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Constantinou V, Constantinou C. Focusing on colorectal cancer in young adults (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2024; 20:8. [PMID: 38125745 PMCID: PMC10729308 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recent years have witnessed an increase in the incidence of CRC among adults <50 years old on a global scale. The increased incidence is associated with several modifiable risk factors, including obesity, type II diabetes, physical inactivity and frequent antibiotic use. In younger individuals, haematochezia and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms, predominantly affecting the left-side colon. While certain cases of early-onset CRC (eoCRC) are associated with a genetic predisposition, the majority result from sporadic mutations in the genes APC, KRAS, BRAF and TP53, which trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumour formation. Colorectal carcinogenesis involves three major pathways: The chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype pathways. Dysregulation of the CIN pathway accounts for 85% of sporadic cases of eoCRC. Notably, eoCRC exhibits a distinctive molecular profile, characterized by a decreased prevalence of BRAF mutations, an increased prevalence of KRAS mutations and LINE-1 hypomethylation, and involvement of the Microsatellite and Chromosomal Stable pathway. Prevention strategies for eoCRC primarily centre on lifestyle modifications and the development of screening programs targeting younger populations. Further exploration into the molecular mechanisms involved in the identification of novel risk factors associated with eoCRC is imperative. These efforts, in conjunction with the development of specific screening strategies, hold the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Constantinou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantina Constantinou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Cao L, Yang T, Huang S, Yun X, Hou H, Wang T, Shi D, Li X. Expression patterns of ZO-1/2 and their effects on porcine oocyte in vitro maturation and early embryonic development. Theriogenology 2020; 161:262-270. [PMID: 33348145 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2 are involved in epithelial polarity maintenance, gene transcription, cell proliferation and tumor cell metastasis. Regulating ZO-1/2 expression influences the early embryonic development of mice, but whether they are involved in oocyte maturation is still poorly understood. In the present study, the expression patterns of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in porcine cumulus cells and oocytes matured in vitro and early embryos from parthenogenetic activation were detected by qRT-PCR or Western blot, and then their roles in porcine oocyte maturation and early embryo development were investigated by shRNA technology. ZO-1 and ZO-2 were found to be expressed in cumulus cells, oocytes and early embryos, while ZO-1α+ was expressed only in cumulus cells, morula and blastocysts. During in vitro maturation (IVM), the abundance of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in oocytes was significantly higher than that in cumulus cells at 0 h (P < 0.01), and their mRNA and protein levels displayed relatively higher expression at 0 and 18 h, respectively. Compared with the control groups, cumulus cell expansion, oocyte nucleus maturation, and subsequent cleavage were not influenced by treatment of the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with ZO-1-shRNA1, ZO-2-shRNA2 or combined ZO-1-shRNA1 and ZO-2-shRNA2 lentivirus (P > 0.05). However, the blastocyst rate was reduced by treatment of COCs with ZO-1-shRNA1 but not ZO-2-shRNA2. The total cell number of blastocysts was decreased by downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 (P < 0.05). Downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 also resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the expression of Cx43, Cx45, PTX3 and PTGS2 in cumulus cells, Cx45, BMP15, ZP3 and C-KIT in MII oocytes, and Nanog in blastocysts, with the exception of HAS2 expression in cumulus cells and Oct4 expression in blastocysts (P > 0.05). Altogether, the above results indicate that ZO-1 and ZO-2 display similar expression patterns during porcine oocyte IVM and are critical to porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Shihai Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Xuedan Yun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Hanqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
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Lee HE, Huh JW, Kim HS. Bioinformatics Analysis of Evolution and Human Disease Related Transposable Element-Derived microRNAs. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10060095. [PMID: 32630504 PMCID: PMC7345915 DOI: 10.3390/life10060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable element (TE) has the ability to insert into certain parts of the genome, and due to this event, it is possible for TEs to generate new factors and one of these factors are microRNAs (miRNA). miRNAs are non-coding RNAs made up of 19 to 24 nucleotides and numerous miRNAs are derived from TE. In this study, to support general knowledge on TE and miRNAs derived from TE, several bioinformatics tools and databases were used to analyze miRNAs derived from TE in two aspects: evolution and human disease. The distribution of TEs in diverse species presents that almost half of the genome is covered with TE in mammalians and less than a half in other vertebrates and invertebrates. Based on selected evolution-related miRNAs studies, a total of 51 miRNAs derived from TE were found and analyzed. For the human disease-related miRNAs, total of 34 miRNAs derived from TE were organized from the previous studies. In summary, abundant miRNAs derived from TE are found, however, the function of miRNAs derived from TE is not informed either. Therefore, this study provides theoretical understanding of miRNAs derived from TE by using various bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Eun Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (H.-E.L.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (H.-E.L.); (J.-W.H.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2259; Fax: +82-51-581-2962
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ZO-2 Is a Master Regulator of Gene Expression, Cell Proliferation, Cytoarchitecture, and Cell Size. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174128. [PMID: 31450555 PMCID: PMC6747478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZO-2 is a cytoplasmic protein of tight junctions (TJs). Here, we describe ZO-2 involvement in the formation of the apical junctional complex during early development and in TJ biogenesis in epithelial cultured cells. ZO-2 acts as a scaffold for the polymerization of claudins at TJs and plays a unique role in the blood–testis barrier, as well as at TJs of the human liver and the inner ear. ZO-2 movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus is regulated by nuclear localization and exportation signals and post-translation modifications, while ZO-2 arrival at the cell border is triggered by activation of calcium sensing receptors and corresponding downstream signaling. Depending on its location, ZO-2 associates with junctional proteins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton or a variety of nuclear proteins, playing a role as a transcriptional repressor that leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and transformation. ZO-2 regulates cell architecture through modulation of Rho proteins and its absence induces hypertrophy due to inactivation of the Hippo pathway and activation of mTOR and S6K. The interaction of ZO-2 with viral oncoproteins and kinases and its silencing in diverse carcinomas reinforce the view of ZO-2 as a tumor regulator protein.
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Early onset sporadic colorectal cancer: Worrisome trends and oncogenic features. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:521-532. [PMID: 29615301 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early onset colorectal cancers, defined as arising before 50 years of age, are a growing health hazard in western and eastern countries alike. The incidence of colon and rectal cancers in young individuals is projected to increase by as much as 90% and 140%, respectively, by 2030. Although several known cancer risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, dietary habits) have been investigated, there is no single compelling explanation for this epidemiological trend. While some early onset colorectal cancers have been associated with germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes, genetic syndromes are implicated in only a fraction of these cancers (20%) and do not explain the rising incidence. Colorectal neoplasms develop through microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability pathways, with most of the early onset colorectal cancers exhibiting microsatellite stable phenotypes. Genome-wide hypomethylation is a feature of a subgroup of early onset cancers, which appears to be correlated with chromosomal instability and poor prognosis.
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Raya-Sandino A, Domínguez-Calderón A, Cuellar-Perez F. ZO-2, a tight junction protein involved in gene expression, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell size regulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:35-53. [PMID: 28415133 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ZO-2 is a peripheral tight junction protein that belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family. Here, we explain the modular and supramodular organization of ZO-2 that allows it to interact with a wide variety of molecules, including cell-cell adhesion proteins, cytoskeletal components, and nuclear factors. We also describe how ZO proteins evolved through metazoan evolution and analyze the intracellular traffic of ZO-2, as well as the roles played by ZO-2 at the plasma membrane and nucleus that translate into the regulation of proliferation, cell size, and apoptosis. In addition, we focus on the impact of ZO-2 expression on male fertility and on maladies like cancer, cholestasis, and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Cuellar-Perez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Gonzalez-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Ortega-Olvera JM, Gallego-Gutierrez H, Raya-Sandino A, Vargas-Sierra O. Zonula Occludens Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Arriba M, García JL, Inglada-Pérez L, Rueda D, Osorio I, Rodríguez Y, Álvaro E, Sánchez R, Fernández T, Pérez J, Hernández JM, Benítez J, González-Sarmiento R, Urioste M, Perea J. DNA copy number profiling reveals different patterns of chromosomal instability within colorectal cancer according to the age of onset. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:705-16. [PMID: 25808986 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Arriba
- Centre for Biomedical Research of 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Juan L. García
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL); University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC); University of Salamanca-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
| | - Lucía Inglada-Pérez
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group; Human Cancer Genetics Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); Madrid Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Rueda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory; 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Osorio
- Department of Surgery; 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology; 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Edurne Álvaro
- Department of Surgery; Infanta Leonor University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Ricard Sánchez
- Centre for Biomedical Research of 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Tamara Fernández
- Department of Surgery; 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - Jessica Pérez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL); University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC); University of Salamanca-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
| | - Jesús M. Hernández
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL); University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
| | - Javier Benítez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Human Genetics Group; Human Cancer Genetics Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); Madrid Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL); University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC); University of Salamanca-CSIC; Salamanca Spain
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER); Institute of Health Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit; Human Cancer Genetics Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO); Madrid Spain
| | - José Perea
- Centre for Biomedical Research of 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
- Department of Surgery; 12 de Octubre University Hospital; Madrid Spain
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Pavlicev M, Hiratsuka K, Swaggart KA, Dunn C, Muglia L. Detecting endogenous retrovirus-driven tissue-specific gene transcription. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:1082-97. [PMID: 25767249 PMCID: PMC4419796 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) comprise approximately half of the human genome, and several independent lines of investigation have demonstrated their role in rewiring gene expression during development, evolution, and oncogenesis. The identification of their regulatory effects has largely been idiosyncratic, by linking activity with isolated genes. Their distribution throughout the genome raises critical questions—do these elements contribute to broad tissue- and lineage-specific regulation? If so, in what manner, as enhancers, promoters, RNAs? Here, we devise a novel approach to systematically dissect the genome-wide consequences of TE insertion on gene expression, and test the hypothesis that classes of endogenous retrovirus long terminal repeats (LTRs) exert tissue-specific regulation of adjacent genes. Using correlation of expression patterns across 18 tissue types, we reveal the tissue-specific uncoupling of gene expression due to 62 different LTR classes. These patterns are specific to the retroviral insertion, as the same genes in species without the LTRs do not exhibit the same effect. Although the LTRs can be transcribed themselves, the most highly transcribed TEs do not have the largest effects on adjacent regulation of coding genes, suggesting they function predominantly as enhancers. Moreover, the tissue-specific patterns of gene expression that are detected by our method arise from a limited number of genes, rather than as a general consequence of LTR integration. These findings identify basic principles of co-opting LTRs for genome evolution, and support the utility of our method for the analysis of TE, or other specific gene sets, in relation to the rest of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Pavlicev
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kaori Hiratsuka
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kayleigh A Swaggart
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Caitlin Dunn
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Louis Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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