic flow and the yield of products. This review discussed recent advances for the TRs sources, properties, protein structure and biocatalytic mechanisms, and a detailed overview of its crucial role in the metabolism and synthesis of TAs was summarized. Furthermore, we conducted a detailed investigation into the evolutionary origins of these two TRs. A prospective analysis of potential challenges and applications of TRs was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Huaxiang Deng
- Center for Synthetic Biochemistry, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Institutes of Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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2
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Ma Q, Xu X, Wang W, Zhao L, Ma D, Xie Y. Comparative analysis of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedling transcriptomes reveals genotype-specific drought tolerance mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:203-214. [PMID: 34118683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the main abiotic factors that affect alfalfa yield. The identification of genes that control this complex trait can provide important insights for alfalfa breeding. However, little is known about how alfalfa responds and adapts to drought stress, particularly in cultivars of differing drought tolerance. In this study, the drought-tolerant cultivar Dryland 'DT' and the drought-sensitive cultivar WL343HQ 'DS' were used to characterize leaf and root physiological responses and transcriptional changes in response to water deficit. Under drought stress, Dryland roots (DTR) showed more differentially expressed genes than WL343HQ roots (DSR), whereas WL343HQ leaves (DSL) showed more differentially expressed genes than Dryland leaves (DTL). Many of these genes were involved in stress-related pathways, carbohydrate metabolism, and lignin and wax biosynthesis, which may have improved the drought tolerance of alfalfa. We also observed that several genes related to ABA metabolism, root elongation, peroxidase activity, cell membrane stability, ubiquitination, and genetic processing responded to drought stress in alfalfa. We highlighted several candidate genes, including sucrose synthase, xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase, primary-amine oxidase, and alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase, for future studies on drought stress resistance in alfalfa and other plant species. In summary, our results reveal the unique drought adaptation and resistance characteristics of two alfalfa genotypes. These findings, which may be valuable for drought resistance breeding, warrant further gene functional analysis to augment currently available information and to clarify the drought stress regulatory mechanisms of alfalfa and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Ma
- Agricultural College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xing Xu
- Agricultural College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Dongmei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Yingzhong Xie
- Agricultural College, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
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3
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Kohnen-Johannsen KL, Kayser O. Tropane Alkaloids: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biosynthesis and Production. Molecules 2019; 24:E796. [PMID: 30813289 PMCID: PMC6412926 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TA) are valuable secondary plant metabolites which are mostly found in high concentrations in the Solanaceae and Erythroxylaceae families. The TAs, which are characterized by their unique bicyclic tropane ring system, can be divided into three major groups: hyoscyamine and scopolamine, cocaine and calystegines. Although all TAs have the same basic structure, they differ immensely in their biological, chemical and pharmacological properties. Scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, has the largest legitimate market as a pharmacological agent due to its treatment of nausea, vomiting, motion sickness, as well as smooth muscle spasms while cocaine is the 2nd most frequently consumed illicit drug globally. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TAs, highlighting their structural diversity, use in pharmaceutical therapy from both historical and modern perspectives, natural biosynthesis in planta and emerging production possibilities using tissue culture and microbial biosynthesis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Laura Kohnen-Johannsen
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical University Dortmund, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Kambiranda D, Basha SM, Singh R, Snowden J, Mercer R. Proteome Profile of American Hybrid Grape cv. Blanc du Bois during Ripening Reveals Proteins Associated with Flavor Volatiles and Ethylene Production. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1700305. [PMID: 29359857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of key control points in ripening is essential to improve grape wine quality. Molecular basis of ripening is still far from being understood from the Pierce's disease (PD)-tolerant grapes predominantly grown in the southeastern United States. To identify proteins expressed during Blanc du Bois grape berry green and ripening stages, proteome analysis from five different stages revealed 1091, 1131, 1078, 1042, and 1066 proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed 551 common proteins across different stages of maturity that are involved in various biochemical and metabolic pathways. The proteins identified were associated with phenylpropanoids, isoquinoline alkaloids, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and furanones. Our data provide the first step to understand the complex biochemical changes during ripening of PD-tolerant American hybrid grapes that are popular for their aroma and flavor profile in the southeastern United States. Proteomics data are deposited to the ProteomeXchange PXD004157.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaiah Kambiranda
- Southern University Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sheikh M Basha
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rakesh Singh
- Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Janana Snowden
- Southern University Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Roger Mercer
- Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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5
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Tripathi S, Sangwan RS, Narnoliya LK, Srivastava Y, Mishra B, Sangwan NS. Transcription factor repertoire in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) through analytics of transcriptomic resources: Insights into regulation of development and withanolide metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16649. [PMID: 29192149 PMCID: PMC5709440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are important regulators of cellular and metabolic functions including secondary metabolism. Deep and intensive RNA-seq analysis of Withania somnifera using transcriptomic databases provided 3532 annotated transcripts of transcription factors in leaf and root tissues, belonging to 90 different families with major abundance for WD-repeat (174 and 165 transcripts) and WRKY (93 and 80 transcripts) in root and leaf tissues respectively, followed by that of MYB, BHLH and AP2-ERF. Their detailed comparative analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana, Capsicum annum, Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum counterparts together gave interesting patterns. However, no homologs for WsWDR representatives, LWD1 and WUSCHEL, were observed in other Solanaceae species. The data extracted from the sequence read archives (SRA) in public domain databases were subjected to re-annotation, re-mining, re-analysis and validation for dominant occurrence of WRKY and WD-repeat (WDR) gene families. Expression of recombinant LWD1 and WUSCHEL proteins in homologous system led to enhancements in withanolide content indicating their regulatory role in planta in the biosynthesis. Contrasting expression profiles of WsLWD1 and WsWUSCHEL provided tissue-specific insights for their participation in the regulation of developmental processes. The in-depth analysis provided first full-spectrum and comparative characteristics of TF-transcripts across plant species, in the perspective of integrated tissue-specific regulation of metabolic processes including specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Tripathi
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament),, AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), PO Manauli, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 140306, Punjab, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament),, AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Yashdeep Srivastava
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament),, AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Singh Sangwan
- Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament),, AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Jadaun JS, Sangwan NS, Narnoliya LK, Tripathi S, Sangwan RS. Withania coagulans tryptophan decarboxylase gene cloning, heterologous expression, and catalytic characteristics of the recombinant enzyme. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:181-192. [PMID: 26795344 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) catalyzes pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylation of tryptophan to produce tryptamine for recruitment in a myriad of biosynthetic pathways of metabolites possessing indolyl moiety. A recent report of certain indolyl metabolites in Withania species calls for a possible predominant functional role of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) in the genome of Withania species to facilitate production of the indolyl progenitor molecule, tryptamine. Therefore, with this metabolic prospection, we have identified and cloned a full-length cDNA sequence of TDC from aerial tissues of Withania coagulans. The functional WcTDC gene comprises of 1506 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 502 amino acid protein with calculated molecular mass and pI value of 56.38 kDa and 8.35, respectively. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was affinity-purified to homogeneity to discern its kinetics of catalysis. The enzyme (WcTDC) exhibited much higher Km value for tryptophan than for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and was dedicated to catalyze decarboxylation of only tryptophan or, to a limited extent, of its analogue (like 5-hydroxy tryptophan). The observed optimal catalytic functionality of the enzyme on the slightly basic side of the pH scale and at slightly higher temperatures reflected adaptability of the plant to hot and arid regions, the predominant natural habitat of the herb. This pertains to be the first report on cloning and characterization of heterologously expressed recombinant enzyme from W. coagulans and forms a starting point to further understanding of withanamide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh Jadaun
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Neelam Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, 160071, Punjab, India.
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7
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Kambiranda D, Basha SM, Singh RK, He H, Calvin K, Mercer R. In Depth Proteome Analysis of Ripening Muscadine Grape Berry cv. Carlos Reveals Proteins Associated with Flavor and Aroma Compounds. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2910-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devaiah Kambiranda
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32317, United States
| | - Sheikh M. Basha
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32317, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Huan He
- Institute
of Molecular Biophysics, 91 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kate Calvin
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Roger Mercer
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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8
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Qiang W, Xia K, Zhang Q, Zeng J, Huang Y, Yang C, Chen M, Liu X, Lan X, Liao Z. Functional characterisation of a tropine-forming reductase gene from Brugmansia arborea, a woody plant species producing tropane alkaloids. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 127:12-22. [PMID: 26988730 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Brugmansia arborea is a woody plant species that produces tropane alkaloids (TAs). The gene encoding tropine-forming reductase or tropinone reductase I (BaTRI) in this plant species was functionally characterised. The full-length cDNA of BaTRI encoded a 272-amino-acid polypeptide that was highly similar to tropinone reductase I from TAs-producing herbal plant species. The purified 29kDa recombinant BaTRI exhibited maximum reduction activity at pH 6.8-8.0 when tropinone was used as substrate; it also exhibited maximum oxidation activity at pH 9.6 when tropine was used as substrate. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values of BaTRI for tropinone were 2.65mM, 88.3nkatmg(-1) and 2.93S(-1), respectively, at pH 6.4; the Km, Vmax and Kcat values of TRI from Datura stramonium (DsTRI) for tropinone were respectively 4.18mM, 81.20nkatmg(-1) and 2.40S(-1) at pH 6.4. At pH 6.4, 6.8 and 7.0, BaTRI had a significantly higher activity than DsTRI. Analogues of tropinone, 4-methylcyclohexanone and 3-quinuclidinone hydrochloride, were also used to investigate the enzymatic kinetics of BaTRI. The Km, Vmax and Kcat values of BaTRI for tropine were 0.56mM, 171.62nkat.mg(-1) and 5.69S(-1), respectively, at pH 9.6; the Km, Vmax and Kcat values of DsTRI for tropine were 0.34mM, 111.90nkatmg(-1) and 3.30S(-1), respectively, at pH 9.6. The tissue profiles of BaTRI differed from those in TAs-producing herbal plant species. BaTRI was expressed in all examined organs but was most abundant in secondary roots. Finally, tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine, anisodamine and scopolamine, were detected in various organs of B. arborea by HPLC. Interestingly, scopolamine constituted most of the tropane alkaloids content in B. arborea, which suggests that B. arborea is a scopolamine-rich plant species. The scopolamine content was much higher in the leaves and stems than in other organs. The gene expression and TAs accumulation suggest that the biosynthesis of hyoscyamine, especially scopolamine, occurred not only in the roots but also in the aerial parts of B. arborea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiaozhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanshe Huang
- College of Agronomy, Anshun University, Anshun 561000, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Chen
- SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University, Nyingchi of Tibet 860000, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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9
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Srivastava S, Sangwan RS, Tripathi S, Mishra B, Narnoliya LK, Misra LN, Sangwan NS. Light and auxin responsive cytochrome P450s from Withania somnifera Dunal: cloning, expression and molecular modelling of two pairs of homologue genes with differential regulation. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1421-37. [PMID: 25687294 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) catalyse a wide variety of oxygenation/hydroxylation reactions that facilitate diverse metabolic functions in plants. Specific CYP families are essential for the biosynthesis of species-specialized metabolites. Therefore, we investigated the role of different CYPs related to secondary metabolism in Withania somnifera, a medicinally important plant of the Indian subcontinent. In this study, complete complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of four different CYP genes were isolated and christened as WSCYP93Id, WSCYP93Sm, WSCYP734B and WSCYP734R. These cDNAs encoded polypeptides comprising of 498, 496, 522 and 550 amino acid residues with their deduced molecular mass of 56.7, 56.9, 59.4 and 62.2 kDa, respectively. Phylogenetic study and molecular modelling analysis of the four cloned WSCYPs revealed their categorization into two CYP families (CYP83B1 and CYP734A1) belonging to CYP71 and CYP72 clans, respectively. BLASTp searches showed similarity of 75 and 56 %, respectively, between the two CYP members of CYP83B1 and CYP734A1 with major variances exhibited in their N-terminal regions. The two pairs of homologues exhibited differential expression profiles in the leaf tissues of selected chemotypes of W. somnifera as well as in response to treatments such as methyl jasmonate, wounding, light and auxin. Light and auxin regulated two pairs of WSCYP homologues in a developing seedling in an interesting differential manner. Their lesser resemblance and homology with other CYP sequences suggested these genes to be more specialized and distinct ones. The results on chemotype-specific expression patterns of the four genes strongly suggested their key/specialized involvement of the CYPs in the biosynthesis of chemotype-specific metabolites, though their further biochemical characterization would reveal the specificity in more detail. It is revealed that WSCYP93Id and WSCYP93Sm may be broadly involved in the oxygenation reactions in the plant and, thereby, control various pathways involving such metabolic reactions in the plant. As a representative experimental validation of this notion, WSCYP93Id was heterologouly expressed in Escherichia coli and catalytic capabilities of the recombinant WSCYP93Id protein were evaluated using withanolides as substrates. Optimized assays with some major withanolides (withanone, withaferin A and withanolide A) involving spectrophotometric as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based evaluation (product detection) of the reactions showed conversion of withaferin A to a hydroxylated product. The genes belonging to other CYP group are possibly involved in some specialised synthesis such as that of brassinosteroids.
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MESH Headings
- Biotransformation
- Cloning, Molecular
- Computational Biology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/chemistry
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Hydroxylation
- Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes
- Light
- Models, Molecular
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Substrate Specificity
- Withania/drug effects
- Withania/enzymology
- Withania/genetics
- Withania/radiation effects
- Withanolides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
- Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Negev, Israel
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Bhawana Mishra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L K Narnoliya
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - L N Misra
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Government of India), Mohali, 1600 71, Punjab, India.
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10
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Zhao J, Yi H. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis response to sulfur dioxide fumigation. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:989-99. [PMID: 24889700 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) supplies the basic sulfur element to promote plant growth, yet at the same time it is a harmful air pollutant. Currently, the mechanisms of plant adaptation to SO2 stress are largely unknown. Pathways of SO2 metabolism, a range of networks of interacting regulatory signals and defense mechanisms triggered in resistance to SO2 stress, have not yet been clarified. We performed transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis plants fumigated with 30 mg m(-3) SO2 for 72 h and untreated controls using microarrays. This identified 2,780 significantly up- or down-regulated genes in plants response to SO2 stress, indicating a possible genome-scale reprogramming of the transcriptome. Significant changes in the transcript abundance of genes that participated in SO2 metabolic pathways indicated that numerous sulfites were involved in sulfur assimilatory pathways directly and away from sulfite oxidative pathways. Furthermore, the up-regulation of components involved in reactive oxygen species generating and scavenging pathways demonstrated altered redox homeostasis. Transcripts encoding key components in nitric oxide biosynthesis pathways were simultaneously up-regulated by SO2 exposure. In addition, transcripts associated with putative biotic stress were also up-regulated. Therefore, SO2 evokes a comprehensive reprogramming of metabolic pathways, consistent with up-regulation of transcripts involved in tolerance and defense mechanisms, in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, No. 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan, 030006, China,
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Secondary Metabolites of Traditional Medical Plants: A Case Study of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Kushwaha AK, Sangwan NS, Trivedi PK, Negi AS, Misra L, Sangwan RS. Tropine forming tropinone reductase gene from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): biochemical characteristics of the recombinant enzyme and novel physiological overtones of tissue-wide gene expression patterns. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74777. [PMID: 24086372 PMCID: PMC3783447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera is one of the most reputed medicinal plants of Indian systems of medicine synthesizing diverse types of secondary metabolites such as withanolides, alkaloids, withanamides etc. Present study comprises cloning and E. coli over-expression of a tropinone reductase gene (WsTR-I) from W. somnifera, and elucidation of biochemical characteristics and physiological role of tropinone reductase enzyme in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in aerial tissues of the plant. The recombinant enzyme was demonstrated to catalyze NADPH-dependent tropinone to tropine conversion step in tropane metabolism, through TLC, GC and GC-MS-MS analyses of the reaction product. The functionally active homodimeric ∼60 kDa enzyme catalyzed the reaction in reversible manner at optimum pH 6.7. Catalytic kinetics of the enzyme favoured its forward reaction (tropine formation). Comparative 3-D models of landscape of the enzyme active site contours and tropinone binding site were also developed. Tissue-wide and ontogenic stage-wise assessment of WsTR-I transcript levels revealed constitutive expression of the gene with relatively lower abundance in berries and young leaves. The tissue profiles of WsTR-I expression matched those of tropine levels. The data suggest that, in W. somnifera, aerial tissues as well possess tropane alkaloid biosynthetic competence. In vivo feeding of U-[14C]-sucrose to orphan shoot (twigs) and [14C]-chasing revealed substantial radiolabel incorporation in tropinone and tropine, confirming the de novo synthesizing ability of the aerial tissues. This inherent independent ability heralds a conceptual novelty in the backdrop of classical view that these tissues acquire the alkaloids through transportation from roots rather than synthesis. The TR-I gene expression was found to be up-regulated on exposure to signal molecules (methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid) and on mechanical injury. The enzyme's catalytic and structural properties as well as gene expression profiles are discussed with respect to their physiological overtones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Kushwaha
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arvind Singh Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Laxminarain Misra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajender Singh Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Bio-Processing Unit (An Autonomous Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Interim Facility, C-127, Phase-8, Industrial Area, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
- * E-mail:
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Sangwan RS, Tripathi S, Singh J, Narnoliya LK, Sangwan NS. De novo sequencing and assembly of Centella asiatica leaf transcriptome for mapping of structural, functional and regulatory genes with special reference to secondary metabolism. Gene 2013; 525:58-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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